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			<p class="Type-of-Article" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
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			<p class="Title ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Title ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Effect of Supplementation of Essential Cation, Anion or Combination of Both on the Digestibility of Cation Minerals in Diet of Cows </p>
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			<p class="Authors" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors" lang="en-GB"><span class="Authors CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">Kiran Babu S., Bandla Srinivas </span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Authors-Affiliations">Dairy Production, National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore 560030, India.</span></p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Abstract CharOverride-7">Abstract</span><span class="Abstract CharOverride-8"> | </span><span lang="en-US">Study</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">was</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">undertaken</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">to</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">assess</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">the</span><span lang="en-US">  </span><span lang="en-US">digestibility</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">of</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">essential</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">cation</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">minerals</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">viz</span><span lang="en-US">., </span><span lang="en-US">Ca</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+</span><span lang="en-US">, </span><span lang="en-US">Mg</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+</span><span lang="en-US">, </span><span lang="en-US">Cu</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+</span><span lang="en-US">, </span><span lang="en-US">Zn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+</span><span lang="en-US">, </span><span lang="en-US">Fe</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+ </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US">, </span><span lang="en-US">Mn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+ </span><span lang="en-US">when</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">electrovalency</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">of</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mineral</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">supplement</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">was</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">positive</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">or</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">negative</span><span lang="en-US">. </span><span lang="en-US">Lactating</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">Deoni</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">cows</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">were</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">divided</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">into</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">4</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">groups</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">of</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">4</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">each</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">in</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">completely</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">randomized</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">block</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">design</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">fed</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">8</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">KG</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">fresh</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">para</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">grass</span><span lang="en-US">, </span><span lang="en-US">ad</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">lib</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">ragi</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">straw</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">concentrate</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">supplement</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">without</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mineral</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mixture</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">control</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">or</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">fortified</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">with</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">essential</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">cation</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">T1</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">or</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">anion</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">T2</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">minerals</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">or</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">both</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">together</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">T3</span><span lang="en-US">). </span><span lang="en-US">The</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">net</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">electrical</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">charge</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">in</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">the</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mineral</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mixtures</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">in</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T1</span><span lang="en-US">, </span><span lang="en-US">T2</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T3</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">were</span><span lang="en-US"> +</span><span lang="en-US">0.87</span><span lang="en-US">, –</span><span lang="en-US">1.55</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> –</span><span lang="en-US">0.64</span><span lang="en-US">, </span><span lang="en-US">respectively</span><span lang="en-US">. </span><span lang="en-US">DM</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US"> = </span><span lang="en-US">0.96</span><span lang="en-US">), </span><span lang="en-US">OM</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US"> = </span><span lang="en-US">0.96</span><span lang="en-US">), </span><span lang="en-US">CP</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US"> = </span><span lang="en-US">0.99</span><span lang="en-US">), </span><span lang="en-US">Fe</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US"> = </span><span lang="en-US">0.98</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">Mn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US"> = </span><span lang="en-US">0.83</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">intakes</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">were</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">not</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">significantly</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">different</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">between</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">CG</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">TGs</span><span lang="en-US">. </span><span lang="en-US">Net</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">charge</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">in</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T2</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">affected</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">CP</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">digestibility</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">adversely</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US">&lt; </span><span lang="en-US">0.05</span><span lang="en-US">). </span><span lang="en-US">Ca</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+ </span><span lang="en-US">digestibility</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">was</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">apparently</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US"> = </span><span lang="en-US">0.29</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">higher</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">in</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T2</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T3</span><span lang="en-US">. </span><span lang="en-US">Lack</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">of</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">Phosphorus</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">P</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">–</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">source</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">in</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T1</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">affected</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">the</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">Ca</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">utilization</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">in</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">comparison</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">to</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T2</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T3</span><span lang="en-US">. </span><span lang="en-US">Mg</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+ </span><span lang="en-US">digestibility</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">was</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">higher</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">P</span><span lang="en-US">&lt; </span><span lang="en-US">0.05</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">in</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T2</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T3</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">than</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">CG</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">T1</span><span lang="en-US">. </span><span lang="en-US">Cu</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">digestibility</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">was</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">not</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">significantly</span><span lang="en-US"> (</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US">= </span><span lang="en-US">0.77</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">different</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">between</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">groups</span><span lang="en-US">. </span><span lang="en-US">Zn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+ </span><span lang="en-US">(</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US"> &lt; </span><span lang="en-US">0.01</span><span lang="en-US">), </span><span lang="en-US">Fe</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+ </span><span lang="en-US">(</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US"> &lt; </span><span lang="en-US">0.01</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">Mn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-US">+ </span><span lang="en-US">(</span><span lang="en-US">p</span><span lang="en-US"> &lt; </span><span lang="en-US">0.01</span><span lang="en-US">) </span><span lang="en-US">digestibility</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">was</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">significantly</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">different</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">between</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">CG</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">TGs</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">and</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">appeared</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">that</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">the</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">net</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">electrical</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">charge</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">of</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mineral</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mixture</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">influenced</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">the</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">digestibility</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">of</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">opposite</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">ions</span><span lang="en-US">. </span><span lang="en-US">Study</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">concluded</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">that</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">cation</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mineral</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">digestibility</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">was</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">better</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">when</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">net</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">electrical</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">charge</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">of</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mineral</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">mixture</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">was</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">negative</span><span lang="en-US">.</span></p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Editor </span>| Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Received</span> | August 22, 2014; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Revised</span> | September 08, 2014; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Accepted</span> | September 09, 2014; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Published</span> | September 20, 2014&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">*Correspondence</span> |Bandla Srinivas, Dairy Production, National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore 560030, India; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6">Email</span><span class="Editor---Citation">: </span>bandla_srinivas@rediffmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Citation </span>| Babu KS, Srinivas B (2014). Effect of supplementation of essential cation, anion or combination of both on the digestibility of cation minerals in diet of cows. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (8): 433-437.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.8.433.437 "><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.8.433.437</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">(</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">Online</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">)</span> | 2307-8316; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">(Print) </span> | 2309-333</span><span lang="en-US">1</span></p>
			<p class="Normal"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-GB">Copyright </span>© 2014 Babu and Srinivas. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para" lang="en-GB"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">U</span><span class="Body-text">nderwood </span><span class="Body-text">(1981) suggested 22 essential mineral elements to farm </span><span class="Body-text">animals based on their concentration in the blood i.e., </span><span class="Body-text">either &gt;100 or &lt; 100 mg/dl blood plasma and categorised </span><span class="Body-text">to 7 macro and 15 micro minerals, respectively. Another classification </span><span class="Body-text">was drawn on the basis of net electrical charge of </span><span class="Body-text">ions such as cation or anion (Srinivas, 2012), which is </span><span class="Body-text">relevant in the nutrition of higher forms of animals (Miller, </span><span class="Body-text">1981). Delaquis and Block (1995) discussed the dietary anion and </span><span class="Body-text">cation concept with reference to the systemic acid–base balance </span><span class="Body-text">of the animal that is basic for all nutrient transportation. </span><span class="Body-text">Although dietary cation–anion balance (DCAB) is relevant in dairy </span><span class="Body-text">animals, the concept is restricted to balance between few cations (</span><span class="Body-text">Na</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text"> and K</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text">) and, few anions (Cl</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, S</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> </span><span class="Body-text">and P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">). This needs to be extended to understand the</span><span class="Body-text"> functional importance of all essential mineral ions supplemented in mineral</span><span class="Body-text"> mixtures (Srinivas, 2012). Present study was conducted with an objective</span><span class="Body-text"> to evaluate the digestibility of essential cation mineral elements when</span><span class="Body-text"> net electrical charge (electrovalency) of mineral ion in the mineral</span><span class="Body-text"> mixtures was positive (cationic) or negative (anionic). </span></p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">MATERIALS AND METHODS</span></p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-15">Animals and Diet</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Lactating Deoni cows were randomly distributed into</span><span class="Body-text"> 4 groups of 4 animals each. Cows were fed with</span><span class="Body-text"> 8 KG of fresh para grass (</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16">Brachiaria mutica</span><span class="Body-text">) and </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16">ad</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16"> lib</span><span class="Body-text"> ragi straw (</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16">Elusine coracana</span><span class="Body-text">) at 8 AM and 5</span><span class="Body-text"> PM, respectively and, supplemented concentrate mixture (consisted of 35 parts</span><span class="Body-text"> of maize, 15 parts of groundnut meal and 50 parts</span><span class="Body-text"> of wheat bran without mineral mixture and common salt) in</span><span class="Body-text"> 2 equal parts twice in a day as per the</span><span class="Body-text"> requirements (ICAR, 1998). Control group (CG) was fed basal diet</span><span class="Body-text"> without additional mineral supplements apart from those naturally present in</span><span class="Body-text"> the diet. Treatment groups (TG) supplemented mineral mixture consisted of</span><span class="Body-text"> only essential cation (T1) or, anion (T2) minerals or, both</span><span class="Body-text"> cation and anion mineral elements together (T3) added to concentrate</span><span class="Body-text"> supplement fed in CG. Composition of mineral mixtures containing cation</span><span class="Body-text"> or, anion mineral compounds is presented in Table 1.</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-15">Digestibility</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-15"> Trial</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Digestibility trial was conducted after a preliminary period of</span><span class="Body-text"> feeding for 1 month. Trial consisted of 5 d of</span><span class="Body-text"> collection period. Body weight of animals, at zero hour of</span><span class="Body-text"> feeding and watering, recorded for 2 consecutive days before and</span><span class="Body-text"> after the trial. Faecal samples collected during trial period at</span><span class="Body-text"> 8:30 AM and sub-sampled to 1/400 parts. A part</span><span class="Body-text"> of sample was preserved with known quantities of 10 % H</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">2</span><span class="Body-text">SO</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">4</span><span class="Body-text"> (V/V) in pre–weighed glass bottles to </span><span class="Body-text">estimate nitrogen (N). Dried samples of feed offered, left over </span><span class="Body-text">feed (orts), and faeces were pooled for 5 d for </span><span class="Body-text">chemical analysis.</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-15">Chemical</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-15"> Analysis</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Dried samples of feed offered, orts</span><span class="Body-text">, and faeces analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM</span><span class="Body-text">), crude protein (CP) and total ash (AOAC, 2005). Minerals in</span><span class="Body-text"> feed and faecal samples were estimated using inductively coupled plasma</span><span class="Body-text"> (ICP) optical emission spectrometry (Optima 8000, M/s Pelkin elmer</span><span class="Body-text">, Waltham, U.S.A) after predigesting the samples by modified</span><span class="Body-text"> method of closed system of acid digestion (US–EPA, 2001</span><span class="Body-text">). The digested samples were cooled and filtered through Whatmann filter</span><span class="Body-text"> paper No1. Repeated washings were given to digestion tube and</span><span class="Body-text"> filter paper using Millipore water and final volume made to</span><span class="Body-text"> 10 ml. Subsequent dilutions were made as for the concentration</span><span class="Body-text"> of the element and estimated important cations viz., calcium (Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">), magnesium (Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">) copper (Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">), zinc (Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">), iron (Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">) and manganese (Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">).  </span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-15">Statistical Analysis</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and variances between groups </span><span class="Body-text">mean were compared using CRD based on the following model:</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Y</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">ij</span><span class="Body-text"> = µ+ T</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">i</span><span class="Body-text"> + B</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">j</span><span class="Body-text"> +e</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">ij</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Where, Y</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">ij</span><span class="Body-text"> was</span><span class="Body-text"> any observation for which, µ was population mean, T</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">i </span><span class="Body-text">was treatment effect, B</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">j </span><span class="Body-text">was block effect, and e</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">ij </span><span class="Body-text">was random error component (Das and Giri, 1991). Pairwise comparison </span><span class="Body-text">between group means was tested by DMRT and significance was </span><span class="Body-text">denoted by alpha superscripts with probability (p) ranged from 0.01 </span><span class="Body-text">to 0.05.</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</span></p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Dicalcium phosphate (Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">2</span><span class="Body-text">PO</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">4</span><span class="Body-text">) was</span><span class="Body-text"> used as P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">– </span><span class="Body-text">source in the mineral mixtures although it</span><span class="Body-text"> contained cation Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">. Similarly, iodide (I</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">), molybdate (Mo</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">) and selenite (Se</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">) sources contained sodium (Na</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">) cation. </span><span class="Body-text">Net electrical charge of the mineral mixtures supplemented in T1, </span><span class="Body-text">T2 and T3 are presented in Table 2. Total quantity </span><span class="Body-text">of mineral mixture supplemented in T1, T2 and T3 was </span><span class="Body-text">20.18, 18.10 and 31.36 g/d, respectively. Net ion electrical </span><span class="Body-text">charge of mineral mixtures supplemented in T1, T2 and T3 </span><span class="Body-text">were +0.87, –1.55 and –0.64, respectively. Chemical composition of the </span><span class="Body-text">feedstuffs is presented in Table 3. DM (p = 0.96), OM (</span><span class="Body-text">p = 0.96), CP (p = 0.99), Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> (p = 0.98) and </span><span class="Body-text">Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> (p = 0.83) intakes were not significantly different between </span><span class="Body-text">CG and TGs (Table 4). DM intake was numerically higher </span><span class="Body-text">by 6 % in T2 and T3 where net charge of </span><span class="Body-text">ions was negative. This is contrary to the observations of </span><span class="Body-text">Hu et al., (2007). Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> (p &lt; 0.01), Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">(</span><span class="Body-text">p &lt; 0.01) and Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> (p &lt; 0.05) ions intake were </span><span class="Body-text">significantly different in CG, T1, T2 and T3.</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-6">Table 1</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">: Composition of ion specific mineral supplements</span><span class="Body-text">.</span></p>
			<table width="657" height="369" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td width="86" rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Mineral ion</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="159" rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Mineral Source</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Mineral supplement of (G/KG DM)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td width="60">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Cations</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="53">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Anions</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="123">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Cations + anions</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Ca</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">2+</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Calcium carbonate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">7.58</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">––</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Mg</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">2+</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Magnesium carbonate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.53</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.53</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Na</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">+</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Sodium sulphate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">10.28</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">10.28</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">K</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">+</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Potassium chloride</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.26</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Cu</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">2+</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Cupric carbonate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.05</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.05</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Co</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">2+</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Cobalt carbonate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0005</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0005</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Zn</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">2+</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Zinc carbonate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.14</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Ca</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">2+ </span><span class="Title CharOverride-22">&amp; P–</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Dicalcium Phosphate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">18.06</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">18.06</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">I</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Sodium iodide</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.003</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.003</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Mo</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Sodium Molybdate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.03</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.03</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Se</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Sodium Selenite</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">––</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0025</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0025</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-2" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-2" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-2" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-6">Table 2</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">: Net charge of the ions in mineral supplements.</span></p>
			<table width="657" height="450" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Mineral ion</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Atomic mass</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-3"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Cations</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-3"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Anions</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Net charge</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">CaCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">100.09</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">3.9449</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">3.6351</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.3098</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">MgCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">84.31</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.6590</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.8710</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">–0.212</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Na</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">2</span><span class="Title CharOverride-20">SO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">142.04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">5.6483</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">4.6317</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.0166</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">KCl</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">74.55</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.6608</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.5992</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0616</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">CuCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">123.56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0306</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0194</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0112</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">CoCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">118.94</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0003</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0002</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">ZnCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">125.42</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0864</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0536</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0328</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Ca</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">2</span><span class="Title CharOverride-20">PO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">175.13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">8.2659</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">9.7941</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">–1.5281</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">NaI</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">149.89</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0005</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0025</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">–0.0021</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Na</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">2</span><span class="Title CharOverride-20">MoO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">205.92</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0067</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0233</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">–0.0166</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Na</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">2</span><span class="Title CharOverride-20">SeO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">188.94</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0007</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.0021</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">–0.0014</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Total </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">T1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">10.9687</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">9.2110</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.2201</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">T2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">8.2738</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">9.8220</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">–1.5480</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">T3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">15.3592</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">15.9968</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">–0.6376</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-6">Table 3</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">: Chemical composition of diet.</span></p>
			<table width="657" height="265" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Paramete</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">r</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Ragi straw</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Green fodder</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Concentrate</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">DM (g/Kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">881 ± 18 </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">178 ± 9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">905 ± 2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">OM (g/Kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">896 ± 0.5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">864 ± 3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">908 ± 0.4</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">CP (g/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">25.60 ± 0.5 </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">103.0 ± 0.1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">20.22 ± 0.2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Calcium (g/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">10.3 ± 0.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">7.13 ± 0.26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">9.40 ± 0.74</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Magnesium (g/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">10.85 ± 0.24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">10.15 ± 0.35</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">14.04 ± 1.01 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Copper (mg/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">3.63 ± 0.28</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">55.13 ± 1.92</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">13.10 ± 1.51 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Zinc (mg/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">213.40 ± 19.27</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">226.35 ± 5.07</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">470.40 ± 33.34 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Iron (mg/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">95.88 ± 3.63</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1341.00 ± 77.94</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">477.60 ± 22.60 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Manganese (mg/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">384.90 ± 6.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">80.17 ± 5.05</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">126.30 ± 12.60 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">CP digestibility was significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) in T2 which could be probably because of more net negative charge of ions in the mineral mixture.  Hu et al., (2007) reported adverse impact of net negative charge on CP digestibility in dairy cows. Although net electrical charge in T3 was negative, CP digestibility was not reduced. Considering the result of Hu et al., (2007) as well as CP digestibility observed in this study, we presume that CP digestibility might be affected only beyond a threshold level of net negative electrical charge probably less </span><span class="Body-text">than –1. Contrary to the observation of Popplewell et al., (</span><span class="Body-text">1993) on cation and anion balance in the diet of </span><span class="Body-text">dairy cows, no significant impact of net charge of mineral </span><span class="Body-text">supplements on DM and OM digestibility were observed between CG </span><span class="Body-text">and TGs. Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility was negative in few replicates </span><span class="Body-text">and indicated individual cow variation. Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">digestibility was apparently (p</span><span class="Body-text"> = 0.29) higher in T2 and T3. Probably lack of P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> source in the cationic mineral mixture affected the Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text"> utilization in T1. In general, the ideal ratio of </span><span class="Body-text">Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">and P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> intake is 1:2 to 2:1 (Horst </span><span class="Body-text">et al., 1994). Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">to P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> ratio in Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">2</span><span class="Body-text">PO</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">4</span><span class="Body-text"> is about 2:1. Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake (p &lt; 0.01), and</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility (p &lt; 0.05) were significantly different in CG and TGs</span><span class="Body-text">. Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">digestibility was higher in T2 or T3 than </span><span class="Body-text">CG and T1.  Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility improved in T2 where </span><span class="Body-text">mineral mixture consisted of anion mineral elements i.e., net </span><span class="Body-text">electrical charge was negative. Weiss (2004) reported that mean apparent </span><span class="Body-text">digestibility of Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was ranging from –0.04 to 0.33. </span><span class="Body-text">According to NRC (2001), optimum Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility is 43 %. </span><span class="Body-text">Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility in diet can be affected by increased </span><span class="Body-text">K</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake above the stipulated requirement in the diet (Weiss</span><span class="Body-text">, 2004).</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Intake of Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was significantly (p &lt; 0.01) different between</span><span class="Body-text"> CG and TGs but, digestibility was not significantly (p = 0.77</span><span class="Body-text">) affected Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> in CG utilized more efficiently because it</span><span class="Body-text"> was in lower concentration than in TGs. According to Ivan</span><span class="Body-text"> and Grieve (1975) Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> concentration in liver was inversely</span><span class="Body-text"> proportional to the dietary Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> and, directly proportional to</span><span class="Body-text"> dietary Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> supplementation. Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was not added in</span><span class="Body-text"> the cation mineral mixture but, Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was included. Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake in CG or TGs was 15 folds higher</span><span class="Body-text"> than Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">.  According to Weiss (2004), Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake</span><span class="Body-text"> should not exceed the dietary Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake by more</span><span class="Body-text"> than 5 folds.  Probably, higher ratio of Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> in</span><span class="Body-text"> the mineral mixture </span><span class="Body-text">decreased the Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">utilization even though both the </span><span class="Body-text">elements incorporated as per the requirements (NRC, 2001). </span><span class="Body-text">Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake (p &lt; 0.05) and digestibility (p &lt; 0.01) were </span><span class="Body-text">significantly different in CG and TGs. Significantly higher digestibility in </span><span class="Body-text">T3 (59 %) than T1 (39 %) indicated that Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestion </span><span class="Body-text">improved in the presence of anion minerals such as P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, I</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, Mo</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> and Se</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">. Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">intake was not</span><span class="Body-text"> significantly (p = 0.98) different between CG and TGs because, it</span><span class="Body-text"> was not fortified in the cation or cation + anion mineral</span><span class="Body-text"> mixture since Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> availability from the diet was sufficient</span><span class="Body-text"> to meet the requirements. Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility was negative in</span><span class="Body-text"> CG (–4 %) and significantly lesser than TGs (p &lt; 0.01). Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility was comparable between T2 (23 %) and T3 (36</span><span class="Body-text"> %) but not with T1 (2 %). Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> utilization also improved</span><span class="Body-text"> in the presence of anions; P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, I</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, Mo</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> </span><span class="Body-text">and Se</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, present in T2 and T3. Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake</span><span class="Body-text"> was not significantly (p= 0.83) different as its availability in</span><span class="Body-text"> the basal diet was sufficient to substantiate requirement. </span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			
            <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-6">Table 4</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">: Feed and mineral intake and digestibility in different groups</span></p>
            
            
			<table width="657" height="688" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-4">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-22" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-23" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-24" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Paramete</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">r</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Control</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Mineral supplement (g/Kg DM)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">SEM</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Cations</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Anions</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Combined</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Nutrient intake</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">DM intake (kG/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">6.46</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">6.40</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">6.60</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">6.61</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.35</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">OM intake (kG/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">5.76</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">5.71</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">5.89</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">5.89</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.31</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">CP intake (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">648.75</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">638.90</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">645.4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">653.13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">36.52</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Calcium (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">57.83</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">71.65</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">65.42</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">76.65</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">2.51*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Magnesium (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">67.29</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">76.28</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">65.41</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">77.59</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">2.04**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Copper (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.12</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.17</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.12</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.18</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.01**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Zinc (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.78</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.94</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.78</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.99</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.07*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Iron (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">3.05</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">3.03</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">3.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">3.09</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.13</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Manganese (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.45</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.48</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.55</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.52</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">0.08</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Digestibility coefficient</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">DM </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">56.68</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">56.16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">57.09</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">55.97</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.44</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">OM</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">58.96</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">58.65</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">59.69</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">58.68</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.42</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">CP </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">54.45</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">54.56</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">48.49</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">56.10</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">1.65*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Calcium </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">4.87</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">14.46</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">23.56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">31.23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">9.40</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Magnesium</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">33.26</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">31.95</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">45.15</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">47.96</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">4.06*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Copper </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">62.59</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">58.11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">55.53</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">58.54</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">4.74</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Zinc </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">27.43</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">39.16</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">36.17</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">58.56</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">3.14**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Iron </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">–4.96</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">2.40</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">23.43</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">35.78</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">7.05**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Manganese </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">41.46</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">44.54</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">55.12</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">64.15</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">3.50**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Normal">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Normal"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-29" lang="en-GB">Mean values in a row with different superscripts a, b, c vary significantly; *P &lt; 0.05, **P &lt; 0.01</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Digestibility of</span><span class="Body-text"> Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was significantly (p &lt; 0.01) different between CG and</span><span class="Body-text"> TGs. Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">utilization also improved when net ion charge </span><span class="Body-text">was negative. Cations homeostasis is partially dependent on endogenous faecal </span><span class="Body-text">excretion controlled by the intestinal tract, liver and pancreas while, </span><span class="Body-text">anions homeostasis is partially dependent on renal excretion (Buckley, 2000) </span><span class="Body-text">thus, enumerating both the ions are mutually exclusive but collectively </span><span class="Body-text">exhaustive. According to Block (2011), subjects such as ratios of </span><span class="Body-text">Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> to P and N to sulphur, interactions between </span><span class="Body-text">Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> and K</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text">, Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> and Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">, and</span><span class="Body-text"> vitamin E and Se have been investigated and addressed however</span><span class="Body-text">, no unifying concepts on mineral balances have been proposed yet</span><span class="Body-text">. Our result indicated that utilization of some of the cation</span><span class="Body-text"> mineral elements e.g., Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">, Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">, Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">, Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> and Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> were improved in the presence</span><span class="Body-text"> of anion mineral elements P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, I</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, Mo</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> and </span><span class="Body-text">Se</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">. </span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">CONCLUSIONS</span></p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Study revealed that interaction between electrical charge carried</span><span class="Body-text"> by the cation and anion group of minerals in the</span><span class="Body-text"> mineral mixtures and their net electrovalency influenced the digestibility. Digestibility</span><span class="Body-text"> of cation mineral elements improved when net ion charge was</span><span class="Body-text"> negative.</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">REFERENCES</span></p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			
			  <li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">AOAC (2005). Official methods of analysis. Association of</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30"> Official Analytical Chemists. 18</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">th</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30"> Edn. Washington, DC.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Block E (</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">2011). Revisiting negative dietary cation–anion difference balancing for prepartum </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">cows and its impact on hypocalcaemia and performance. E–mail: </span><a href="mailto:Elliot.Block@churchdwight.com"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-30">Elliot.Block@churchdwight.com</span></a><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">. </span><a href="http://dairy.ifas.ufl.edurns/2011/5block.pdf"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-30">http://dairy.ifas.ufl.edurns/2011/5block.</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-30">pdf</span></a><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">. </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Buckley WT (2000). Trace element dynamics. In: D’ Mello, </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">JPF ed. Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. CABI publishing, CAB </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">International, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE UK. Pp161 – 182. </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Das MN, Giri </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">NC (1991). Design and analysis of experiments. Wiley Eastern Ltd., </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">New Delhi. </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Delaquis AM, Block E (1995). Acid base balance, </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">renal function, water and macro mineral metabolism of dry cow </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">differing in cation–anion difference. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-32">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">78: 604 – </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">19. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76853-9"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-30">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76853-9</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Horst RL, Goff JP, Reinhardt TA (1994). Calcium and </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">vitamin D metabolism in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-32">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">77: 1936 – 1951.  </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77140-X"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-30">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77140-X</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Hu W, Murphy MR, Constable PD, Block </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">E (2007). Dietary cation–anion difference and dietary protein effects </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">on performance and acid–base status of dairy cows in </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">early lactation. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-32">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">90: 3355 – 3366. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-515"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-30">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-515</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">ICAR (1998). </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Nutrient Requirement of Livestock and Poultry, 2nd revised ed. Indian </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan, PUSA, New Delhi.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Ivan M, Grieve CM (1975). Effects of zinc, copper, and </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">manganese supplementation of high–concentrate ration on digestibility, growth, and </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">tissue content of Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-32">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">58: 410 – </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">415. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84579-6"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-30">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84579-6</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Miller WJ (1981). Mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">cattle. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-32">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">64: 1196 – 1206. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82696-3"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-30">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82696-3</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">NRC (2001). Nutrient </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th edition. National Academy Press, Washington, </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">DC.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Popplewell JC, Topliff DR, Freeman DW, Breazile JE (1993). </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Effects of dietary cation–anion balance on acid base balance </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">and blood parameters in anaerobically exercised horses. J. Equine Vet. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-32">.</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30"> 13: 552 – 555.  </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81524-8"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-30">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81524-8</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30">Srinivas B (2012). Homeostasis regulation and</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30"> bioavailability of cation and anion minerals in ruminants in perspective</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30"> of functional physiological chemistry: A review. Indian J. Dairy sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-32">.</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-30"> 65: 1 – 18</span></li>
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