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<h1 class="Hdr1">

Short Communication


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Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners. 1 (2):  18 – 19


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Evaluation of Inoculation Route in the Pathogenicity of Escherichia coli Strains in Broiler Chicks

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<p class="p3">




<strong>Faiz Ullah Peer</strong><span><sup></sup></span>, 

<strong>Mohammad Moin Ansari</strong><span><sup>*</sup></span>, 


<strong>Ishtiyaq Ahmed Gani</strong><span><sup></sup></span>, 

<strong>Mahboob Mallik Willayat</strong><span><sup></sup></span>


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<ol>

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir , Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alastaing, Srinagar-190006, J&K, India

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<p><span class="Author">*Corresponding author:drmoin7862003@gmail.com </span></p>

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<div id="ColorID"><p>
<span><b>ARTICLE CITATION:</b></span> 

Peer FU, Ansari MM, Gani IA and Willayat MM (2013).  Evaluation of inoculation route in the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli strains in broiler chicks. Res. j. vet. pract. 1 (2): 18 – 19.


<br>
<span><b>Received: </b></span>2013-05-19, <span><b>Revised: </b></span>2013-07-19, <span><b>Accepted: </b></span>2013-07-22<br>

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at 

(<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html">

http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html

</a>)
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited </p>
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<div>
     <h3 class="Hdr3">ABSTRACT</h3>

    <p>
    In the present investigation, O8, O2, O41, O154   and O78 serotyping of E. coli were chosen as representative strains to evaluate their pathogenicity using chick inoculation technique. Serotyping of isolated E. coli strains (carried out at the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, CRI, Kasuali) showed 28 different typable, 5 untypable and 3 rough sero types.  The enteropathogenicity test of five widely distributed isolates of E. coli viz. O8, O2, O41, O154   and O78 serotypes indicates that O2, O154 and O78 strains of E. coli are pathogenic by intraperitoneal and intratracheal route of inoculation in chicks. Out of these, O78 has been found to be highly pathogenic by intraperitoneal as well as intratracheal route of inoculation
     

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  <h3 class="Hdr3"></h3>
    <p>
    Escherichia coli are Gram’s negative rods within the family Enterobacteriaceae, and represent a part of the normal micro flora of the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. Due to their high prevalence in the gut, E. coli are used as the preferred indicator to detect and measure fecal contamination in the assessment of food and water safety. Pathogenic E. coli strains are distinguished from other E. coli by their ability to cause serious illness as a result of their genetic elements for toxin production, adhesion and invasion of host cells, interference with cell metabolism and tissue destruction (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Borgattaa2012" target="_self">Borgattaa et al., 2012</a>).
</p><p>The early chick mortality in broilers is not only potential threat to broiler industry but attributes to its great economic loss. The early chick mortality is induced by many factors include diseases, and omphalitis being one of the major importance. A mortality of 26.23% in broiler chicks has been reported where 31.45% alone contributed to omphalitis (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Ghodasara1992" target="_self">Ghodasara et al., 1992</a>) with Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a predominant organism mainly responsible for early chick mortality accounting for 56.82% of isolates (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Venkanagounda1996" target="_self">Venkanagounda et al., 1996</a>).  E. coli has been labeled as of great economic loss worldwide in broiler industry not in terms of growth and poor feed conversion but also causing various pathological conditions. An attempt has been made in this study to analyze the pathogenicity of different E. coli strains using different routes of inoculation.
</p><p>Twenty five day old chicks were used for each selected isolate. The culture fluid containing 107 colony forming unit of E. coli were inoculate intratracheally and intraperitoneally into ten chicks each. These chicks were observed for 7 days for mortality and the lesions recorded at necropsy. The survivors were sacrificed after 7 days and examined for gross lesions such as pericarditis, perihepatitis, air sacculitis, congestion of intestines, kidneys; hemorrhagic yolk sac etc. pathogenicity test was carried out as described by <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Rosenberger1985" target="_self">Rosenberger et al. (1985)</a>.
</p><p>In the present investigation, O8, O2, O41, O154   and O78 serotypes E. coli were chosen as representative strains to evaluate their pathogenicity using chick inoculation technique. Chick inoculation technique as described by <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Rosenberger1985" target="_self">Rosenberger et al. (1985)</a> using intratracheal route has been widely adopted by several workers to study the enteropathogenicity of the E. coli isolates (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Gjessing1989" target="_self">Gjessing et al., 1989</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Sharma1987" target="_self">Sharma and Joshi,, 1987</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Reddy1994" target="_self">Reddy et al., 1994</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Sara1995" target="_self">Sara et al., 1995</a> and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Pourbaksh1997" target="_self">Pourbaksh et al., 1997</a>).
</p><p>After inoculation of O8, O2, O41, O154   and O78 serotypes E. coli into 10 chicks each by intraperitoneal route, the mortality recorded during first 7 days was 2/10, 4/10, 4/10, 9/10 and 5/10 respectively whereas by intratracheal route of inoculation the mortality recorded was 0/10, 0/10, 2/10, 2/10, and 6/10 respectively. The macroscopic alternations due to inoculation of O2, O154   and O78 strains of E. coli by intraperitoneal route were severe. This included pericarditis, perihepatitis, congested intestines, hemorrhages on the serosal surfaces of the proventiculus and congestion of kidneys. O41 strain of E. coli showed lesions of medium severity whereas O8 strain was of mild nature. However, gross lesions after intratracheal inoculation of all the five serotypes of E. coli excepting O78 were of very mild- to –moderate in nature. The severe pathogenic lesions through intrapeitoneal route of inoculation have also been reported by <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Phukan1989" target="_self">Phukan et al. (1989)</a>. Moderate pathogenic lesions after intrapeitoneal inoculation comprising of swollen pale kidneys and cloudy yellowish fluid in the abdominal cavity have been recorded by <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Shaw1993" target="_self">Shaw and Halvorson (1993)</a>. Though various lesions of different degrees have been reported by several workers using intratracheal route of inoculation, however, only mild lesions through this route were observed in the present study as compared to intraperitoneal route where lesions of very severe to moderate nature were observed and are in continuity with the finding of <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/13/62/html/#Sara1995" target="_self">Sara et al. (1995)</a>.


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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">REFERENCES</h3>
 

<p class="p2"> <a name="Borgattaa2012"></a>
Borgattaa B, Kmet-Lunaˇcekb N and Relloc J (2012). E. coli O104:H4 outbreak and hemolytic – uremic syndrome. Med. Intensiva. 10:1016.
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Ghodasara1992"></a>
Ghodasara DJ, Joshi BP, Jani B, Purnima, Gangopaphya, RM and Prajapati KS (1992). Pattern of mortality in chickens. Indian Vet. J. 6 (9): 888-890.
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Gjessing1989"></a>
Gjessing KM. and Berkhoff HA (1989). Experimental reproduction of air sacculitis and septicaemia by aerosol exposure of one day chicks using congo red positive Escherichia coli. Avian diseases. 33: 473-478.<br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591107" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591107</a><br>
PMid:2673188 
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Phukan1989"></a>
Phukan A, Kalita CC and Dutta GN (1989). Treatment of experimental colibaibacillosis in chicken. Indian J. Vet. Med. 9: 139-141.
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Pourbaksh1997"></a>
Pourbaksh SA, Boulianne M, Martineau DCM, Desantela C and Fairbrother JM (1997). Dynamics of Escherichia coli infection in experimentally inoculated chicken. Avian diseases. 41: 221-223. <br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592463" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592463</a>
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Reddy1994"></a>
Reddy YK, Koteshwaran A and Barairajan NS (1994). Characterization of Escherichia coli isolates from pathological of poultry in Nammakkal. Indian Vet. J. 71: 209-212.
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Rosenberger1985"></a>
Rosenberger JK, Fries Pa, Cloud SS and Wilson RA (1985). In vitro and in vivo characterization of avian Escherichia coli II factors associated with pathogenicity. Avian diseases. 29: 1094-1107. <br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590464" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590464</a><br>
PMid:3914272 
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Sara1995"></a>
Sara GR, Sur SK, Mitra M, Nag NC and Das AK (1995). Colibacillosis in captive birds at Alipur zoo. Indian J. Anim. Health. 34: 43-45.
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Sharma1987"></a>
Sharma NK and Joshi DV (1987). Antibiogram of Escherichia coli serotypes from chickens with haemorhagic enteritis (bloody diarrhoea). Indian J. Comp. Micro. Immu. Infec.Diseases. 8: 114-117.
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Shaw1993"></a>
Shaw DP and Halvorson DA (1993). Early chick mortality associated with rupture of the yolk sac. Avian diseases. 37: 720-723. <br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592020" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592020</a><br>
PMid:8257362 
</p>

<p class="p2"> <a name="Venkanagounda1996"></a>
Venkanagounda, krishnappa G and Upadhye AB (1996). Bacterial etiology of early chick mortality. Indian Vet. J. 73: 253-258
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