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	<body id="AAVS_20141116_Gupta-and-Saxena" lang="en-GB">
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			<p class="Type-of-Article">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Short Communication</span></p>
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		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Isolation of Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella Organisms from Aborted Cows and Emu Birds from District Ludhiana, Punjab, India</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Authors">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors"><span class="CharOverride-3">Vimlesh Gupta, Hari Mohan Saxena</span></p>
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		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Affiliations">Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India.</p>
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		<div>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">Abstract </span>| We investigated 102 samples (faecal swabs of live birds, spleen, caecum, liver and congested intestines of dead birds and uterine discharges, and diarrheal faeces of cattle, buffaloes and horses) for the presence of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> organisms. <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> could be isolated from nine samples (7 from uterine fluid of aborted cows and 2 from fecal swabs of Emu birds). Identification of the isolates was done on the basis of cultural, staining and biochemical characteristics. All the 9 isolates were negative for oxidase and positive for catalase, motility indole lysine, and citrate utilization tests. The isolates were confirmed to be <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> by PCR using <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> genus specific oligonucleotide primers which yielded the desired amplicons of 496-bp. This indicates that <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> may also be associated with bacterial abortion and infertility in cattle. We found resistance to certain antibiotics among <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> and suggest here some of the most effective antibiotics for use in the field. The isolated organisms were found to be resistant to erythromycin and penicillin and sensitive to gatifloxacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, doxycycline, cefoparazone, ceftaxime, and oxytetracycline. Salmonellosis being a zoonosis, the findings are of public health significance as well. </p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">Keywords </span>| <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span>, Abortion, Antibiotic Resistance, Cow, Emu</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Editor----Citation">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-7">Editor</span> | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-4">Received</span> |  November 04, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-4">Revised</span> | November 28, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-4">Accepted</span> | November 29, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-4">Published</span> | December 01, 2014&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-4">*Correspondence</span> | Hari Mohan Saxena, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India; <span class="CharOverride-4">Email:</span> drhmsaxena@gmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-4">Citation</span> | Gupta V, Saxena HM (2014). Isolation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella organisms from aborted cows and Emu birds from District Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (12): 652-656.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-7">DOI< | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.12.652.656"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.12.652.656</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-4" lang="en-US">ISSN (Online)</span> | 2307-8316; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-4" lang="en-US">ISSN (Print) </span>| 2309-3331</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-7">Copyright </span>© 2014 Gupta and Saxena. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">S</span><span class="CharOverride-5">almonella </span>causes diarrhoea, dehydration, abortion, pneumonia, septic arthritis, meningitis, gangrene of distal extremities, and sudden death in domestic animals. It<span class="CharOverride-10"> </span>is a zoonotic disease which manifests as gastroenteritis, enteric fever, and a carrier state in most of the affected species. It decreases productivity and causes mortality in domestic animals, inflicting great economic losses to the dairy farmer, and is of public health significance. </p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that 9.4 million food borne illnesses, 55,961 hospitalizations and 1351 deaths occur in the United States each year (Scallan and Hoekstra, 2011). <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> is a major food borne bacteria which causes infection in humans as well as in food producing animals such as cattle, poultry and swine (Lynne et al., 2009; Guibourdenche et al., 2010). The infection of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> is mostly due to contaminated food products from poultry, pigs and ruminants, contaminated drinking water or direct contact with infected animals (Mullner<span class="CharOverride-4"> </span>et al., 2009; Abdullah et al., 2010). In case of cattle and buffaloes it may cause abortion and infertility and leads to productive and economic loss (Verma et al., 1999). The organism may either cause abortion, or be associated with stillbirths or with the birth of normal healthy full-term calves (Hinton, 1971). <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella </span>Enteritidis is an important cause of human illness with symptoms typically including fever, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps 12-72 hours after ingestion of the bacterium (CDC, 2010) and is responsible for millions of human cases of gastroenteritis and deaths worldwide (Majowicz<span class="CharOverride-4"> </span>et al., 2010).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Due to increase in use of antimicrobial agents in food animals as growth promoters, prophylactic agents and therapeutic remedies,  increasing number of bacterial strains are gaining resistance (Zewdu and Cornelius 2009; Alexander et al., 2008). Nonspecific and non-judicious use of antibiotics for the bacterial agents aggravates such conditions. The number of antibiotic-resistant isolates identified in humans is steadily increasing, suggesting that the spread of antibiotic resistant strains is a major threat to public health (Dimarzio et al., 2013).<span class="CharOverride-10"> </span>The choice of right antibiotics is crucial to the control of the disease. We, therefore, analysed clinical samples from common domestic animals and poultry for presence of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> and assessed the susceptibility of the field isolates of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> to commonly used antibiotics to get the current status of antibiotic resistance in organisms in field conditions.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A total of 102 samples (faecal swabs of live birds, spleen, caecum, liver and congested intestines of dead birds and uterine discharges, and diarrheal faeces of cattle, buffaloes and horses) were collected. Samples were transported to laboratory on ice and processed within 1 hour. For isolation of organisms from clinical samples, first pre-enrichment and then enrichment were done in buffered peptone water and selenite cystein broth at 37°C for 18 hours and 24 hours, respectively. Selective plating on Hektoen Enteric Agar (HEA)/Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) plates was done by overnight incubation at 37°C as per Kaushik et al. (2014).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Identification of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella </span>isolates was done on the basis of cultural, staining and biochemical characteristics [H<span class="CharOverride-11">2</span>S production, oxidase, catalase, motility indole lysine (MIL), and citrate utilization tests]. The genomic DNA of field isolates of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> and the standard culture strain of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella </span>Enteritidis were extracted by the standard bacterial DNA extraction method as described by Wilson (1987). The DNA samples with OD<span class="CharOverride-11">260/280 </span>value of ~1.8-1.9 were considered as pure and used for further analysis. The extracted DNA from <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella </span>isolates and <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella </span>Enteritidis were subjected to PCR by using <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella </span>genus specific oligonucleotide primers of 25 base pairs as per Cohen et al. (1995). The primer sequences for the upper and lower oligonucleotides from 5’ to 3’, were as follows:</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Lower strand- ACT GGC GTT ATC CCT TTC TCT GGT G; </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"> Upper strand-ATG TTG TCC TGC CCC TGG TAA GAG A.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Antimicrobial agents (Himedia) <span class="CharOverride-5">viz.</span> doxycycline, oxytetracyclin, enrofloxacin, penicillin, neomycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin and erythromycin were used for testing the sensitivity of the isolates. The culture plates were incubated micro aerobically at 37°C for 16-24 hours and zone of inhibition was measured for comparing the sensitivity and resistance of each organism.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A total of 102 samples comprising of fecal swabs of live birds, spleen, caecum, liver and congested intestine of dead birds and uterine discharges and diarrheal faeces of cattle, buffaloes and horses suspected of Salmonellosis were analysed (Table 1).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> could be isolated from 9 (7 from uterine fluid of cows and 2 from fecal swabs of Emu birds) out of 102 samples (Table 1). Light pink colonies of organisms on BGA and green colonies with black centre on HEA were observed. The organisms appeared as gram negative rods.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The colonies were subjected to biochemical tests like H<span class="CharOverride-11">2</span>S production, catalase, oxidase, MIL and citrate utilization tests. All the 9 isolates were found to be negative for oxidase and positive for catalase, MIL and citrate utilization tests. All the culturally positive samples were further confirmed at molecular level by PCR. On amplification the extracted bacterial DNA yielded the desired amplicons of 496 bp (Figure 1).  </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading"><span class="CharOverride-4">Table 1: </span>Isolation of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonellas</span> from clinical samples of common domestic animals/birds</p>
			<table width="657" height="425" class="Table-Style-1 TableOverride-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">Animal/Bird</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">Clinical symptom</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">Type of sample</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">No. of samples</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">examined</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">No. of negative samples</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">No. of positive samples</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Poultry birds</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Diarrhea</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Congested intestine</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Faecal swabs</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Liver, caecum, spleen</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">44</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">44</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Emu birds</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Congested intestine</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Liver, caecum, spleen</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Cows</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Diarrhoea</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Abortion</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Dystocia</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Faecal sample</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Fetal stomach content, Uterine discharge</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Uterine discharge</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">7</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">18</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">7</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">7</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Buffaloes</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Diarrhoea</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Abortion</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Faecal sample</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Fetal stomach content, Uterine discharge</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Horses</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Diarrhoea</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Faecal sample</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table> <br><br>
			
           
          <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150108174922.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150108174922.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150108174922.png" target="new">Figure 1: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150108174922.png"><span>PCR confirmation of <em>Salmonella</em> isolates</a></p>
          </div>
            
            
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Body-Text"><span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella </span>isolates were found to be 100% resistant to erythromycin and penicillin and sensitive to gatifloxacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, doxycycline, cefoparazone, ceftaxime, oxytetracycline. Sensitivity was 100% for gatifloxacin, gentamicin, cip</span>rofloxacin, and norfloxacin, 77.78% for doxycycline, cefoparazone, and ceftaxime and 44.44% for oxytetracycline, respectively (Table 2).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Although <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> is associated with enteric infection and diarrhoea, particularly in calves, it may also cause infection in pregnant cows and may result in abortion which is the only clinical manifestation of infected herd. Colonization in reservoir hosts often occurs in the absence of clinical symptoms; however, <span class="CharOverride-5">S</span>. <span class="CharOverride-5">enterica </span>may cause acute enteritis or translocate from the intestines to other organs causing fever, septicaemia and abortion (Stevens et al., 2009). Rings (1985) opined that abortion due to <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> may be due to development of fever. In our study, 7 out of 18 samples from aborted cows and buffaloes, were positive for<span class="CharOverride-5"> Salmonella</span>. Thus, <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> may be a major cause of abortion in cows which leads to a great economic loss to the farmers. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Sanjrani et al. (2013) found that in case of mixed infection, abortions due to Brucella along with <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> were in highest frequency rather than other mixed in fections. Verma et al. (1999) investigated the role of salmonellosis in causation of abortions and infertility from 43 buffaloes and 110 cows. They isolated <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella </span>Typhimurium from single abortion in a buffalo and 2 isolates of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> Dublin from 7 aborted cows and 2 isolates of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella </span>Typhimurium from uterine discharges of 33 endometritic cows. They also observed that cyclic repeat breeding in buffaloes and cyclic repeat breeding, cervicitis and vaginitis in cows were also related to <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> infection. There may be incidence of dystocia, still births and retention of the placenta in case of <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> Dublin infection (Richardson, 1973). These finding are in concurrence with the findings of our present study.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading"><span class="CharOverride-4">Table 2:</span><span class="CharOverride-19"> </span>Susceptibility of<span class="CharOverride-5"> Salmonella </span>isolates to various antimicrobial agents</p>
			<table width="657" height="279" class="Table-Style-1 TableOverride-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">Antimicrobial agent</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">Number of isolates analyzed </span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">Number (&amp; percentage) of samples</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">Positive</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-4">Negative</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Gatifloxacin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9 (100)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-20">†</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Gentamycin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9 (100)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Ciprofloxacin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9 (100)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Norfloxacin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9 (100)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Doxycycline</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">7 (77.78)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">2 (22.22)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Cefoparazone</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">7 (77.78)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">2 (22.22)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Ceftaxime</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">7 (77.78)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">2 (22.22)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Oxytetracycline</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">4 (44.44)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">5 (55.56)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Erythromycin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">0 (0)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9 (100)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">Penicillin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">0 (0)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title">9 (100)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-21">†</span><span class="CharOverride-6">Values in the parenthesis indicate percent positivity or negativity.</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Our results have reconfirmed the earlier observa tions of widespread prevalence of antibiotic resistance among <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> and prompt for undertaking such surveillance from time to time in different regions to get a realistic picture of the problem of emergence of resistant pathogens and to enable selection of the most effective antibiotics for use in the field.<span class="CharOverride-10"> </span>Murugkar et al.<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>(2005) have also reported varying degrees of resistance of their <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella</span> isolates against doxycycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, nitrofurantoin, chlortetracycline, kanamycin, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. Irimie et al. (2010) isolated <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella cholerae suis spp.</span> from liver and intestine which were resistant to all the antibiotics used. Resistance to multiple antibiotics could possibly be due to the misuse of antibiotics in the feed.<span class="CharOverride-22"> </span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Based on the findings of the present study, we opine that <span class="CharOverride-5">Salmonella enterica</span> is not only a typical enteric pathogen but it may also be a major cause of bacterial abortion in cattle.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">References</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			
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                <p>&nbsp;</p>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
			
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