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			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Ultrasonography as a Decision Making Tool for Respiratory Affected Calves</p>
		  <p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-2">Shaimaa Mohamed Gouda</span></p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1">Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.</p>
		</div>
		<div>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">Abstract</span> | The purpose of this study was to clarify the importance of the ultrasonography in assessing the severity of respiratory troubles in calves. For this purpose, 30 calves were investigated in this study. By using scoring system for calves’ respiratory disease, these calves were classified into 2 groups. The 1<span class="CharOverride-5">st</span> group included 15 calves with total scoring less than 4 (normal group) while the 2<span class="CharOverride-5">nd</span> group contained 15 calves with total scoring equal or more than 4 (respiratory affected group). Auscultation and ultrasonographic examination of lung field were applied on both groups. Calves in 1<span class="CharOverride-5">st</span> group were healthy and had no abnormalities in lung either by auscultation or by ultrasound. In the 2<span class="CharOverride-5">nd</span> group, abnormal lung sounds were audible in 11 calves while lung lesions were detected by ultrasound in 7 calves. Furthermore, among 7 calves with lung lesions, 5 had focal lung lesions and 2 had diffuse lung lesions. By receiving the treatment for 5 successive days, 13 calves were responding and the 2 calves with diffuse lung lesion were not responding and euthanized. Necropsy findings of the euthanized calves confirmed the ante-mortem ultrasonographic examination. In conclusion, scoring system for calves’ respiratory disease and chest auscultation are useful tool for detecting the respiratory affected calves in the herd but ultrasonography consider useful tool in evaluation the involvement of lung and the degree of affection. </p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">Keywords </span>| Calves, Respiratory, Ultrasonography, Scoring system, Pneumonia </p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Editor</span><span class="CharOverride-7"> | </span><span class="CharOverride-7">Asghar Ali Kamboh, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, </span>Pakistan.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-4">Received</span> | May 12, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-4">Revised</span> | May 24, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-4">Accepted</span> | May 24, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-4">Published</span> | May 30, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-4">*Correspondence</span> | Shaimaa Mohamed Gouda, Zagazig University, Egypt; <span class="CharOverride-4">Email:</span> shaimaagouda81@gmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-4">Citation </span>| Gouda SM (2015). Ultrasonography as a decision making tool for respiratory affected calves. J. Anim. Health Prod. 3(2): 43-47.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">DOI</span><span class="CharOverride-7"> | </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.2.43.47"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.2.43.47</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-4">ISSN |</span> 2308–2801</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Copyright </span>© 2015 Gouda. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">INTRODUCTION</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">R</span><span>espiratory </span>disease is a major economic burden to the<span class="CharOverride-4"> </span>calves industry (<a href="#Bleul-U--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Bleul, 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Pardon-B--De-Bleecker-K--Dewulf-J--Callens-J--Boyen-F--Catry-B--Deprez-P--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Pardon et al., 2011</span></a>). Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) has a multifactorial etiology and develops as a result of complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens (<a href="#Radostits-OM--Gay-CC--Blood-DC-Hinchcliff-KW--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Radostits et al., 2007</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Numerous diagnostic methods are used in the evaluation of different respiratory diseases in bovine, including auscultation, percussion, blood work, radiography, ultrasonography, and more invasive procedures such as aspirations and biopsies (<a href="#Wilson-WD--Lofstedt-J--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Wilson and Lofstedt, 2008</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A new respiratory scoring system for diagnosis of respiratory diseases considered easy tool for veterinarians and farm personnel (<a href="#McGuirk-SM--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">McGuirk, 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Poulsen-KP--McGuirk-SM--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Poulsen and McGuirk, 2009</span></a>). Scoring systems are used in clinical and research settings to classify calves as either healthy or sick for the purposes of treatment or analysis.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">Auscultation is also considered as a good diagnostic tool especially in calves less than 6 months, because of a narrower chest wall and lung sounds are easily auscultable (<a href="#Peek-S--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Peek, 2005</span></a>). Unfortunately, it is difficult to assess the extent of damage to lung tissue in bovine bronchopneumonia by clinical investigation alone, thus further tools are required to assess the degree of lung damage (<a href="#Rabeling-B--Rehage-J--Doepfer-D--Scholz-H--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rabeling et al., 1998</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In veterinary medicine, radiography is also superior to ultrasonography in the identification of diffuse lung diseases (<a href="#Braun-U--Pusterla-N--Flueckiger-M--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Braun et al, 1997</span></a>). Ultrasonography of the lungs is established to be the most often applied in diagnosis of lung diseases (<a href="#Floeck--M--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Floeck, 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Sleeter-RN--Step-DL--2007"><span class="Hyperlink">Sleeter and Step, 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Babkine-M--Blond-L--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Babkine and Blond, 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Scott-P--2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Scott, 2012</span></a>). Inflammation and infection of lung resulting in evacuation the air and losing the strong reflector character of normal lung. The reverberation artefact of normal lung changed to a homogenous hypo echoic structure similar to that of liver making it possible to reach an ultrasonographic diagnosis of lung lesions regardless of the clinical state of the animal (<a href="#Reinhold-P--Rabeling-B--G-nther-H--Schimmel-D--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Reinhold et al., 2002</span></a>). The extent of the pneumonia can be evaluated by visualizing either small, localized lesions or lesions that involve the entire part of a pulmonary lobe (<a href="#Peek-S--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Peek, 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Scott-P--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Scott, 2009</span></a>). Ultrasonography using a 3.5 MHz sector transducer was not particularly effective as a prognostic/diagnostic tool for early detection of bovine respiratory diseases, but may be useful in targeted populations of animals with respiratory disease of longer duration (<a href="#Abutarbush-SM--Pollock-CM--Wildman-BK--Perrett-T--Schunicht-OC--Fenton-RK--Hannon-SJ--Vogstad-AR--Ji"><span class="Hyperlink">Abutarbush et al., 2012</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The current study was planned to use the ultrasonography in evaluation of respiratory affected calves after preliminary evaluation by respiratory scoring system for reaching to a suitable decision.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">MATERIALS AND METHODS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Animal Selection</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Thirty suckling calves weighed 50- 80 kg, were selected from a herd of calves in Elsalhia farm at Sharkia Governorate- Egypt in December, 2014. After application of scoring system for calves’ respiratory disease, calves were grouped into 2 groups. The 1<span class="CharOverride-5">st</span> group consisted 15 calves with scoring less than 4 and the 2<span class="CharOverride-5">nd</span> group consisted 15 calves had scoring more than 4.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Scoring System for Calves’ Respiratory Disease</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">This system was described by (<a href="#Lago-A--McGuirk-SM--Bennett-TB--Cook-NB--Nordlund-KV--2006"><span class="Hyperlink">Lago et al., 2006</span></a>; <a href="#McGuirk-SM--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">McGuirk, 2008</span></a>), it depends up on scoring the rectal temperature, cough, nasal discharge, eye and ear scores (<a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a><span class="A8 CharOverride-13">).</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4"><a id="Table-1-"></a>Table 1: </span>Calf health scoring criteria<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>(<a href="#McGuirk-SM--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">McGuirk, 2008</span></a>)</p>
			<table width="657" height="375" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Calf Health Scoring Criteria</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Rectal Temperature</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">100-100.9 F (37.8-38.2</span><span class="CharOverride-11">o</span><span class="CharOverride-10">C) </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">101-101.9 F (38.3- 38.8</span><span class="CharOverride-11">o</span><span class="CharOverride-10">C</span><span class="CharOverride-10">)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">102-102.9 F (38.9- 39.3</span><span class="CharOverride-11">o</span><span class="CharOverride-10">C)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">≥ 103 F (≥ 39.4</span><span class="CharOverride-11">o</span><span class="CharOverride-10">C)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Cough</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">None</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Induce single cough</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Induced repeated coughs or occasional spontaneous cough</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Repeated spontaneous cough</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Nasal discharge </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Normal serious discharge</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Small amount of unilateral cloudy discharge</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Bilateral, cloudy or excessive mucus discharge</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Copious bilateral mucopurulent discharge</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Eye score</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Normal </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Small amount of ocular discharge </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Moderate amount of bilateral discharge </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Heavy ocular discharge</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Ear score </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td height="21">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Normal </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Ear flick or head shake </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Slight unilateral drop </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Head tilt or bilateral drop</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-"><span class="A8 CharOverride-15">Auscultation Technique</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="A8 CharOverride-13">Auscultation of the lung field was applied on both sides of the chest with Littmann stethoscope (Classic II SE- USA)</span>. All area of lung was auscultated in a zigzag manner as described previously by <a href="#Rosenberger-G--1990-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rosenberger (1990)</span></a>.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Ultrasonographic Examination</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The area between the fifth and twelfth intercostal spaces is shaved on the right and left sides in the shape of a triangle that spans the caudal edge of the thoracic limb, the transverse vertebral processes, and a line extending from the elbow to the dorsal corner of the thirteenth rib and following the diaphragm. Each intercostal space was examined after the method described previously by <a href="#Rabeling-B--Rehage-J--Doepfer-D--Scholz-H--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rabeling et al. (1998)</span></a>. Application of acoustic gel then a linear 6-8 MHz probe with penetration depth 5-10 cm is placed parallel to the ribs (SonoScape- China).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Therapeutic Plan</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">All calves with scoring equal to or more than 4 were received treatment. The line of treatment included antibiotic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) and multi-vitamins as stated by <a href="#Radostits-OM--Gay-CC--Blood-DC-Hinchcliff-KW--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Radostits et al. (2007)</span></a>. The antibiotic was <span class="CharOverride-16">Tulathromycin</span> (Draxxin®- Pfizer Company) by a single dose of 1ml per 50 kg body weight administered subcutaneously. <span class="CharOverride-16">Flunixin meglumine</span> was the NSAIDs of choice in this investigation (Finadyn solution®- Schering Plough Animal Health Company) by a dose of 2 ml per 45 kg body weight administered intravenously for 5 consecutive days. Finally, the multi-vitamin was ADEVIT-C (ADWIA Company) by a dose of 2 ml per calf administered intramuscular for 5 days. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">RESULTS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">As shown in <a href="#Table-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>, calves were classified basing on respiratory scoring system into 2 groups. First group included 15 calves with total respiratory scoring less than 4 (<a href="#Figure-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1A</span></a>), these calves were described as normal .While the second one included 15 calves with total respiratory scoring more than 4 (<a href="#Figure-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1B</span></a>) and described as respiratory affected calves.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			
            <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150601025231.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150601025231.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
            
           <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4"><a id="Figure-1-"></a>Figure 1: </span><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150601025231.png">(<span class="CharOverride-4">A</span>) Calf with total respiratory scoring less than 4 and grouped as normal. (<span class="CharOverride-4">B</span>) Calf with total respiratory scoring more than 4 and grouped as respiratory affected.</a></p>
       </div><br>

			
			 <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150601021134.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150601021134.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
            
           <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4"><a id="Figure-2-"></a>Figure 2: </span> <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150601021134.png">(<span class="CharOverride-4">A</span>) Ultrasonogram of normal lung shows presence of reverberation artifact (arrows) medial to the hyperechoic pleura (arrow head). (<span class="CharOverride-4">B</span>) Focal area of consolidation in between normal lung tissue (mild cases). (<span class="CharOverride-4">C</span>) Diffuse area of consolidation and comet tail (CT) artifact reflect presence of severe disease. TW: Thoracic wall</a></p></div>
			 <br>
       
			
			 <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150601023736.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150601023736.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
            
          <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4"><a id="Figure-3-"></a>Figure 3: </span> <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150601023736.png">Necropsy finding of two calves with diffuse lung consolidation (arrow)</a></p>
       </div><br>
       
			
			
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Auscultation of the lung field of affected calves’ revealed normal vesicular sound of the lung in 4 calves while abnormal lung sounds included wheezes, crackling and exaggerated vesicular sound were audible in 11 cases. The abnormal sound was audible at local area either left or right in 5 calves while was audible all over lung at 6 calves.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading"><span class="CharOverride-4"><a id="Table-2-"></a>Table 2: </span>Total respiratory scoring in examined calves</p>
			<table width="657" height="740" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Case number</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Age</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Temperature</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Nasal discharge</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Cough</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Eye or ear</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-9">Total* score</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">4 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">4 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">4 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">4 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">8</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">17</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">7</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">7</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">8</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">8</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">21</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">6</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">4</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">4 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">8</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">7</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">27</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">7</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">28</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">4 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">29</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">6</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td height="21">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">4 wk</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">8</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-17">* Total respiratory scoring from case 1 to case 15 are less than 4 and grouped as normal while from case 16 to case 30 are more than 4 and grouped as respiratory affected calves</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Ultrasonography revealed presence of normal character of healthy lungs in 23 calves (15 of 1<span class="CharOverride-5">st</span> group and 8 in 2<span class="CharOverride-5">nd</span> group) and presence of consolidated area in 7 calves. The healthy lung appeared with double echogenic pleural lines and reverberations artefact represent the normal lung (<a href="#Figure-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 2A</span></a>). The affected lung areas appeared with hypoechoic part and comet tail artefact that replaced the reverberation artifact of normal lung. This area was localized only in small part in 5 cases (<a href="#Figure-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 2B</span></a>) and diffuse included the most part of lung in 2 cases (<a href="#Figure-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 2C</span></a>).  </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Thirteen calves improved clinically after the therapeutic trial, and become with total respiratory score less than 4 while the 2 calves with diffuse lung lesion did not respond and were euthanized (<a href="#Figure-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 3</span></a>).       </p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">DISCUSSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Respiratory diseases are the principal source of economic loss among calves’ herds all over the world. Many diagnostic tools were used in evaluation of such diseases. In the present study, 3 tools were used in evaluation of 30 calves in a farm with an outbreak from respiratory diseases. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">As an initial evaluation by application of respiratory scoring system, calves were grouped into healthy and respiratory affected calves but not suitable for evaluation the severity of the disease. This result was in accordance to <a href="#Poulsen-KP--McGuirk-SM--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Poulsen and McGuirk (2009)</span></a>.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Abnormal lung sounds by auscultation were audible on lung field at 11 cases. Comparatively, lung lesions were observed by ultrasonography in 7 cases. It means that 4 calves had abnormal lung sounds with no lung lesion by ultrasonography. This may attribute to that the lung of these calves is not involved and the abnormal lung sounds are due to bronchitis or due to involvement of the lung but at early stage. This result is in agreement to <a href="#Abutarbush-SM--Pollock-CM--Wildman-BK--Perrett-T--Schunicht-OC--Fenton-RK--Hannon-SJ--Vogstad-AR--Ji"><span class="Hyperlink">Abutarbush et al. (2012)</span></a> who stated that ultrasonography is useful only in late stage of lung involvement and not useful in early prediction of lung disease. This result indicates also that when the lung is involved by ultrasonography, the disease is more severe. Therefore, ultrasonography consider as a prognostic tool. Similar result has been reported previously by <a href="#Scott-P--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Scott (1998)</span></a> and <a href="#Floeck--M--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Floeck (2004)</span></a> in adult cattle.     </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Regarding the ultrasonography of normal lung, it appeared with hyperechoic linear image, often with equally-spaced reverberation artifacts below this line as previously described by <a href="#Reinhold-P--Rabeling-B--G-nther-H--Schimmel-D--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Reinhold et al. (2002)</span></a>. The reverberations results from reflection of ultrasound waves by air-filled lung tissue, and forth on the border between tissue and lung parenchyma, simulating hyperechoic pulmonary structures in the form of reverberation artifacts (<a href="#Blond-L--Buczinski-S--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Blond and Buczinski, 2009</span></a>). On the other hand, the affected lung appeared with hepatisation or consolidation at which the reverberations are replaced by hypoechoic structure, resulting in an ultrasonographic appearance similar to that of a liver (<a href="#Rabeling-B--Rehage-J--Doepfer-D--Scholz-H--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rabeling et al., 1998</span></a>).  Moreover, comet-tail artifacts appeared as bright, ray-like stripes distal to a small hyperechoic structure whose impedance difference to the surrounding tissue is very large. They correspond to intensive multiple reflections (<a href="#Braun-U--Pusterla-N--Flueckiger-M--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Braun et al., 1997</span></a>). In accordance with the present study, this pattern was designated as a severe lesion when it covered an extensive or diffuse area of lung tissue (no=2) and mild to moderate abnormalities when it covered small or focal area of the lung (n=5). This result is in consistent with those obtained previously (<a href="#Klein-C--1999"><span class="Hyperlink">Klein, 1999</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The result of therapeutic trials revealed a clinical response in mild cases of lung involvement (n=5) and respiratory affected calves without lung involvement (no=8) while the 2 cases with diffuse lung lesion not respond to the treatment.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONCLUSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Ultrasonography consider as a decision making tool for respiratory affected calves, because it made it possible to determine the location and extent of the lung lesions accurately.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONFLICT OF INTEREST</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Author declares no conflict of interest.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Aknowledgement </p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">I would like to thank all Veterinary doctors in Elsalhia Farm, Sharkia, Egypt for their support during conduction of this work.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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