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			<p class="Type-of-Article" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
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			<p class="Title" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Effect of Supplementation of Essential Cation, Anion or Combination of Both on the Digestibility of Cation Minerals in Diet of Cows</span><span class="CharOverride-3" lang="en-GB"> </span></p>
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			<p class="Authors" lang="en-GB"><span class="Authors CharOverride-5" lang="en-GB">Kiran Babu S., Bandla Srinivas* </span></p>
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        <div><p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span lang="en-GB"><i>Dairy Production, National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore 560030, India.</i></div><br>
        
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Abstract CharOverride-7"><b>Abstract</b></span><span class="Abstract CharOverride-1"> | </span><span lang="en-GB">Study</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">was</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">undertaken</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">to</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">assess</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">the</span><span lang="en-GB">  </span><span lang="en-GB">digestibility</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">of</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">essential</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">cation</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">minerals</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">viz</span><span lang="en-GB">., </span><span lang="en-GB">Ca</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+</span><span lang="en-GB">, </span><span lang="en-GB">Mg</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+</span><span lang="en-GB">, </span><span lang="en-GB">Cu</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+</span><span lang="en-GB">, </span><span lang="en-GB">Zn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+</span><span lang="en-GB">, </span><span lang="en-GB">Fe</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+ </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB">, </span><span lang="en-GB">Mn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+ </span><span lang="en-GB">when</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">electrovalency</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">of</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mineral</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">supplement</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">was</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">positive</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">or</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">negative</span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">Lactating</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">Deoni</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">cows</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">were</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">divided</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">into</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">4</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">groups</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">of</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">4</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">each</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">in</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">completely</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">randomized</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">block</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">design</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">fed</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">8</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">KG</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">fresh</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">para</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">grass</span><span lang="en-GB">, </span><span lang="en-GB">ad</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">lib</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">ragi</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">straw</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">concentrate</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">supplement</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">without</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mineral</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mixture</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">control</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">or</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">fortified</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">with</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">essential</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">cation</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">T1</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">or</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">anion</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">T2</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">minerals</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">or</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">both</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">together</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">T3</span><span lang="en-GB">). </span><span lang="en-GB">The</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">net</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">electrical</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">charge</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">in</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">the</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mineral</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mixtures</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">in</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T1</span><span lang="en-GB">, </span><span lang="en-GB">T2</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T3</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">were</span><span lang="en-GB"> +</span><span lang="en-GB">0.87</span><span lang="en-GB">, –</span><span lang="en-GB">1.55</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> –</span><span lang="en-GB">0.64</span><span lang="en-GB">, </span><span lang="en-GB">respectively</span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">DM</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB"> = </span><span lang="en-GB">0.96</span><span lang="en-GB">), </span><span lang="en-GB">OM</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB"> = </span><span lang="en-GB">0.96</span><span lang="en-GB">), </span><span lang="en-GB">CP</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB"> = </span><span lang="en-GB">0.99</span><span lang="en-GB">), </span><span lang="en-GB">Fe</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB"> = </span><span lang="en-GB">0.98</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">Mn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB"> = </span><span lang="en-GB">0.83</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">intakes</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">were</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">not</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">significantly</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">different</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">between</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">CG</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">TGs</span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">Net</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">charge</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">in</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T2</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">affected</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">CP</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">digestibility</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">adversely</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB">&lt; </span><span lang="en-GB">0.05</span><span lang="en-GB">). </span><span lang="en-GB">Ca</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+ </span><span lang="en-GB">digestibility</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">was</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">apparently</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB"> = </span><span lang="en-GB">0.29</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">higher</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">in</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T2</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T3</span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">Lack</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">of</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">Phosphorus</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">P</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">–</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">source</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">in</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T1</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">affected</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">the</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">Ca</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">utilization</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">in</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">comparison</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">to</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T2</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T3</span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">Mg</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+ </span><span lang="en-GB">digestibility</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">was</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">higher</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">P</span><span lang="en-GB">&lt; </span><span lang="en-GB">0.05</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">in</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T2</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T3</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">than</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">CG</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">T1</span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">Cu</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">digestibility</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">was</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">not</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">significantly</span><span lang="en-GB"> (</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB">= </span><span lang="en-GB">0.77</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">different</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">between</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">groups</span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">Zn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+ </span><span lang="en-GB">(</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB">&lt; </span><span lang="en-GB">0.01</span><span lang="en-GB">), </span><span lang="en-GB">Fe</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+ </span><span lang="en-GB">(</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB">&lt; </span><span lang="en-GB">0.01</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">Mn</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">2</span><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">+ </span><span lang="en-GB">(</span><span lang="en-GB">p</span><span lang="en-GB">&lt; </span><span lang="en-GB">0.01</span><span lang="en-GB">) </span><span lang="en-GB">digestibility</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">was</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">significantly</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">different</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">between</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">CG</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">TGs</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">and</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">appeared</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">that</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">the</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">net</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">electrical</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">charge</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">of</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mineral</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mixture</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">influenced</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">the</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">digestibility</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">of</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">opposite</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">ions</span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">Study</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">concluded</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">that</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">cation</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mineral</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">digestibility</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">was</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">better</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">when</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">net</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">electrical</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">charge</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">of</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mineral</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">mixture</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">was</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB">negative</span><span lang="en-GB">.</span></p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Editor </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8">| Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</span></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Received</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8"> | August 22, 2014; </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Revised</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8"> | September 08, 2014; </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Accepted</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8"> | September 09, 2014; </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Published</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8"> | September 20, 2014&#9;&#9;</span></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">*Correspondence</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8"> |</span><span class="Editor---Citation" lang="en-GB">Bandla Srinivas, </span><span class="Authors-Affiliations" lang="en-GB">Dairy Production, National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore 560030, India.</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8">; </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6">Email</span><span class="Editor---Citation">: </span><span class="Editor---Citation" lang="en-GB">bandla_srinivas@rediffmail.com</span></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">Citation |</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6"> </span><span class="Editor---Citation">Babu KS and </span><span class="Editor---Citation" lang="en-GB">Srinivas B</span><span class="Editor---Citation"> </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8">(2014). </span><span lang="en-GB">Effect</span><span lang="en-GB"> of supplementation of essential cation, anion or combination of b</span><span lang="en-GB">oth on the digestibility of cation minerals in diet of cows.</span><span class="Editor---Citation"> </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8">Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (8)</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8">: 433-437</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-10"> </span></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-7">DOI</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8"> | <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.8.433.437>http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.8.433.437</a></span></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-GB">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-GB">(</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-GB">Online</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-GB">)</span><span class="Editor---Citation" lang="en-GB"> | </span><span class="Editor---Citation" lang="en-GB">2307-8316; </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-GB">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-GB">(Print)  | </span><span lang="en-GB">2309-333</span><span lang="en-GB">1</span></p>
            <p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6"><b>Copyright </b></span><span class="Editor---Citation ">© 2014 </span><span class="Editor---Citation">Babu and Srinivas.</span><span class="Editor---Citation "> This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</span></p>
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			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">INTRODUCTION</span></p><br>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para" lang="en-GB"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">U</span><span class="Body-text">nderwood </span><span class="Body-text">(1981) suggested 22 essential mineral elements to farm </span><span class="Body-text">animals based on their concentration in the blood i.e., </span><span class="Body-text">either &gt;100 or &lt; 100 mg/dl blood plasma and categorised </span><span class="Body-text">to 7 macro and 15 micro minerals, respectively. Another classification </span><span class="Body-text">was drawn on the basis of net electrical charge of </span><span class="Body-text">ions such as cation or anion (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Srinivas, 2012</a>), which is </span><span class="Body-text">relevant in the nutrition of higher forms of animals (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Miller, 1981</a>). <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Delaquis and Block (1995)</a> discussed the dietary anion and </span><span class="Body-text">cation concept with reference to the systemic acid–base balance </span><span class="Body-text">of the animal that is basic for all nutrient transportation. </span><span class="Body-text">Although dietary cation–anion balance (DCAB) is relevant in dairy </span><span class="Body-text">animals, the concept is restricted to balance between few cations (</span><span class="Body-text">Na</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text"> and K</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text">) and, few anions (Cl</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, S</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> </span><span class="Body-text">and P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">). This needs to be extended to understand the</span><span class="Body-text"> functional importance of all essential mineral ions supplemented in mineral</span><span class="Body-text"> mixtures (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Srinivas, 2012</a>). Present study was conducted with an objective</span><span class="Body-text"> to evaluate the digestibility of essential cation mineral elements when</span><span class="Body-text"> net electrical charge (electrovalency) of mineral ion in the mineral</span><span class="Body-text"> mixtures was positive (cationic) or negative (anionic). </span></p><br>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">MATERIALS AND METHODS</span></p><br>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16">Animals and Diet</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Lactating Deoni cows were randomly distributed into</span><span class="Body-text"> 4 groups of 4 animals each. Cows were fed with</span><span class="Body-text"> 8 KG of fresh para grass (</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">Brachiaria mutica</span><span class="Body-text">) and </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">ad</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17"> lib</span><span class="Body-text"> ragi straw (</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-17">Elusine coracana</span><span class="Body-text">) at 8 AM and 5</span><span class="Body-text"> PM, respectively and, supplemented concentrate mixture (consisted of 35 parts</span><span class="Body-text"> of maize, 15 parts of groundnut meal and 50 parts</span><span class="Body-text"> of wheat bran without mineral mixture and common salt) in</span><span class="Body-text"> 2 equal parts twice in a day as per the</span><span class="Body-text"> requirements (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">ICAR, 1998</a>). Control group (CG) was fed basal diet</span><span class="Body-text"> without additional mineral supplements apart from those naturally present in</span><span class="Body-text"> the diet. Treatment groups (TG) supplemented mineral mixture consisted of</span><span class="Body-text"> only essential cation (T1) or, anion (T2) minerals or, both</span><span class="Body-text"> cation and anion mineral elements together (T3) added to concentrate</span><span class="Body-text"> supplement fed in CG. Composition of mineral mixtures containing cation</span><span class="Body-text"> or, anion mineral compounds is presented in Table 1.</span></p><br>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16">Digestibility</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16"> Trial</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Digestibility trial was conducted after a preliminary period of</span><span class="Body-text"> feeding for 1 month. Trial consisted of 5 d of</span><span class="Body-text"> collection period. Body weight of animals, at zero hour of</span><span class="Body-text"> feeding and watering, recorded for 2 consecutive days before and</span><span class="Body-text"> after the trial. Faecal samples collected during trial period at</span><span class="Body-text"> 8:30 AM and sub-sampled to 1/400 parts. A part</span><span class="Body-text"> of sample was preserved with known quantities of 10 % H</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">2</span><span class="Body-text">SO</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">4</span><span class="Body-text"> (V/V) in pre–weighed glass bottles to </span><span class="Body-text">estimate nitrogen (N). Dried samples of feed offered, left over </span><span class="Body-text">feed (orts), and faeces were pooled for 5 d for </span><span class="Body-text">chemical analysis.</span></p><br>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16">Chemical</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16"> Analysis</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Dried samples of feed offered, orts</span><span class="Body-text">, and faeces analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM</span><span class="Body-text">), crude protein (CP) and total ash (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">AOAC, 2005</a>). Minerals in</span><span class="Body-text"> feed and faecal samples were estimated using inductively coupled plasma</span><span class="Body-text"> (ICP) optical emission spectrometry (Optima 8000, M/s Pelkin elmer</span><span class="Body-text">, Waltham, U.S.A) after predigesting the samples by modified</span><span class="Body-text"> method of closed system of acid digestion (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">US–EPA, 2001</a>). The digested samples were cooled and filtered through Whatmann filter</span><span class="Body-text"> paper No1. Repeated washings were given to digestion tube and</span><span class="Body-text"> filter paper using Millipore water and final volume made to</span><span class="Body-text"> 10 ml. Subsequent dilutions were made as for the concentration</span><span class="Body-text"> of the element and estimated important cations viz., calcium (Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">), magnesium (Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">) copper (Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">), zinc (Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">), iron (Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">) and manganese (Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">).  </span></p><br>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-16">Statistical Analysis</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and variances between groups </span><span class="Body-text">mean were compared using CRD based on the following model:</span></p><br>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Y</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">ij</span><span class="Body-text"> = µ+ T</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">i</span><span class="Body-text"> + B</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">j</span><span class="Body-text"> +e</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">ij</span></p>
		<br>
		<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Where, Y</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">ij</span><span class="Body-text"> was</span><span class="Body-text"> any observation for which, µ was population mean, T</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">i </span><span class="Body-text">was treatment effect, B</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">j </span><span class="Body-text">was block effect, and e</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">ij </span><span class="Body-text">was random error component (Das and Giri, 1991). Pairwise comparison </span><span class="Body-text">between group means was tested by DMRT and significance was </span><span class="Body-text">denoted by alpha superscripts with probability (p) ranged from 0.01 </span><span class="Body-text">to 0.05.</span></p><br>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</span></p><br>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Dicalcium phosphate (Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">2</span><span class="Body-text">PO</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">4</span><span class="Body-text">) was</span><span class="Body-text"> used as P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">– </span><span class="Body-text">source in the mineral mixtures although it</span><span class="Body-text"> contained cation Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">. Similarly, iodide (I</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">), molybdate (Mo</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">) and selenite (Se</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">) sources contained sodium (Na</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">) cation. </span><span class="Body-text">Net electrical charge of the mineral mixtures supplemented in T1, </span><span class="Body-text">T2 and T3 are presented in Table 2. Total quantity </span><span class="Body-text">of mineral mixture supplemented in T1, T2 and T3 was </span><span class="Body-text">20.18, 18.10 and 31.36 g/d, respectively. Net ion electrical </span><span class="Body-text">charge of mineral mixtures supplemented in T1, T2 and T3 </span><span class="Body-text">were +0.87, –1.55 and –0.64, respectively. Chemical composition of the </span><span class="Body-text">feedstuffs is presented in Table 3. DM (p = 0.96), OM (</span><span class="Body-text">p = 0.96), CP (p = 0.99), Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> (p = 0.98) and </span><span class="Body-text">Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> (p = 0.83) intakes were not significantly different between </span><span class="Body-text">CG and TGs (Table 4). DM intake was numerically higher </span><span class="Body-text">by 6 % in T2 and T3 where net charge of </span><span class="Body-text">ions was negative. This is contrary to the observations of </span><span class="Body-text"><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Hu et al., (2007)</a>. Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> (p &lt; 0.01), Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">(</span><span class="Body-text">p &lt; 0.01) and Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> (p &lt; 0.05) ions intake were </span><span class="Body-text">significantly different in CG, T1, T2 and T3. </span></p>
	  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"></p>
	 <p class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20141208170552.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20141208170552.png" width="480" height="266"></a><p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20141208170552.png" target="new">Table 1: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20141208170552.png"><span>Composition of ion specific mineral supplements</a></p>
</p>
	  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">CP digestibility </span><span class="Body-text">was significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) in T2 which could be </span><span class="Body-text">probably because of more net negative charge of ions in </span><span class="Body-text">the mineral mixture.  <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Hu et al., (2007)</a> reported adverse impact </span><span class="Body-text">of net negative charge on CP digestibility in dairy cows. </span><span class="Body-text">Although net electrical charge in T3 was negative, CP digestibility </span><span class="Body-text">was not reduced. Considering the result of <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Hu et al., (2007)</a> as well as CP digestibility observed in this study, </span><span class="Body-text">we presume that CP digestibility might be </span></p><br>
			
         

           
			
      <p><span class="Body-text CharOverride-28">Table 2: </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-2">Net charge of the ions in mineral supplements </span></p>
            
           
	  <table width="521" height="501" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Mineral ion</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Atomic mass</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-3"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Cations</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-3"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Anions</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Net charge</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">CaCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">100.09</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">3.9449</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">3.6351</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.3098</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">MgCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">84.31</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.6590</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.8710</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–0.212</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Na</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">2</span><span class="Title CharOverride-21">SO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">142.04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">5.6483</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">4.6317</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.0166</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">KCl</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">74.55</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.6608</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.5992</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0616</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">CuCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">123.56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0306</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0194</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0112</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">CoCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">118.94</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0003</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0002</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">ZnCO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">125.42</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0864</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0536</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0328</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Ca</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">2</span><span class="Title CharOverride-21">PO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">175.13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">8.2659</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">9.7941</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–1.5281</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">NaI</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">149.89</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0005</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0025</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–0.0021</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Na</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">2</span><span class="Title CharOverride-21">MoO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">205.92</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0067</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0233</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–0.0166</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Na</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">2</span><span class="Title CharOverride-21">SeO</span><span class="Title CharOverride-26">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">188.94</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0007</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.0021</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–0.0014</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Total </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">T1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">10.9687</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">9.2110</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.2201</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">T2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">8.2738</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">9.8220</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–1.5480</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td height="31">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">T3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
						  <p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">15.3592</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">15.9968</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–0.6376</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table><br>
            
            <p><span class="Body-text CharOverride-28">Table 3: </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-2">Chemical composition of diet </span></p>
            
	  <table width="367" height="353" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Paramete</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">r</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Ragi straw</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Green fodder</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Concentrate</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">DM (g/Kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">881 ± 18 </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">178 ± 9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">905 ± 2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">OM (g/Kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">896 ± 0.5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">864 ± 3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">908 ± 0.4</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">CP (g/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">25.60 ± 0.5 </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">103.0 ± 0.1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">20.22 ± 0.2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Calcium (g/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">10.3 ± 0.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">7.13 ± 0.26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">9.40 ± 0.74</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Magnesium (g/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">10.85 ± 0.24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">10.15 ± 0.35</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">14.04 ± 1.01 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Copper (mg/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">3.63 ± 0.28</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">55.13 ± 1.92</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">13.10 ± 1.51 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Zinc (mg/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">213.40 ± 19.27</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">226.35 ± 5.07</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">470.40 ± 33.34 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Iron (mg/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">95.88 ± 3.63</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1341.00 ± 77.94</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">477.60 ± 22.60 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Manganese (mg/kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">384.90 ± 6.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">80.17 ± 5.05</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">126.30 ± 12.60 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table><br>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">affected only beyond a threshold level of net negative electrical charge probably less </span><span class="Body-text">than –1. Contrary to the observation of <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Popplewell et al., 1993</a>) on cation and anion balance in the diet of </span><span class="Body-text">dairy cows, no significant impact of net charge of mineral </span><span class="Body-text">supplements on DM and OM digestibility were observed between CG </span><span class="Body-text">and TGs. Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility was negative in few replicates </span><span class="Body-text">and indicated individual cow variation. Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">digestibility was apparently (p</span><span class="Body-text"> = 0.29) higher in T2 and T3. Probably lack of P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> source in the cationic mineral mixture affected the Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text"> utilization in T1. In general, the ideal ratio of </span><span class="Body-text">Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">and P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> intake is 1:2 to 2:1 (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Horst et al., 1994</a>). Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">to P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> ratio in Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">2</span><span class="Body-text">PO</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-18">4</span><span class="Body-text"> is about 2:1. Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake (p &lt; 0.01), and</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility (p &lt; 0.05) were significantly different in CG and TGs</span><span class="Body-text">. Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">digestibility was higher in T2 or T3 than </span><span class="Body-text">CG and T1.  Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility improved in T2 where </span><span class="Body-text">mineral mixture consisted of anion mineral elements i.e., net </span><span class="Body-text">electrical charge was negative. <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Weiss (2004)</a> reported that mean apparent </span><span class="Body-text">digestibility of Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was ranging from –0.04 to 0.33. </span><span class="Body-text">According to <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">NRC (2001)</a>, optimum Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility is 43 %. </span><span class="Body-text">Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility in diet can be affected by increased </span><span class="Body-text">K</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake above the stipulated requirement in the diet (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Weiss, 2004</a>).</span></p><br>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Intake of Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was significantly (p &lt; 0.01) different between</span><span class="Body-text"> CG and TGs but, digestibility was not significantly (p = 0.77</span><span class="Body-text">) affected Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> in CG utilized more efficiently because it</span><span class="Body-text"> was in lower concentration than in TGs. According to <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Ivan and Grieve (1975)</a> Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> concentration in liver was inversely</span><span class="Body-text"> proportional to the dietary Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> and, directly proportional to</span><span class="Body-text"> dietary Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> supplementation. Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was not added in</span><span class="Body-text"> the cation mineral mixture but, Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was included. Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake in CG or TGs was 15 folds higher</span><span class="Body-text"> than Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">.  According to <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Weiss (2004)</a>, Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake</span><span class="Body-text"> should not exceed the dietary Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake by more</span><span class="Body-text"> than 5 folds.  Probably, higher ratio of Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> in</span><span class="Body-text"> the mineral mixture </span><br><br><p><span class="Body-text CharOverride-28">Table 4</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-2">: </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-2">Feed and mineral intake and digestibility in different groups </span></p>
			<table width="461" height="795" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-4">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-22" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-23" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-24" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td width="118" rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Paramete</span><span class="Title CharOverride-25">r</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="57" rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Control</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Mineral supplement (g/Kg DM)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="55" rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">SEM</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td width="62">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Cations</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="59">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Anions</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="82">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Combined</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Nutrient intake</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">DM intake (kG/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">6.46</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">6.40</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">6.60</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">6.61</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.35</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">OM intake (kG/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">5.76</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">5.71</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">5.89</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">5.89</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.31</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">CP intake (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">648.75</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">638.90</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">645.4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">653.13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">36.52</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Calcium (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">57.83</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">71.65</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">65.42</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">76.65</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">2.51*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Magnesium (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">67.29</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">76.28</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">65.41</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">77.59</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">2.04**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Copper (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.12</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.17</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.12</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.18</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.01**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Zinc (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.78</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.94</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.78</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.99</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.07*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Iron (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">3.05</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">3.03</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">3.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">3.09</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.13</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Manganese (g/d)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.45</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.48</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.55</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.52</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">0.08</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Digestibility coefficient</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">DM </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">56.68</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">56.16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">57.09</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">55.97</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.44</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">OM</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">58.96</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">58.65</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">59.69</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">58.68</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.42</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">CP </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">54.45</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">54.56</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24"> b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">48.49</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">56.10</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24"> b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">1.65*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Calcium </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">4.87</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">14.46</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">23.56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">31.23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">9.40</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Magnesium</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">33.26</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">31.95</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">45.15</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">47.96</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">4.06*</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Copper </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">62.59</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">58.11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">55.53</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">58.54</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">4.74</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Zinc </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">27.43</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">39.16</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">36.17</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">58.56</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">3.14**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Iron </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">–4.96</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">2.40</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">23.43</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">35.78</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">7.05**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Manganese </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">41.46</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">44.54</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">55.12</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">64.15</span><span class="Title CharOverride-24">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">3.50**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table><br>
			
            <span class="Body-text CharOverride-2">Mean values in a row with different superscripts a, b, c vary significantly; *P &lt; 0.05, **P &lt; 0.01 </span></p><br><br>
            
	  <p class="Body-Text" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">decreased the Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">utilization even though both the elements incorporated as per the requirements (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">NRC, 2001</a>). </span><span class="Body-text">Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake (p &lt; 0.05) and digestibility (p &lt; 0.01) were </span><span class="Body-text">significantly different in CG and TGs. Significantly higher digestibility in </span><span class="Body-text">T3 (59 %) than T1 (39 %) indicated that Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestion </span><span class="Body-text">improved in the presence of anion minerals such as P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, I</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, Mo</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> and Se</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">. Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">intake was not</span><span class="Body-text"> significantly (p = 0.98) different between CG and TGs because, it</span><span class="Body-text"> was not fortified in the cation or cation + anion mineral</span><span class="Body-text"> mixture since Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> availability from the diet was sufficient</span><span class="Body-text"> to meet the requirements. Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility was negative in</span><span class="Body-text"> CG (–4 %) and significantly lesser than TGs (p &lt; 0.01). Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> digestibility was comparable between T2 (23 %) and T3 (36</span><span class="Body-text"> %) but not with T1 (2 %). Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> utilization also improved</span><span class="Body-text"> in the presence of anions; P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, I</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, Mo</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> </span><span class="Body-text">and Se</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, present in T2 and T3. Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> intake</span><span class="Body-text"> was not significantly (p= 0.83) different as its availability in</span><span class="Body-text"> the basal diet was sufficient to substantiate requirement. </span></p><br>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Digestibility of</span><span class="Body-text"> Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> was significantly (p &lt; 0.01) different between CG and</span><span class="Body-text"> TGs. Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+ </span><span class="Body-text">utilization also improved when net ion charge </span><span class="Body-text">was negative. Cations homeostasis is partially dependent on endogenous faecal </span><span class="Body-text">excretion controlled by the intestinal tract, liver and pancreas while, </span><span class="Body-text">anions homeostasis is partially dependent on renal excretion (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Buckley, 2000</a>) </span><span class="Body-text">thus, enumerating both the ions are mutually exclusive but collectively </span><span class="Body-text">exhaustive. According to <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/4/366/html/#Ref" target="_self">Block (2011)</a>, subjects such as ratios of </span><span class="Body-text">Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> to P and N to sulphur, interactions between </span><span class="Body-text">Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> and K</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">+</span><span class="Body-text">, Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> and Cu</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">, and</span><span class="Body-text"> vitamin E and Se have been investigated and addressed however</span><span class="Body-text">, no unifying concepts on mineral balances have been proposed yet</span><span class="Body-text">. Our result indicated that utilization of some of the cation</span><span class="Body-text"> mineral elements e.g., Ca</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">, Mg</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">, Zn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text">, Fe</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> and Mn</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">2+</span><span class="Body-text"> were improved in the presence</span><span class="Body-text"> of anion mineral elements P</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, I</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">, Mo</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text"> and </span><span class="Body-text">Se</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-9">–</span><span class="Body-text">. </span></p><br>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">CONCLUSIONS</span></p><br>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text">Study revealed that interaction between electrical charge carried</span><span class="Body-text"> by the cation and anion group of minerals in the</span><span class="Body-text"> mineral mixtures and their net electrovalency influenced the digestibility. Digestibility</span><span class="Body-text"> of cation mineral elements improved when net ion charge was</span><span class="Body-text"> negative.</span></p><br>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB"><span class="Body-text"><a name="Ref"></a>REFERENCES</span></p>
			<ul>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">AOAC (2005). Official methods of analysis. Association of</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31"> Official Analytical Chemists. 18</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-32">th</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31"> Edn. Washington, DC.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Block E (</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">2011). Revisiting negative dietary cation–anion difference balancing for prepartum </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">cows and its impact on hypocalcaemia and performance. E–mail:</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Elliot.Block@churchdwight.com.http://dairy.ifas.ufl.edurns/2011/5block.</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">pdf. </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Buckley WT (2000). Trace element dynamics. In: D’ Mello, </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">JPF ed. Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. CABI publishing, CAB </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">International, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE UK. Pp161 – 182. </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Das MN, Giri </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">NC (1991). Design and analysis of experiments. Wiley Eastern Ltd., </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">New Delhi. </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Delaquis AM, Block E (1995). Acid base balance, </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">renal function, water and macro mineral metabolism of dry cow </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">differing in cation–anion difference. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-33">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">78: 604 – </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">19.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Horst RL, Goff JP, Reinhardt TA (1994). Calcium and </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">vitamin D metabolism in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-33">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">77: 1936 – 1951.  </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Hu W, Murphy MR, Constable PD, Block </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">E (2007). Dietary cation–anion difference and dietary protein effects </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">on performance and acid–base status of dairy cows in </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">early lactation. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-33">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">90: 3355 – 3366.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">ICAR (1998). </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Nutrient Requirement of Livestock and Poultry, 2nd revised ed. Indian </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan, PUSA, New Delhi.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Ivan M, Grieve CM (1975). Effects of zinc, copper, and </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">manganese supplementation of high–concentrate ration on digestibility, growth, and </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">tissue content of Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-33">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">58: 410 – </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">415.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Miller WJ (1981). Mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">cattle. J. Dairy Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-33">. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">64: 1196 – 1206. </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">NRC (2001). Nutrient </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th edition. National Academy Press, Washington, </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">DC.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Popplewell JC, Topliff DR, Freeman DW, Breazile JE (1993). </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Effects of dietary cation–anion balance on acid base balance </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">and blood parameters in anaerobically exercised horses. J. Equine Vet. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-33">.</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31"> 13: 552 – 555. </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Srinivas B (2012). Homeostasis regulation and</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31"> bioavailability of cation and anion minerals in ruminants in perspective</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31"> of functional physiological chemistry: A review. Indian J. Dairy sci</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-33">.</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31"> 65: 1 – 18</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Underwood EJ (1981). The Mineral Nutrition </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">of Livestock, 2nd Edition. New York: CABI Publishing.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">US–EPA (</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">2001). Developing of digestion procedure for determination of mercury in </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">solid and semi solid samples, United States–Environment Protection Agency. </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Method 163. DYN Crop 1 and E.T, Alexandria.VA22304 (</span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">703–461–2100, SCC@dyncrop.com). </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Weiss WP (2004). Macromineral digestion by </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">lactating dairy cows: factors affecting digestibility of magnesium. J. Dairy </span><span class="Body-text CharOverride-31">Sci. 87: 2167 – 71.</span></li>
			</ul>
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