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<h1 class="Hdr1">

Research Article


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Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners 2 (3): 52 – 54                              


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<h2 class="Hdr2">


Evaluation of Quality Control Aspects of Commercially Available Avian Influenza Vaccines in Pakistan 

</h2>

<p class="p3">




<strong>Syed Imam Shah</strong><span><sup>*</sup></span>, 


<strong>Muhammad Abubakar</strong><span><sup></sup></span>, 

<strong>Muhammad Zaheer</strong><span><sup></sup></span>, 


<strong>Qurban Ali </strong><span><sup></sup></span>








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<ol>
National Veterinary Laboratory, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan 
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<p><span class="Author">*Corresponding author:drimamshah@yahoo.com</span></p>

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<div id="ColorID"><p>
<span><b>ARTICLE CITATION:</b></span> 
S. I. Shah, Abubakar M, Zaheer M and Ali Q (2014). Evaluation of quality control aspects of commercially available avian influenza vaccines in Pakistan. Res. J. Vet. Pract. 2 (3): 52 – 54.

<br>
<span><b>Received: </b></span>2014–01–07, <span><b>Revised: </b></span>2014–02–25, <span><b>Accepted: </b></span>2014–02–26<br>

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at 

(<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.rjvp/2014/2.3.52.54">
http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.rjvp/2014/2.3.52.54 

</a>)
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited </p>
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<div>
     <h3 class="Hdr3">ABSTRACT</h3>

    <p>
    
    The present study was conducted to evaluate four (04) commercially available (oil based (n=1) and aqueous (n=3) avian influenza vaccines in Pakistan. The vaccines were tested for sterility, safety, inactivation, potency and residual formalin. All the vaccines fulfilled safety and inactivation tests. Residual formalin ranged from 0.12 to 2.89mg/ml against the recommended level of 0.74mg/ml so only one vaccine (locally produced) had a higher quantity of residual formalin than the recommended level. Potency test for vaccine was performed in hundred broiler chicks, comprising of fifteen birds in each group.  Locally produced vaccines were found to elicit humeral immune response earlier as compared to the imported vaccine. It was concluded that primary vaccination with locally produced vaccine and booster vaccination with imported vaccine may help in earlier immunization and persistence of antibodies for longer time.   

    </p>
 
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<div>
  
  <h3 class="Hdr3">INTRODUCTION</h3>
    <p>
    
Avian influenza (AI) is a viral disease of poultry which was first diagnosed in Pakistan in 1994. The disease caused by serotype H7N3 produced high mortality among the affected flocks especially in the broiler breeder rearing areas of the country (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Muneer1995" target="_self">Muneer et al., 1995</a>). An influenza outbreak in northern areas of Pakistan was reported in 1999, which resulted in 10–20% mortality with decrease egg production from 10 to 75%. It was found to be H9N2 subtype and was named as A/Chicken/Pakistan/3/99(H9N2) (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Naeem1999" target="_self">Naeem et al., 1999</a>). Avian influenza due to H5N1 was first detected in two poultry farms at Charsadda and Abbottabad in Northern areas of the country in February, 2006 (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Muhammad2006" target="_self">Muhammad, 2006</a>). 
</p><p>Avian influenza (AI) caused heavy economic losses resulting from high mortality and extremely low productivity in chickens in different parts of the country during 2003–04. The spread of AI has been reported through water fowls, shore birds, wild birds and chickens as well, three serotypes of avian influenza i.e. H5, H7 and H9 have been isolated from poultry from various parts of the country (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Saeed2012" target="_self">Saeed et al., 2012</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Naeem2007" target="_self">Naeem et al., 2007</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Naeem2005" target="_self">Naeem and Jalali, 2005</a>).
</p><p>The virus belonging to each of the above types could either be highly pathogenic or of the mild nature. Viruses in this group have the ability to change their pathogencity as a result of mutation. In this way a low pathogenic form may change to a highly pathogenic form and vice versa by different mechanisms (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Perdue2000" target="_self">Perdue and suarez, 2000</a>). Use of subtype specific vaccine can be helpful in inducing protection against the prevailing strain of avian influenza virus (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Swayne2003" target="_self">Swayne and Halvorson, 2003</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Naeem2005" target="_self">Naeem and Jalali, 2005</a>).
</p><p>Vaccinated flocks cannot be considered influenza virus free but vaccination typically reduces the amount of virus shed in experimentally vaccinated challenge birds thereby reducing virus shedding and potential transmission of the virus to other birds (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Halvorson1987" target="_self">Halvorson et al., 1987</a>). The present study covers the quality control evaluation of four commercially available AI vaccines in Pakistan.
</p>
  
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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">MATERIALS AND METHODS</h3>
<p>
A total of four vaccines, being marketed in Pakistan, comprising three locally produced and one imported were evaluated in the present study. The vaccine coding and all relevant details are available in table 1.
</p>
</div>


<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_190.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_190.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_190.PNG" target="new">Table 1: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_190.PNG"><span>Details of AI vaccines being used in the present study</a></p>
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<div>
<p>
<strong>Sterility Test</strong><br>
The test was performed as per procedures described in <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#OIE2013a" target="_self">OIE manual (2013a)</a>, three plates of each media (Brain Heart Infusion, Reinforced Clostridium, Sabaroud  & MacConkey agars) were used. After confirming sterility of media prepared, 200ul of the vaccine sample was spread out on to the surface in each of two media plates and incubated initially for 24 hours at 37 <sup>o</sup>C except for Sabaroud Agar, which was incubated at 25 <sup>o</sup>C and then observed daily till 07 days.
</p>

<p>
<strong>Safety Test </strong><br>
Double dose of each vaccine sample was injected in each of five birds (three week old disease–free and un–vaccinated) intramuscularly at thigh region and were observed for 21 days for any clinical sign and mortality (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#OIE2013b" target="_self">OIE, 2013b</a>). The birds were slaughtered for postmortem on day 21 post–vaccination and observed for any lesions at internal organs and as well as at the site of injection. 
</p>

<p>
<strong>Inactivation Test</strong><br>
It was performed by inoculation of three chicken embryonated eggs (9 to 11 days old) per vaccine and was incubated for 72 hours. Amnio–allantoic fluid from dead and surviving embryos was tested for Hemagglutination (HA) activity (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#King1991" target="_self">King, 1991</a>). 
</p>

<p>
<strong>Potency Test</strong><br>
Hundred day–old broiler chicks were reared at animal house of NVL, Islamabad under standard husbandry conditions. At the age of day 7, blood samples were taken and chicks were divided into five groups i.e. A, B, C, D and E having fifteen birds in each group. Groups A, B, C and D were vaccinated with four different commercially available AI vaccines, VQC–58, VQC–59, VQC–61 and VQC–60, respectively. Group E was kept as unvaccinated control. 
</p><p>Route and dose of vaccination was adopted according to the manufacturer’s instructions given on vaccine bottles. Blood samples were again collected on days 15 and 30 post–vaccination. Sera were separated by centrifugation the clotted blood samples at 1500 rpm for 15 minutes and preserved at –20<sup>o</sup>C. In order to monitor the antibody titers, Haemagglutination (HA) and Haemagglutination Inhabition (HI) tests were performed (Olsen et al., 2003). The results of antibody titers were calculated as geometric mean titers (GMT) (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Brugh1978" target="_self">Brugh, 1978</a>).

</p>

<p>
<strong>Formalin Residual Test</strong><br>
0.5 ml of a 1:200 dilution of the vaccine was examined by adding 5 ml of the Methyl Benzo Thiazol–2–one Hydrazone (MBTH) reagent, and allowed to stand for 60 min. Then 1 ml of Ferric Chloride–Sulphamic acid reagent was added and allowed to stand for 15 min. The absorbance of vaccines and standards was measured on a spectrophotometer at the maximum at 628 nm in cuvettes using the reagent blank as compensation liquid (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#VICH2002" target="_self">VICH GL25, 2002</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Anonymous2002" target="_self">Anonymous, 2002</a>).
</p>

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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">RESULTS</h3>
<p>
RESULTS
All vaccines passed safety and inactivation test requirements. Vaccines coded as VQC–60 and 61 complied sterility test while VQC–58 and VQC–59 could not. All vaccines were also subjected to potency test. The pre–and post–vaccination geometric mean antibody titers (Log2GMT) are shown in table 2. The VQC–58, VQC–59, VQC–60 & VQC–61 gave the titers of 9.2, 7.75, 3.5 & 10, on day 15 post–vaccination, respectively. The titers 8.25, 7.9, 6.75 & 7 were recorded on day 30 post–vaccination, respectively. The result indicated that the locally produced vaccines gave better titers on day 15th in comparison with imported vaccine which illustrated higher titer on day30th (table 2). 
</p>

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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_190.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_190.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_190.PNG" target="new">Table 2: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_190.PNG"><span>Pre and post vaccination Geometric Mean Titers (Log 2GMT) of avian influenza H5&H9 antibodies in serum samples of broiler chickens</a></p>
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<div>


<p>Residual formalin was found to be 0.12, 0.14, 0.176 and 2.89 mg/ml in VQC–58, VQC–59, VQC–60 and VQC–61, respectively (table 3).
</p>
</div>





<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table3_190.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table3_190.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table3_190.PNG" target="new">Table 3: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table3_190.PNG"><span>Formalin residual concentration in vaccine samples</a></p>
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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">DISCUSSION</h3>
<p>
Avian influenza viruses can cause a wide range of disease in poultry from a sub–clinical infection to a devastating disease with high mortality. Although avian influenza is best controlled by preventing the introduction of virus, vaccines can provide an effective way to contain the disease should the virus is introduced, (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Suarez2000" target="_self">Suarez, 2000</a>). 
</p><p>In this study, evaluation of four commercially available avian influenza vaccines was conducted: local vaccines gave the antibodies titer (GMT–9.2, 7.8 & 10) on day 15th. Whereas imported vaccine gave a low titer (GMT–3.5) on day 15 post–vaccination. <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Sultan2008" target="_self">Sultan and Hussein, (2008)</a> also reported a similar data, where they found that, vaccination of broiler chickens with H5N2 and H5N1 oil–emulsion vaccines at 10–days of age gave adequate HI titers 6 to 7.6 and 6.2 respectively. Regarding formalin residual, one vaccine showed higher than standard recommended level of 0.74mg/ml, (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Federal2003" target="_self">Federal register, 2003</a>).
</p><p>The result indicated that the locally produced vaccines gave better titers on day 15th in comparison with imported vaccine which illustrated higher titer on day30th which is in congruent with <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/239/html/#Salama2013" target="_self">Salama et al., (2013)</a> who have reported that oil emulsion vaccine could not produce good titer at day 14th in broiler chickens and titers increased slowly after day 20th.  

</p>
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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</h3>
<p>
The author thanks to senior and junior colleagues and other support staff of National veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad for technical and moral support in the research work.
</p>
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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">REFERENCES</h3>
 <p class="p2"> <a name="Anonymous2002"></a>
Anonymous (2002). Biological Testing of residual formaldehyde, VICH Topic GL25, The European Agency for the Evaluation of medicinal Products: Veterinary medicines and inspections, London UK. P. 5–7.
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Salama2013"></a>
Salama AA, El–Bakry M ismil, Fatma M Abdullah and gemalt K Farag (2013). Life Science Journal 10(1) page no 1962– 1968 http://www.lifesciencesite.com
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Brugh1978"></a> 
Brugh MJ (1978). A simple method of recording and analyzing serological data Avian Dis. 22: 362–5.<br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1589552" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1589552</a><br>
PMid:678239 
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Federal2003"></a> 
Federal register (2003). General requirement for formaldehyde for killed virus vaccine, vol. 68. No.114/Rules and regulation, page No. 35283
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Halvorson1987"></a> 
Halvorson DA, D Karunakaran, AS Abraham, JA Newman, V Sivanandan and PE Oss (1987). Efficacy of vaccine in the control of avian influenza. In: C.W. Beard & B. C. Easterday (E. Proceding of the 2nd International Symposium on Avian Influenza pp264–270 Richmond: US Animal Health Association).
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="King1991"></a> 
King DJ (1991). Evaluation of different methods of inactivation of Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus in egg fluids and serum Avian Dis. 35:505–514<br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591214" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591214</a><br>
PMid:1835374 
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Naeem1999"></a> 
Naeem K, A Ullah, RJ Manvell and DJ Alexander (1999). Avian influenza "a" subtype H9N2 in poultry in Pakistan. Vet. Rec., 145: 560.<br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.145.19.560" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.145.19.560</a><br>
PMid:10609578 
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Muhammad2006"></a> 
Muhammad K (2006). Workshop on production and evaluation of bird flu vaccine, WTO Quality Control Labortries., Univ. Vet. Anim. Sci., Lahore, Pakistan.
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Muneer1995"></a> 
Muneer MA, K Muhammad and Y Tahir (1995). Pathways to control avian influenza in Pakistan. In: Agro Veterinary news. Pp:2–3.
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Naeem2005"></a> 
Naeem K and MA Jalali (2005). Avian influenza and its control, FAO/ TCP/ PAK 3002 pp 1–2
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Naeem2007"></a> 
Naeem K, N Siddique, M Ayaz and MA Jalali (2007). Avian influenza in Pakistan: outbreaks of low– and high–pathogenicity avian influenza in Pakistan during 2003–2006, Avian Dis., 2007 Mar; 5 1(1 Suppl):189–93.
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="OIE2013a"></a> 
OIE (2013a). Manual of Standards of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals Chapter, 1.1.7. Tests for sterility and freedom from contamination of biological materials, Manual for Diagnostic Test and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="OIE2013b"></a> 
OIE (2013b). Manual of Standards of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals Safety Test, chapter, 2.3.4, Avian influenza page no.446. Manual for Diagnostic Test and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Perdue2000"></a> 
Perdue ML and DL Suarez (2000). Structural features of the avian influenza virus haemagglutinin that influence virulence, Veterinary microbiology, 74(1–2):77–86<br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00168-1" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00168-1</a>
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Saeed2012"></a> 
Saeed A, F Afzal, M Arshad, S Hassan and M. Abubakar, (2012). Detection of Avian Influenza virus H5N1 serotype in backyard poultry, wild and zoo birds in Pakistan. Revue Med Vet, 163 (11): 552–557.
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Suarez2000"></a> 
Suarez DL (2000). Evolution of avian influenza viruses. Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA Veterinary Microbiology 74 15–27.<br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00161-9" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00161-9</a>
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Swayne2003"></a> 
Swayne DE and DA Halvorson (2003). Diseases of Poultry. 11th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 135–160.
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Sultan2008"></a> 
Sultan H A and H A Hussien (2008). The immune response of broilers vaccinated with different commercial H5N2 Avian Influenza Vaccines. 8th Sci. Conf. EVPA, Giza (Egypt), 10–13 March.
</p> 

<p class="p2"> <a name="VICH2002"></a> 
VICH GL25 (2002).Testing of residual formaldehyde, April 2002; pp 1–6
</p>



 
 
 
 
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