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<p>
<h1 class="Hdr1">

Research Article


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South Asian Journal of Life Sciences 2 (2): 29 – 32 


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<div>
<h2 class="Hdr2">


Influence of Sodium Chloride on Growth and Chemical Composition of Tagetes erecta

</h2>

<p class="p3">





<strong>Aqib Sayyed</strong><span><sup>1*</sup></span>, 

<strong>Humaira Gul</strong><span><sup>1</sup></span>, 


<strong>Muhammad Hamayun</strong><span><sup>1</sup></span>, 

<strong>Hasnain Nangyal</strong><span><sup>2</sup></span>, 

<strong>Imran Fazal</strong><span><sup>1</sup></span>


</p>


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<div class="p4">

<ol>

<li>Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan</li>

<li>Department of Botany, Hazara University, KPK, Pakistan</li>


</ol>




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<div>        
<p><span class="Author">*Corresponding author:aqib.sayyed@yahoo.com </span></p>

</div>
<div id="ColorID"><p>
<span><b>ARTICLE CITATION:</b></span> 

Sayyed A, Gul H, Hamayun M, Nangyal H, Fazal I (2014). Influence of sodium chloride on growth and chemical composition of <i>Tagetes</i> <i>erecta</i>. S. Asian J. Life Sci. 2 (2): 29 – 32.


<br>
<span><b>Received: </b></span>2014–11–01, <span><b>Revised: </b></span>2014–12–01, <span><b>Accepted: </b></span>2014–12–04<br>

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at 

(<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.sajls/2014/2.2.29.32">

http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.sajls/2014/2.2.29.32

</a>)
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited </p>
</div>

<div>
     <h3 class="Hdr3">ABSTRACT</h3>

    <p>
    Salt stress is a biotic stress and affects plant growth, development and productivity throughout the world. A research was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of salt stress on Tagetes <i>erecta</i>, a common ornamental and medicinal herbaceous plant. During experiment plants were treated with different concentration of NaCl solution (50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM and 200 mM). Different growth parameter (plant height, root length, no of leaves, and fresh and dry biomass) and some biochemical aspects (Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) were observed under different concentration of salt stress. Results indicated that <i>Tagetes</i> <i>erecta</i> is moderately tolerant to salt stress. After two weeks treatment fresh biomass of plant increased significantly (P<0.001) in 50 and 100 mM but decreased in 150 mM and 200mMNaCl. Plant height, root length, no of leaves, fresh and dry biomass, Chlorophyll a, b and caroteneoids exhibited reduction under higher concentration of NaCl.
     

    </p>
 
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<div>
  
  <h3 class="Hdr3">INTRODUCTION</h3>
    <p>
    Plant growth and development is prone to different environmental stresses (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Bohnert1995" target="_self">Bohnert et al., 1995</a>). A biotic stresses, such as high temperature, and salt stress are major factors which reduce crop productivity (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Babu2008" target="_self">Babu and Devaraj, 2008</a>). Salt stress is a major environmental stress affecting plants growth and development throughout the world (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Heidari2012" target="_self">Heidari and Akbari, 2012</a>).Almost 10% of arable land and 24% of irrigated areas are affected by NaCl (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Pessarakli1999" target="_self">Pessarakli and Szabolcs, 1999</a>).
	</p>
	<p>Salt stress affects various physiological and yield contributing characters of the plants (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Hossain2008" target="_self">Hossain et al., 2008</a>). It affects seed germination (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Taffouo2009" target="_self">Taffouo et al., 2009</a>) by creating osmotic potential to prevent water uptake or by providing conditions for the entry of the ions that maybe toxic to embryo or developing seedlings (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Almodares2007" target="_self">Almodares et al., 2007</a>). Morphophysiological characters such as plant height, number of leaf, leaf area, yield contributing characters such as number of pods/ plant, number of seeds/ pod, 1000 seeds weight fresh and dry weight, leaves number and area reduce with increasing salinity (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Zhani2012" target="_self">Zhani et al., 2012</a>).Chlorophyll is the main pigment responsible for photosynthesis. Under adverse circumstances, the chlorophyll level is a good indicator of the photosynthesis function. It has been found that the chlorophyll level of trees decreases with aggravated salt stress (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Rao1986" target="_self">Rao and Rao, 1986</a>) due to enzymatic chlorophyll degradation (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Carter1993" target="_self">Carter and Cheeseman, 1993</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Xu2000" target="_self">Xu et al., 2000</a>). 
	</p>
	<p><i>Tagetes</i> <i>erecta</i> is a common ornamental and medicinal herbaceous plant commonly known as Marigold belongs to family Asteraceae. <i>Tagetes</i> <i>erecta</i> is a small shrub, which grows up to 1–2 m in height (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Priyanka2013" target="_self">Priyanka et al., 2013</a>) moderately tolerant to salinity because growth is affected when EC of irrigation water exceed to 8 dSm<sub>–1</sub> (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Aguilar2009" target="_self">Aguilar et al., 2009</a>). <i>Tagetes</i> <i>erecta</i> is important medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological spectrum.  Plant  shows  the  presence of  many  chemical  constituents  which  are  responsible  for  varied  pharmacological  and  medicinal  property (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Gopi2012" target="_self">Gopi et al., 2012</a>) like  anti–bacterial and mosquitocidal and  Anti–oxidant (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Rhama2011" target="_self">Rhama  and  Madhavan, 2011</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Nikkon2011" target="_self">Nikkon et al., 2011</a>]. Decoction of the leaves used for dysmenorrhea and upper respiratory tract infection (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Balangcod2011" target="_self">Balangcod and Balangcod, 2011</a>) and leaf juice is used to treat intestinal worms (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Ahirrao2012" target="_self">Ahirrao and Patil, 2012</a>). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of high salinity on different morphological and physiological character of this plant.
	</p>
  
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<h3 class="Hdr3">MATERIALS AND METHODS</h3>
<p>
The research was conducted at Botanical Garden, Department of Botany, Abdul Wali khan University Mardan in 2013. <i>Tagetes</i> <i>erecta</i> was selected for this experiment. Sixty plastic pots were used in this experiment having loamy soil and basal outlet for drainage. Sixty pots are divided in to 5 sets having 12 pots / set. These set were treated as control, 50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM and 200 mM NaCl solutions. Two weeks old uniform size seedlings were transplanted in pots. Plants were irrigated twice a week with tap water/ solution. Concentration of NaCl was gradually increased in irrigation water till it reached to desired salinity of each treatment. Plants harvest was started after 15 days of establishment of seedlings under stress condition. Plants were harvested weekly and no of leaves, dry and fresh weight of leaves, root and stem length, fresh and dry biomass were recorded at each harvest. Chlorophyll a, b and Carotenoids were estimated in plants of both control and treated plants.

</p>

<p>
<strong>Extraction and Estimation of Chlorophyll</strong><br>
The chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophyll and Carotenoids were measured as per standard method of Maclachlan and Zalik (1963). 
</p>

<p>
<strong>Statistical Analysis</strong><br>
All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
</p>
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<h3 class="Hdr3">RESULT AND DISCUSSION</h3>
<p>
Reduction in shoot growth due to salinity is commonly expressed by a reduced leaf area and stunted shoots (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Läuchli1990" target="_self">Läuchli, 1990</a>). Plant height severely affected by salt stress (Figure 1). After one week of treatments in 1st harvest plant height exhibited significant (P<0.001) increase in 50 mM NaCl treatment while exhibited significant (P<0.001) decrease in plants treated with 100, and 150 mM NaCl as compare to their respective control. After 2 and 3 weeks of treatment with NaCl plants showed significant reduction (P<0.001) in all salinity treatments as compare to control. <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Silva2008" target="_self">Silva et al., (2008)</a> and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Shahid2011" target="_self">Shahid et al.,(2011)</a> also reported that after 15 stress days, young umbu plants and <i>Abelmoschus</i> <i>esculentus</i> L. plant height decrease at 75 and 100 mM NaCl.
</p>

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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_601.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_601.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_601.PNG" target="new">Figure 1: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_601.PNG"><span>Effect of different concentration of NaCl on plant height (cm) of <i>Tagetes erecta</i></a></p>
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<p>In soil, the root system is the direct injured part, caused by salt and alkaline. Under the adverse conditions root system morphology and physiology showed the adaptive characteristics and behaviors of the plant in effectively absorbing and using nutrients of the soil (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Feng2000" target="_self">Feng et al., 2000</a>). Plants of <i>Tagetes</i> <i>erecta</i> when treated with different concentrations of NaCl, it showed significant (P<0.001) reduction in root length in three harvests (Figure 2). <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#West2004" target="_self">West et al., (2004)</a> also reported that the root growth of Arabidopsis was progressively reduced due to increasing concentration of NaCl. <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Neumann1995" target="_self">Neumann, 1995</a> indicated that salinity can rapidly inhibit root growth and hence capacity of water uptake and essential mineral nutrition from soil.
</p>

</div>
<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig2_601.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig2_601.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig2_601.PNG" target="new">Figure 2: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig2_601.PNG"><span>Effect of different concentration of NaCl on root length (cm) of <i>Tagetes erecta</i></a></p>
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<div>




<p>After treatment with different concentrations of NaCl no of leaves showed significant (P<0.001) reduction in three harvests (Figure 3). <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Romero–Aranda1998" target="_self">Romero–Aranda et al., (1998)</a> and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Dong2007" target="_self">Dong and Dong (2007)</a> reported that saline environment results in decrease in leaf area and number of leaves. <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Akram2010" target="_self">Akram et al., (2010)</a> also observed decrease in number of leaves due to salinity.
</p>


</div>
<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig3_601.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig3_601.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig3_601.PNG" target="new">Figure 3: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig3_601.PNG"><span>Effect of different concentration of NaCl on number of leaves of <i>Tagetes erecta</i></a></p>
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<p>One of the initial effects of salt stress on plant is the reduction of growth rate. Fresh and dry biomass of plant exhibited reduction in high salinity (Figure 4 and 5). After
two weeks of treatments fresh biomass increased significantly (P<0.001) in 50 and 100 mM NaCl treatments while decreased significantly (P<0.001) in plants treated with 150, and 200 mM NaCl as compared to their respective control. After 3 weeks of treatment with NaCl, plant showed significant reduction (P<0.001) in both fresh and dry biomass in all salinity treatments as compared to control. <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Munns2003" target="_self">Munns (2003)</a> stated that reduction in fresh and dry biomass caused by suppression of plant growth under saline conditions may either be due to decreased availability of water or to the toxicity of sodium chloride. Also the reduction in dry weight under salinity stress may be attributed to inhibition of hydrolysis of reserved foods and their translocation to the growing shoots. Salinity stress imposes additional energy requirements on plant cells and less carbon is available for growth and flower primordial initiation (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Cheesman1988" target="_self">Cheesman, 1988</a>). These findings are in agreement with other reports suggesting that salt stress reduces the biomass of plants of tomato and rice (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Kaya2006" target="_self">Kaya et al., 2006</a>). <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Kaouther2013" target="_self">Kaouther et al., (2013)</a> reported that the fresh biomass of <i>Capsicum</i> <i>frutescens</i> L. decreased with increasing salinity.  Decrease in dry weight of shoot and a leaf was observed with increase in salt stress (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Aguilar2009" target="_self">Aguilar et al., 2009</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Zapryanova2009" target="_self">Zapryanova and Atanassova, 2009</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Kaouther2013" target="_self">Kaouther et al., 2013</a>).
</p>

</div>
<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig4_601.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig4_601.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig4_601.PNG" target="new">Figure 4: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig4_601.PNG"><span>Effect of different concentration of NaCl on fresh biomass (mg) of <i>Tagetes erecta</i></a></p>
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<p></p>



<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig5_601.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig5_601.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig5_601.PNG" target="new">Figure 5: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig5_601.PNG"><span>Effect of different concentration of NaCl on dry biomass (mg) of <i>Tagetes erecta</i></a></p>
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<div>





<p>Chlorophyll content is considered as one of the parameters of salt tolerance in crop plants (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Srivastava1988" target="_self">Srivastava et al., 1988</a>). In this observation chlorophyll content of <i>Tagetes</i> <i>erecta</i> show non–significant effect under saline condition (Table 1).The contents of chlorophyll a increased in 50 mM NaCl while decreased in 100 mM and 150mMNaCl as compared to their respective control. Plants treated with 50 mM and 100 mM NaCl showed a slight increase in Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll while reduction was noted in 150 mM NaCl. Chlorophyll a/b ratio was reduced in all treatments. Salinity induced  chlorophyll  degradation  in  NaCl sensitive  pea  cultivar  as  compared  with tolerant one have also been  reported  earlier (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Hernandez1995" target="_self">Hernandez et al., 1995</a>).
</p>

</div>
<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_601.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_601.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_601.PNG" target="new">Table 1: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_601.PNG"><span>Effect of different concentrations of NaCl on Chlorophyll a, b and Carotenoids contents of <i>Tagetes</i> <i>erecta</i></a></p>
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<div>





<p>Decrease in chlorophyll is considered as the indicator of oxidative stress condition (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Shaw1995" target="_self">Shaw, 1995</a>).The contents of Carotenoids were increased in 50 mM and 100 mM NaCl while decrease in 150 mM NaCl as compared to their respective control. Our results are in agreement with several reports of decreased content of chlorophyll and carotenoids by salinity as reported in a number of glycophytes (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Gadallah1999" target="_self">Gadallah, 1999</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/25/420/html/#Agastian2000" target="_self">Agastian et al., 2000 </a>).


</p>
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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</h3>
 <p>
The authors are thankful to the Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan for providing full support, encouragements and necessary facilities for conducting this research.
 </p>
</div>


<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">CONFLICT OF INTEREST</h3>
 
<p>
There is no conflict of interest among the authors.
</p>
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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">REFERENCES</h3>
 

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<br>
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Aguilar2009"></a> 
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Akram2010"></a> 
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Almodares2007"></a> 
Almodares A, Hadi MR, Dosti B (2007). Effects of salt stress on germination percentage and seedling growth in sweet sorghum cultivars. J. of Bio. Sci. 7(8): 1492 – 1495.
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Babu2008"></a> 
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Carter1993"></a> 
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