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			<p class="Type-of-Article">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Oestrous Response and Conception Rate in Malabari Cross-Bred Goats Following Two Different Oestrus Synchronization Protocols </p>
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			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-2">Sneha Surendra Panicker</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Promod K</span><span class="charoverride-2 CharOverride-2">anjirakuzhiyil</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Ramachandran </span><span class="charoverride-2 CharOverride-2">Koodathil</span><span class="CharOverride-3">3</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Raji </span><span class="charoverride-2 CharOverride-2">Kanakkaparambil</span><span class="CharOverride-3">4*</span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">1</span>Department of Animal Reproduction; <span class="CharOverride-5">2</span>Department of Animal Reproduction; <span class="CharOverride-5">3</span>Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology &amp; Obstetrics, College of Veterinary &amp; Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India; <span class="CharOverride-5">4</span>Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary &amp; Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala 680651, India.</p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6">Abstract</span> | The comparative efficacy of two oestrus synchronization protocols using Ovsynch and progestagen (TRIU -C<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>) was analysed based on the reproductive performance in Malabari cross bred goats. Early onset of oestrus with higher oestrus response was observed in the progestagen group of animals. However, there was no significant difference between the two protocols, on the duration and intensity of oestrus. When diagnosed by ultrasound sonography, the conception rate following the two protocols did not find to vary significantly.<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Even though, the intensity of oestrus did not vary with the protocols, the intensity was higher (P&lt;0.05) in the conceived group of animals than those failed to conceive. This study suggests that the oestrus intensity has a correlation to the conception rate in goats.</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6">Keywords </span>| Ovsynch protocol, Progestagen, Duration of oestrus, Intensity of oestrus, Conception rate</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-9">Editor</span> | Asghar Ali Kamboh, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Received</span> | February 28, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-6">Revised</span> | May 05, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-6">Accepted</span> | May 11, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-6">Published</span> | May 24, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation">This article is a Part of MVSc thesis of Dr. Sneha Surendra Panicker.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">*Correspondence</span> | Raji Kanakkaparambil, College of Veterinary &amp; Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, 680651, India; <span class="CharOverride-6">Email:</span> raji@kvasu.ac.in</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Citation</span> | Panicker SS, Kanjirakuzhiyil P, Koodathil R, Kanakkaparambil R (2015). Oestrous response and conception rate in Malabari cross-bred goats following two different oestrus synchronization protocols. J. Anim. Health Prod. 3(2): 39-42.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-9">DOI</span><span class="CharOverride-10"> | </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.2.39.42"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.2.39.42</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6">ISSN |</span> 2308–2801</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-9">Copyright </span>© 2015 Panicker et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp; </p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">INTRODUCTION</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">T</span><span>he </span>reproductive management of goats on a large scale becomes difficult due to various contributing reasons like poor oestrus expression, lack of heat detection techniques. In large flocks, oestrus synchronization and fixed time insemination is useful when oestrus expression is poor or there is lack of time to conduct the same to augment fertility in goats (<a href="#Rahman-ANMA--Abdullah--Wan-Khadidjah-WE--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Rahman et al., 2008</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Oestrus synchronization can be carried out by the conventional methods like alteration in the light exposure period, buck exposure and the use of hormonal treatments. Synthetic Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) preparations, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progestagens administered by different routes (oral, injections, vaginal pessaries) and prostaglandin (PGF<span class="CharOverride-12">2</span><span class="CharOverride-13">α</span>) in different combination and regimen are used for oestrus synchronization in ruminants (<a href="#Whitley-NC--Jackson-DJ--2004"><span class="Hyperlink">Whitley and Jackson, 2004</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Promising synchronization results with Ovsynch and Progestagen regimen have been obtained in cattle and sheep on a large scale (<a href="#Martinez-Tinajero-JJ--Ruiz-Herluver-I--Montanez-Valdez"><span class="Hyperlink">Martinez-Tinajero et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Azevedo-C--Maia-I--Canada-N--Sim-es-J--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Azevedo et al., 2014</span></a>). Ovsynch protocol involves GnRH- PGF<span class="CharOverride-12">2</span><span class="CharOverride-13">α</span> -GnRH treatment. The first GnRH injection triggers ovulation of large follicle, if present and also helps for the initiation of new follicular wave. PGF<span class="CharOverride-12">2</span><span class="CharOverride-13">α</span> injection help for the regression of natural and accessory corpus lutea present in the ovary and the ovulation is timed by the next GnRH injection (<a href="#Holtz-W--Sohnrey-B--Gerland-M--Driancourt-MA--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Holtz et al., 2008</span></a>). GnRH with prostaglandin F<span class="CharOverride-12">2</span><span class="CharOverride-13">α</span> is a commonly used synchronization protocol. In Progestagen protocol, exogenous progestagen is given between GnRH and PGF<span class="CharOverride-12">2</span><span class="CharOverride-13">α</span> to prevent premature expression of estrus prior to PGF<span class="CharOverride-12">2</span><span class="CharOverride-13">α</span> (<a href="#McKinniss-EN--Esterman-RD--Woodall-SA--Austin-BR--Hersom-MJ--Thatcher-WW--Yelich-JV--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">McKinniss et al., 2011</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Even though the results are promising with these protocols, very few works have been reported in goats of tropical region in India. Therefore, this particular study in Malabari cross-bred goats was conducted to examine the effect of two regimens on the synchronization of oestrus in goats of tropical region.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-1-"></a>Table 1:</span> Nutritive value of concentrate feed in percent</p>
			<table width="657" height="68" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
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					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
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					<col />
					<col />
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					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Chemical composition</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Crude protein</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Crude fibre</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Fat</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Calcium</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Acid insoluble ash</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Total ash</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Moisture content</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Nutritive value </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">17.57</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">36.64</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">2.12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">1.82</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">3.4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">11.9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">6.2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">MATERIALS AND METHODS</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Animals and Feeding</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A total of 16 healthy Malabari crossbred multiparous goats aged between 3-4 years and body weight around 20-25 kg were selected for the study. The animals were exposed to natural lighting conditions at latitudes between 11°47’ N &amp; 15°58’ N, where maximum temperature and relative humidity is ranging between 27-29<span class="CharOverride-7">o</span>C and 78-88 mm/Hg respectively during the breeding season. They were fed with a daily ration of 200 g concentrate mixture per animal (<a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a>). In addition, free access to green grass and water was made available.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Synchronization Protocols</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The goats were divided into two groups of eight animals each. Goats belonging to Group I were subjected to oestrus synchronization by using Ovsynch Protocol with first dose of Buserelin injection (0.004mg), GnRH analogue (1ml Receptal<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>, Intervet, Holland) on day 0 intramuscularly followed by an intramuscular injection of prostaglandin (12.5 mg) Dinoprost (2.5 ml Lutalyse<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>, Pfizer, Belgium) on 7<span class="CharOverride-7">th</span> day.<span class="CharOverride-7"> </span>Forty eight hours after prostaglandin treatment (day 9<span class="CharOverride-7">th</span>), a second dose of Buserelin (0.004mg) was again administered intramuscularly.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Group I (Ovsynch protocol)</p>
          <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><img class="_idGenPageitem-1" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150525155338.png" alt="" /></p>
			
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Animals in Group II were subjected to the intra-vaginal placement of progesterone device (TRIU-C<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>, Virbac, India) containing 160 mg of natural progesterone along with intramuscular injection of GnRH (Buserelin,0.004 mg) on the first day of the experiment (day 0). The intravaginal device was retained for seven days and at the time of withdrawal (day 7<span class="CharOverride-7">th</span>) an intramuscular injection of 12.5 mg of Dinoprost, an analogue of PGF<span class="CharOverride-12">2</span><span class="CharOverride-13">α</span> (2.5 ml Lutalyse<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>, Pfizer, Belgium) was administered. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Group II (Progestagen-TRIU-C<span class="CharOverride-5">®</span> protocol) </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span><img class="_idGenPageitem-2" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150525150339.png" alt="2%20Untitled.png" /></span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Twenty four hours after the prostaglandin treatment the goats in each group were exposed to apronised bucks for 30 minutes for detection of oestrus and its scoring. The Flehmen’s reaction shown by the teaser buck was primarily observed and the intensity of oestrus signs in does was determined (<a href="#Table-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>). The goats were inseminated with fresh semen 72 hours (day 10<span class="CharOverride-7">th</span>) after the administration of the prostaglandin injection and re-inseminated twenty four hours after the first insemination (day 11<span class="CharOverride-7">th</span>). The does were observed for the onset of oestrus, duration of oestrus and its intensity during this period (<a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-2-"></a>Table 2: </span>Oestrus signs and its scoring</p>
			<table width="657" height="255" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Behavioural signs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Score</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Tail wagging</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Bleating</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Circling with buck</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Mounting on other animals</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Standing to be mounted</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Physiological signs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Score</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Vulval hyperaemia</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Vulval oedema</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">3</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Vaginal discharge</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2" />
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">20</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Data Analysis</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">The data were compiled and subjected to statistical analysis as per the method of <a href="#Snedecor--GW--Cochran-WG--1994"><span class="Hyperlink">Snedecor and Cochran (1994)</span></a>. Least squares analysis of variance as described by <a href="#Harvey-WR--1987-."><span class="Hyperlink">Harvey (1987)</span></a> was used to study the effect of synchronization protocols and pregnancy status on various parameters of reproduction. Duncan’s Multiple range test as modified by <a href="#Kramer-CY--1957"><span class="Hyperlink">Kramer (1957)</span></a> was used to test the differences among least squares means.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION </p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In this study, we observed only 75 percent of oestrus response in Malabari Cross-bred goats of group I which have undergone Ovsynch protocol (<a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a> and <a href="#Table-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">4</span></a>). <a href="#Holtz-W--2005"><span class="Hyperlink">Holtz (2005)</span></a> reported the oestrus response to be 100 percent with Ovsynch protocol in Boer cross-bred does during the breeding season. Incidence of silent oestrus in goats has been reported by <a href="#Greyling-JPC-2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Greyling and van der Nest (2000)</span></a>. The variation of results in our study could be because of incidence of silent oestrus in our goats as reported by them or due to breed variations and geographical conditions affecting the oestrus. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-3-"></a>Table 3: </span>Various parameters of oestrus in group I and II</p>
			<table width="657" height="149" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
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					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td width="162" height="59">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Groups </span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="81">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Oestrus response(%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="80">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Oestrus onset interval (h)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="85">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean oestrus onset interval (h)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="66">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Duration of oestrus (h)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="73">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean duration of oestrus (h)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="78">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Conception rate</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td height="40">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Group I </span><span class="CharOverride-16">(Ovsynch) </span><span class="CharOverride-16">(n=8)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">75</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">44-56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">49.92</span><span class="CharOverride-19">a</span><span class="CharOverride-16"> ± 1.94</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">12-60</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">35.05</span><span class="CharOverride-19">a</span><span class="CharOverride-16"> ± 4.79</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">58</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td height="40">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Group II (Progestagen TRIU-C</span><span class="CharOverride-19">®</span><span class="CharOverride-16">) </span><span class="CharOverride-16">(n =8)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">20-36</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">26.00</span><span class="CharOverride-19">b</span><span class="CharOverride-16"> ± 1.81</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">22-48</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">32.75</span><span class="CharOverride-19">a</span><span class="CharOverride-16"> ± 4.46</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">50</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-14">a, b- Means with different superscript vary significantly (P&lt; 0.01); n = No. of animals in each Group.</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The oestrus response in group II (Progestagen-TRIU-C<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>) was 100 percent (<a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a> and <a href="#Table-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">4</span></a>). The results obtained in the present study were in agreement with the results obtained by <a href="#Romano-JE--2004"><span class="Hyperlink">Romano (2004)</span></a> and <a href="#Godfrey-RW--Gray-ML--Collins-JR--1997-."><span class="Hyperlink">Godfrey et al. (1997)</span></a> with different protocols of progestagens. Therefore, these studies suggest that the progestagen (TRIU-C) is more effective than the standard Ovsynch and prostaglandin regimen for the oestrus induction in the goats of tropical region. The effect of PGF<span class="CharOverride-12">2</span><span class="CharOverride-13">α</span> regimen in the synchronization of oestrus is restricted to only cycling animals as a responsive corpus luteum is required for its action whereas, progesterone promotes the growth of dominant follicle even when a corpus luteum is absent (<a href="#Wildeus-S--1999"><span class="Hyperlink">Wildeus, 1999</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-4-"></a>Table 4: </span>Intensity of oestrus in group I (Ovsynch) and Group II (Progestagen) in their oestrus period</p>
			<table width="657" height="111" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-4">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Group</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">No. of animals</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">No. of animals responded</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Intensity score range</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean intensity score</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Group I </span><span class="CharOverride-21">(Ovsynch)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">6-19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">13.74</span><span class="CharOverride-19"> a</span><span class="CharOverride-16"> ± 1.57</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td height="40">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Group II </span><span class="CharOverride-21">(Progestagen-TRIU-C</span><span class="CharOverride-19">®</span><span class="CharOverride-21">)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">6-20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">14.37</span><span class="CharOverride-19"> a</span><span class="CharOverride-16"> ± 1.46</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-14">a, b- Means with different superscript vary significantly (P&lt; 0.05)</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">The mean (± S.E.) time taken for the onset of oestrus in Group I (Ovsynch) was 49.92 ± 1.94 hours (<a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 3</span></a>). The result was in close agreement to that of <a href="#Holtz-W--Sohnrey-B--Gerland-M--Driancourt-MA--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Holtz et al. (2008)</span></a>. The mean (± S.E.) time taken for the onset of oestrus in Group II (Progestagen-TRIU-C<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>) was 26.00 ± 1.81 hours which was in agreement with <a href="#Motlomelo-KC--Greyling-JPC--Schwalbach-LMJ--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Motlomelo et al. (2002)</span></a> and <a href="#Romano-JE--2004"><span class="Hyperlink">Romano (2004)</span></a>. The oestrus response in group II (Progestagen-TRIU-C<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>) was 100 percent. The variation in the time taken for the onset of oestrus with different synchronization protocols have also been reported by <a href="#Greyling-JPC--Van-Niekerk-CH--1986-"><span class="Hyperlink">Greyling and Van Niekerk (1986)</span></a>.  Thus, the difference in the time taken for the onset of oestrus between the two groups in the present study may be due to the differences in the synchronization regimens which are known to influence the onset of oestrus. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The mean (± S.E.) duration of oestrus in Ovsynch group was 35.05 ± 4.79 hours and in progestagen group it was 32.75 ± 4.46 hours (<a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>). The results obtained with Ovsynch protocol in this study were in agreement with those obtained by <a href="#Holtz-W--Sohnrey-B--Gerland-M--Driancourt-MA--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Holtz et al. (2008)</span></a>. The results obtained by the progestagen protocol were in agreement with that of <a href="#Holtz-W--Sohnrey-B--Gerland-M--Driancourt-MA--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Holtz et al. (2008)</span></a> and <a href="#Motlomelo-KC--Greyling-JPC--Schwalbach-LMJ--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Motlomelo et al. (2002)</span></a>. The difference in the time taken for the onset of oestrus between the two groups in the present study may be due to the differences in the synchronization regimens The oestrus intensity scores in group I (Ovsynch) ranged from 6-19 with a mean (± S.E.) intensity score of 13.74 ± 1.57. The oestrus intensity score in group II (Progestagen-TRIU-C<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>) ranged from 6-20 and the mean (± S.E.) intensity score was 14.37 ± 1.46 (<a href="#Table-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 4</span></a>). Though the treatment regimens followed were different, the mean intensity of oestrus was almost similar in these goats of similar agro-climatic region. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The mean (± S.E.) intensity of oestrus (17.87 ± 1.46) scoring in the animals that conceived was significantly higher than those that did not conceive (10.24 ± 1.57) (<a href="#Table-5-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 5</span></a>). So far, there have been no reports regarding the correlation of the mean intensity scores to the conception rates in goats. However, it is suggestive that the oestrus intensity has a correlation to the conception rate in goats and this warranties further study.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-5-"></a>Table 5: </span>Intensity of oestrus in pregnant and non-pregnant animals of both groups (I and II)</p>
			<table width="658" height="73" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-5">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Intensity score range</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean intensity score</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Pregnant</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">16-20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">17.87</span><span class="CharOverride-19"> a</span><span class="CharOverride-16"> ± 1.46</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td height="21">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Non pregnant</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">6-15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">10.24</span><span class="CharOverride-19"> b</span><span class="CharOverride-16">  ± 1.57</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-14">a, b- Means with different superscript vary significantly (P&lt; 0.05)</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The conception rate in the present study with Ovsynch protocol was 58 percent (<a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>) and is in close agreement to the results obtained by <a href="#Holtz-W--Sohnrey-B--Gerland-M--Driancourt-MA--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Holtz et al. (2008)</span></a>. The conception rate obtained in group II (Progestagen-TRIU-C<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>) was also 50 percent with four out of eight goats becoming pregnant (<a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>). <a href="#Motlomelo-KC--Greyling-JPC--Schwalbach-LMJ--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Motlomelo et al. (2002)</span></a> reported the conception rate of 46.7 percent using the CIDR regimen of synchronization in Boer goat. <a href="#Holtz-W--Sohnrey-B--Gerland-M--Driancourt-MA--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Holtz et al. (2008)</span></a> following a synchronization protocol with FGA<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>(45mg) sponge regimen obtained a conception rate of 46 percent. Thus, the results obtained in the present study are in agreement with the results from the above authors. The conception rates obtained in both the protocols were similar but the conception rate of the synchronized group of animals was higher than that of the control group.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONCLUSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Observations from this study suggest that the progestagen (TRIU-C) is more effective than the standard Ovsynch and prostaglandin regimen for the oestrus induction in the goats of tropical region as there was 100 percent oestrous response in progestagen (TRIU-C) group. The oestrus response in group II (Progestagen-TRIU-C<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>) was 100 percent. There was difference in the time taken for the onset of oestrus between the two groups. The conception rates obtained in both the protocols were similar, however; the conception rate of the synchronized group of animals was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, from the present observations progestagen (TRIU-C<span class="CharOverride-7">®</span>) protocol may be recommended for synchronization of Malabari crossbred goats of tropical region. Moreover, this study suggests that the oestrus intensity has a correlation to the conception rate in goats and this warranties further study.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Funding information</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The project was funded by the Post Graduate Student Funding for Sneha Surendra Panicker from Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">REFERENCES</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			
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