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			<p class="Type-of-Article">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
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		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Influence of Dietary Choline Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Japanese Quail</p>
		</div>
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			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-2">Mahmoud Alagawany</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1*</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Mohamed El-Hindawy</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Adel Attia</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Mayada Farag</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Mohamed Abd El-Hack</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span></p>
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		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span>Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44111, Egypt; <span class="CharOverride-4">2</span>Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44111, Egypt.</p>
		</div>
		<div>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Abstract</span> | This experiment was conducted using 204 day-old Japanese quail chicks to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary choline on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The experimental diets consisted of 4 levels of choline: 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg/kg diet. Each dietary treatment was assigned to 3 replicate groups of 17 chicks and the experiment lasted 35 days. Live body weight and body weight gain was significantly (<span class="CharOverride-6">P</span>&lt; 0.01) increased with increasing choline level from 1000 to 2000 mg/kg diet at all different ages, except body weight gain was not affect by dietary choline levels during 21-42 days of age. Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were affected by the different levels of choline at the different ages (<span class="CharOverride-6">P</span>&lt; 0.05), vs. feed conversion ratio was not significantly affect by dietary choline levels during 21-42 days of age. In conclusion, the obtained results showed that the diet containing 2000 mg/kg choline diet is recommended for feeding growing Japanese quail during the fattening period (7 to 42 days of age). </p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Keywords </span>| Quails, Choline, Growth performance, Carcass traits.</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-8">Editor</span> | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Received</span> | December  18, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Revised</span> | January 05, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Accepted</span> | January 06, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Published</span> | January 12, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">*Correspondence</span> | Mahmoud Alagawany, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; <span class="CharOverride-5">Email: </span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-9">dr.mahmoud.alagwany@gmail.com</span></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Citation</span> | Alagawany M, El-Hindawy M, Attia A, Farag M, El-Hack MA (2015). Influence of dietary choline levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing Japanese quail. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3(2): 109-115.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-8">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.2.109.115"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.2.109.115</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">(</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">Online</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">)</span> | 2307-8316; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">(Print) </span> | 2309-3331</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-8">Copyright </span>© 2015 Alagawany et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">INTRODUCTION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp; </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">C</span>holine is considered as an essential nutrient in poultry diets. Where, choline plays an indispensable role in several biological processes in the body, including building and maintaining cell structure, primarily as a structural component of phospholipids (<a href="#Summers-DJ--2013-."><span class="Hyperlink">Summer, 2013</span></a>). Therefore choline has three important metabolic roles, for instance as a constituent of phospholipids, prevent fatty liver through hepatic lipid metabolism and as a precursor for acetylcholine synthesis as well as prevention of perosis. Acetylcholine is the substance responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses which could not be formed without the presence of choline in the body (<a href="#Zeisel-SH--2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Zeisel, 2012</span></a>). Moreover, choline is very important to the poultry species such as broiler, laying hens, ducks, quails etc.  Where, choline gives the methyl groups necessary for the formation of methionine from homo-cysteine through being oxidized to betaine (<a href="#Zhang-CX--Pan-MX--Li-B--Wang-L--Mo-XF--Chen-YM--Lin-FY--Ho-SC--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Zhang et al., 2013</span></a>). These findings point to the importance of this nutrient in poultry nutrition and production.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">It is important for researchers to reinvestigate the use of choline in poultry diets. In the past, several studies have looked at choline and betaine for their methionine sparing effects under ideal conditions (<a href="#Rafeeq-M--Pasha-TN--Rashid-N--Hilal-B--Shahzad-I--2011a-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rafeeq et al., 2011a</span></a>; <a href="#Rafeeq-M--Pasha-TN--Tariq-MM--Bajwa-MA--2011b-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rafeeq et al., 2011b</span></a>), but it may also be important to evaluate choline for its primary function of supporting growth and not just as a methionine-sparing molecule. Choline may also have added benefits during heat stress, since bird physiology is altered in this condition.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In this regard, choline requirement was affected by many factors related to birds such as type, strain, age, feed consumption, dietary crude protein and methionine as well as fat type and bioavailability of native choline (<a href="#NRC--1994-."><span class="Hyperlink">NRC, 1994</span></a>; <a href="#Ghazalah-AA--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ghazalah, 1998</span></a>; <a href="#Workel-HA--Keller-TB--Reeve-A--Lauwaerts-A--1999-."><span class="Hyperlink">Workel et al., 1999</span></a>). Choline requirements of quails ranged from 1500 to 2000-mg/kg feed depending on age, type and strain (<a href="#NRC--1994-."><span class="Hyperlink">NRC, 1994</span></a>). <a href="#Ghazalah-AA--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ghazalah (1998</span></a><span class="Hyperlink">)</span> reported that choline addition at 1250 mg/kg diet resulted in the best broiler growth performance at 28-d old, while choline supplementation at 2500 mg/kg diets resulted in the best growth performance during 1-28 day-old. On the contrary, <a href="#Saarinen-MT--Kettunen-H--Pulliaine-K--Peuranen-S--Tiihonen-K--Remus-J--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">Saarinen et al. (2000)</span></a> observed that choline supplementation did not significantly affect growth performance of broiler chicks fed methionine adequate or inadequate diets, their observation agreed with that of <a href="#Swain-BK--Johri-TS--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Swain and Johri, (2000)</span></a> nevertheless, 2300 or 3300 mg choline /kg diet enhanced humoral and cellular immune response.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Therefore, the objective of this study was to find an appropriate supplementation level of choline as choline chloride (50%) on the growth performance and carcass characteristic of growing Japanese quail (7 to 42 d of age). </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">MATERIALS AND METHODS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">This study was conducted at Poultry Research Farm, Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt. All the experimental procedures were carried out according to the Local Experimental Animal Care Committee, and approved by the ethics of the institutional committee. Birds were cared for using husbandry guidelines derived from Zagazig University standard operating procedures.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Experimental Design and Diets of Birds</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Two hundred and four (n=204), day-old Japanese quail chicks were used at 7<span class="CharOverride-4">th</span> days of age; chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups equal in number (51 chicks each), with three replications of 17 chicks each. A complete randomized design of four levels of choline (1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg/kg diet) as choline chloride (50%) was used to study the effect of choline levels on growing Japanese quail performance. Chicks were housed in conventional type (50× 50×45 cm) cages with feed and water provided for <span class="CharOverride-6">ad libitum</span> consumption. The cages were equipped with a nipple drinker and trough feeders. The bird’s house was provided with programmable lighting and adequate ventilation. The Lighting was 23 h light and 1 h darkness. Each experimental diet was formulated to meet the nutrients requirements of growing Japanese quail, according to <a href="#NRC--1994-."><span class="Hyperlink">NRC (1994)</span></a> recommendations. Experimental diets were isocaloric (3000 kcal of ME/kg) and isonitrogenous (22% CP). The duration of the experiment was 35 days (between 7 and 42d of age). The diets were fed as a mash. The formulation and composition of the experimental diets are shown in <span class="Hyperlink">t</span><a href="#Table-1"><span class="Hyperlink">able 1</span></a>.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Performance and Carcass Components  </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Birds were weighed individually at weekly intervals. Mortality was recorded daily. Total feed intake was measured per pen weekly. Feed consumption (PC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (feed intake/weight gain) were adjusted for mortality. Three birds of each group were sampled randomly for carcass evaluations at 35 days of age and slaughtered and weighed. Their feathers were plucked manually, eviscerated by hand. Whole carcass, abdominal fat pad (excluding the gizzard fat), empty gizzard and proventriculus, liver, heart, pancreas and spleen were excised and weighed individually. The carcass yields were calculated as a percentage of the pre-slaughter live body weights of broiler chickens according to <a href="#Blasco-A--Ouhayoun-J-Masoero-G--1993-."><span class="Hyperlink">Blasco et al. (1993)</span></a>. Carcass and dressed weights studied (dressed weight = carcass weight plus giblets weight)/ live body weight.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Statistical Analysis</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Data were statistically analysed using general linear models procedure adapted by SPSS for user’s guide with one-way ANOVA. The differences among means were determined using the student Newman keuls test. The Mean values and standard error (SE) are reported. Statements of statistical significance are based on <span class="CharOverride-6">P</span> &lt; 0.05.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION </p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">Quail performance parameters are summarized in <a href="#Table-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">table 2</span></a>. When compared by ANOVA, average body weight was significantly (<span class="CharOverride-6">P</span>&lt;0.01) increased with in<span class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">creasing dietary choline level from 1000 to 2000 mg/kg diet at 21 and 42 days of age. Where, the 2000 mg/ kg of choline level was enough to achieve the heaviest live body weight during the experimental period.  Body weight gain followed nearly the same trend observed with live body weight. Since body weight gain was significantly (<span class="CharOverride-6">P</span>&lt; 0.01) improved with increasing dietary choline level in the quail diets up to 2000 mg during 7-21 or 7-42 days of age. While, body weight gain was not statistically affected by dietary choline levels during 21-42 days of age. Similar responses reported by <a href="#Shrivastav-AK--Dash-BB--Johri-TS--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shrivastav et al. (2004)</span></a> showed that live body weight and body weight gain significantly (<span class="CharOverride-6">P</span>&lt; 0.05) enhanced with increasing dietary choline levels from 1500 to 2000 mg/kg diet in quail chicks. Moreover, <a href="#Hassan-RA--Attia-YA--El-Ganzory-EH--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Hassan et al. (2005)</span></a> observed that different levels of choline supplementation had meaningful effect on average live body weight. <a href="#Sonbol-SM--1990-."><span class="Hyperlink">Sonbol (1990)</span></a> noted that body weight gain of broiler chicks at 21 days of age was significantly (<span class="CharOverride-6">P</span>&lt;0.01) increased as a dietary choline increased to 1900 mg/kg diet. Also, <a href="#Baranova-G--1991-."><span class="Hyperlink">Baranova (1991)</span></a> observed that inclusion of choline to the diet mixture improved growth rate with the inclusion rate of 500-700 mg/kg of diet. The increase in the body weight gain of broiler chicks has been found by many other workers after the addition of dietary choline at an early age, in the absence of methionine supplementation (<a href="#Pesti-GM--Haper-AE--Sunde-ML--1980"><span class="Hyperlink">Pesti et al., 1980</span></a>; <a href="#Baker-DH--Halpin-KM--Czarnecki-G--Parsons-CM--1983-."><span class="Hyperlink">Baker et al. 1983</span></a>; <a href="#Harms-RH--Miles-RD--1984-"><span class="Hyperlink">Harms and Miles, 1984</span></a>). On the contrary, <a href="#Rafeeq-M--Pasha-TN--Rashid-N--Hilal-B--Shahzad-I--2011a-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rafeeq et al. (2011a)</span></a> and <a href="#Swain-BK--Johri-TS--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Swain and Johri, (2000)</span></a> reported that dietary choline, at different inclusion level, had no significant effect on body weight and body weight change in broiler chicks. </span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-1"></a>Table 1:</span> Composition and calculated analysis of the experimental diets</p>
			<table width="657" height="531" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td rowspan="2" />
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Levels of choline mg / Kg</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1000</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1500</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2000</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2500</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Ingredients %</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Yellow corn</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">63.64</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">63.10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">63.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">62.88</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Soybean meal (44%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">23.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">24.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">24.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">24.00</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Corn Gluten (60%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">10.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">9.45</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">9.45</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">9.45</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Salt </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.30</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Premix</span><span class="CharOverride-13">*</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.30</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Di-calcium phosphate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.60</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.60</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.60</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.60</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Limestone</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.85</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.85</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.85</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.85</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">L- Lysine</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.21</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.21</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.21</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">DL- methionine</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.08</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.08</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.08</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.08</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Choline chloride 50%</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.21</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.33</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">100</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">100</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">100</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">100</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Calculated analysis</span><span class="CharOverride-13">**</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Crude protein,%</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">22.04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">22.03</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">22.07</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">22.06</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">ME. K. cal / Kg</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">3028</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">3008</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">3005</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">3001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Calcium,%</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.80</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.80</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.80</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.80</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Available P,%</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.45</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.45</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.45</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.45</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Lysine, %</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.15</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Methionine + cysteine,%</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.90</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.90</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.90</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">0.90</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Choline mg / kg diet</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1000</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1500</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">2000</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">2500</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Price / ton diet L.E., </span><span class="CharOverride-13">***</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1573</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1578</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1583</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1589</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">*<span class="CharOverride-15">Grower vit. and Min. Premix: Each 3 Kg consists of : Vit. A 12000.000 IU; Vit. D3, 2000.000 IU, Vit.E 10g; Vit. K3, 2000mg; Vit.  B1, 1000 Mg; Vit. B2, 5000 Mg; Vit. B6, 1500Mg, Vit. B12,10Mg; Biotin 50 Mg; Pantothenic acid , 10 g; Niacin, 30 g; Folic acid, 1000Mg; Mn, 60 g; Zn, 50 g; Cu; 10g; I, 1000Mg; Si, 100Mg; Co.100Mg;  ** Calculated according to NRC (1994).</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-2-"></a>Table 2:</span> Growth performance (Mean+SE) of growing Japanese quails as influenced by choline levels during the experimental periods (7-42 days of age)                 </p>
			<table width="657" height="416" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Traits</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Choline levels (mg /Kg diet)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Sign</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1000</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1500</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2000</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2500</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Average body weight (g) at:</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 7d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">22.84±0.03</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">22.85±0.04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">22.79±0.15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">22.77±0.10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">NS</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 21d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">50.18±0.36</span><span class="CharOverride-13">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">52.32±1.66</span><span class="CharOverride-13">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">64.60±2.05</span><span class="CharOverride-13"> a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">57.45±0.69</span><span class="CharOverride-13"> b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 42d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">141.94±0.68</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">138.32±4.14</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">159.96±4.29</span><span class="CharOverride-13"> a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">147.87±1.56</span><span class="CharOverride-13"> b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Body weight gain (g) </span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">7-21d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.95±0.02</span><span class="CharOverride-13">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">2.10±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-13">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">2.98±0.14</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">2.48±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 21-42d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.36±0.01</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.09±0.11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.53±0.14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.29±0.05</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">NS</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 7-42d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">3.40±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">3.29±0.11</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">3.91±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">3.56±0.04</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Feed consumption  (g)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">7-21d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">10.34±0.02</span><span class="CharOverride-13">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">11.37±0.15</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">10.96±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">10.82±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 21-42d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">17.69±0.17</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">18.50±0.32</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">19.60±0.36</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">18.45±0.30</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 7-42d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">14.75±0.11</span><span class="CharOverride-13">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">15.64±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">16.41±0.18</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">15.39±0.20</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Feed conversion (g feed/ g gain) </span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 7-21d </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">5.29±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-13">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">5.44±0.24</span><span class="CharOverride-13">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">3.68±0.14</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.35±0.08</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 21-42d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.05±0.03</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.52±0.20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.32±0.07</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.30±0.12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">NS</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12"> 7-42d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.33±0.02</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.76±0.20</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.12±0.09</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">4.31±0.11</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-15">Means in the same raw within each classification bearing different letters are significantly different (</span><span class="CharOverride-17">P</span><span class="CharOverride-15"> &lt; 0.05 or 0.01); </span><span class="CharOverride-17">*P</span><span class="CharOverride-15"> &lt; 0.05; ** </span><span class="CharOverride-17">P</span><span class="CharOverride-15"> &lt;0.01, NS=not significant.</span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-3-"></a>Table 3:</span> Some carcass characteristics of growing Japanese quail as influenced by choline levels during the experimental period (7-42day)                   </p>
			<table width="657" height="140" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Traits</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph ParaOverride-3"><span class="CharOverride-11">Choline levels (mg /Kg diet)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Sign</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1000</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1500</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2000</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2500</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Pre-slaughter weight (g)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">143.80±1.36</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">138.33±4.41</span><span class="CharOverride-13">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">161.66±7.37</span><span class="CharOverride-13">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">148.90±1.73</span><span class="CharOverride-13">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Carcass %</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">72.61±1.04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">75.40±0.56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">73.19±1.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">75.32±0.40</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">NS</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Giblets %</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">5.83±0.95</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">5.31±0.24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">6.00±0.38</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">5.51±0.22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">NS</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Dressing %</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">78.32±1.02</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">80.60±0.38</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">80.85±0.82</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">80.17±0.18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">NS</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-15">Means in the same raw within each classification bearing different letters are significantly different (</span><span class="CharOverride-17">P</span><span class="CharOverride-15">  &lt; 0.05 or 0.01); *</span><span class="CharOverride-17">P</span><span class="CharOverride-15"> &lt; 0.05, ** </span><span class="CharOverride-17">P</span><span class="CharOverride-15"> &lt;0.01, NS=not significant.</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Body-Text">Choline in traditional feedstuffs is not completely available for absorption and utilization, but choline chloride is the common form of supplemental choline considered 100% bioavailability (<a href="#Emmert--Jason-L--Baker-DH--1997-."><span class="Hyperlink">Emmert and Baker, 1997</span></a>)</span> and 0.722 g/kg diet is optimal for normal growth (<a href="#Dilger-RN--Garrow-TA--Baker-DH--2007-"><span class="Hyperlink">Dilger et al., 2007)</span></a>, but the high levels of choline supplementation as choline chloride (50%) depress growth rate, so the relative contribution of choline and its chloride form need to be more explored, because birds tolerate higher levels of choline as phosphatidylcholine, higher concentrations are usually advised to optimize vitamin store and overcome inefficiencies in absorption or metabolism due to other dietary constituents or physiological state of the bird (<a href="#Kirk-CK--1998-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kirk, 1998</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Several studies observed that choline is a very important for the biological performance of birds where, growth retardation and perosis of chicks were induced by choline deficiency in the diets; moreover choline supplementation may be necessary for maintenance of growth and productive performance in quails (<a href="#NRC--1994-."><span class="Hyperlink">NRC, 1994</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The effect of levels of choline on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio at different ages is shown in <a href="#Table-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">table 2</span></a>. In this study, feed consumption was affected by the dietary choline levels (<span class="CharOverride-6">P</span>&lt; 0.05). Quails fed diet containing 2000 mg/kg of choline achieved the largest amount of feed consumption compared to the other levels, during periods 21 to 42 and 7 to 42 days of age. While, the period of 7 to 21 days of age, the largest amount recorded by chicks fed diet containing 1500 mg/kg diet as compared with other treatments. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Feed conversion ratio was affected by the different levels of choline throughout 7-21 and 7-42 days of age (<span class="CharOverride-6">P</span>&lt; 0.05). The best values of feed conversion ratio were achieved by diet containing 2000 mg/kg choline vs. the other levels.  Meanwhile, the dietary choline levels had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio during 21-42 days of age. These results are in line with findings of <a href="#Shrivastav-AK--Dash-BB--Johri-TS--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shrivastav et al. (2004)</span></a> who stated that feed intake and feed efficiency ratio increased significantly with increasing level of choline from 1500 to 2000 mg/kg diet. <a href="#Sonbol-SM--1990-."><span class="Hyperlink">Sonbol (1990)</span></a> stated that increasing dietary choline up to 1900 mg/kg diet improved feed conversion by 4.6 and 5.4% when compared with chicks fed on 1400 and 2400 mg choline /kg diet, respectively. In contrast to the results of this research, <a href="#Waldroup-PW--Motl-MA--Yan-F--Fritts-CA--2006"><span class="Hyperlink">Waldroup et al. (2006)</span></a> noted that the supplementation of 1000 mg of choline/kg diet, statistically improved feed conversion ratio over the chicks fed the unsupplemented diets at 35, 42, 49, and 56 d of age. <a href="#Hassan-RA--Attia-YA--El-Ganzory-EH--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Hassan et al. (2005)</span></a> found that supplementation of 0.3 g/kg of choline increased feed conversion ratio by 3.3 % compared to control diet. Meanwhile, <a href="#Swain-BK--Johri-TS--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Swain and Johri, 2000</span></a> recorded that choline supplementation alone did not elicit any response in the feed intake and feed utilization of broilers. Their findings was in accordance with the observations of <a href="#Blair-ME--Potter-LM--Bliss-B--Shelton-JR--1986-."><span class="Hyperlink">Blair et al. (1986)</span></a> who found that choline had no effect on the feed consumption of broilers in the presence or absence of addition methionine. In contrast to the finding of our results, <a href="#Tsiagbe-VK--Kraus-BJ--Benevenga-NJ--Haper-AE--Sunde-ML--1987"><span class="Hyperlink">Tsiagbe et al. (1987)</span></a> recorded lower feed consumption on the basal diet.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The current results indicated that the high supplementation rate of choline as choline chloride might have disturbed the ion balance resulted in lower FC and WG. Choline is preferentially used for biosynthesis of acetylcholine and can only supply methyl groups after it has been oxidized to betaine to convert homocysteine to methionine (<a href="#Garrow-TA--2007"><span class="Hyperlink">Garrow, 2007</span></a>). <a href="#Fouladi-P--Salamat-DR--Ahmadzade-A--2008-."><span class="Hyperlink">Fouladi et al. (2008)</span></a> found that using 500 or 1000 mg/kg of choline chloride supplement to broiler diets significantly increased live body weight and feed intake and improved feed conversion ratio during 22-42 day-old. <a href="#Harms-RH--Russell-GB--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Harms and Russell (2002)</span></a> and <a href="#Ebrahimnezhad-Y--Tajaddini-MH--Ahmadzadeh-AR--Aghdam-H--Shahryar-J-Galekandi-G--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Ebrahimnezhad et al. (2011)</span></a> noted that supplementation levels of choline chloride into corn-soy diet have no significant effect on live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in the fattening period (1-42 d of age). <a href="#Summers-DJ--2013-."><span class="Hyperlink">Summer (2013)</span></a> indicated no positive effects of dietary choline on broiler feed intake during the last three weeks of the experimental study, however, body weight gain and feed conversion did not respond to dietary treatments.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Results of carcass traits as affected by choline levels are presented in <span class="Hyperlink">t</span><a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">able 3</span></a>. It could be noticed that, various level of choline did not have any consistent effect on dressing, carcass and giblets percentages. While <a href="#Waldroup-PW--Fritis-CA--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Waldroup and Fritis (2005)</span></a> who reported an improvement in breast yield due to choline supplementation (1000 g choline/ton diet) at 42 days of age but not at 49 days of age in broiler chicks. Moreover, <a href="#Waldroup-PW--Motl-MA--Yan-F--Fritts-CA--2006"><span class="Hyperlink">Waldroup et al. (2006)</span></a> observed that supplementation of 1000 g of choline/ton to the broiler diets resulted in significant improvements in breast yield at 42, 49 and 56 days of age, also, choline was added at 500 g/ton diet as a methyl donor and clean conditions were used to decrease coccidiosis challenge. </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONCLUSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In view of our findings, it could be concluded that the diet containing 2000 mg choline/kg diet is recommended for feeding growing Japanese quail during the fattening period (7 to 42 days of age) without any adverse effects on growth performance or feed utilization.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">REFERENCES</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			
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                <p>&nbsp;</p>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4" lang="en-US"><a id="Zhang-CX--Pan-MX--Li-B--Wang-L--Mo-XF--Chen-YM--Lin-FY--Ho-SC--2013"></a>Zhang CX, Pan MX, Li B, Wang L, Mo XF, Chen YM, Lin FY, Ho SC (2013). Choline and betaine intake is inversely associated with breast cancer risk: A two stage case control study in china. Cancer Sci. 104(2): 250-258. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cas.12064"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cas.12064</span></a> PMid:23140534</li>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
          <p>&nbsp;</p>
			
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