<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8" />
		<title>AAVS_Nexus 514</title>
		<link href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/cssfiles/AAVS_Nexus 514.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
	</head>
	<body id="AAVS_Nexus-514" lang="en-GB">
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Type-of-Article">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">The Feeding Value of Moringa (<i>Moringa Oleifera</i>) Foliage as Replacement to Conventional Concentrate Diet in Bengal Goats</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-3">Nasrin Sultana</span><span class="CharOverride-4">1, 2</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Abdul Razak Alimon</span><span class="CharOverride-4">1*</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Khan Shahidul Huque</span><span class="CharOverride-4">2</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Awis Qurni Sazili</span><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, HalimatunYaakub</span><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Jahangir Hossain</span><span class="CharOverride-4">2</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Mohammed Baba</span><span class="CharOverride-4">3</span></p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">1</span><span class="CharOverride-6">Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; </span><span class="CharOverride-5">2</span><span class="CharOverride-6">Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh; </span><span class="CharOverride-5">3</span><span class="CharOverride-6">Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.</span></p>
		</div>
		<div>
			<p class="Abstract">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract"><span class="CharOverride-8">Abstract</span> | A mixed concentrate diet was replaced by graded levels of dried moringa foliage in growing Black Bengal goats and dry matter intake, digestibility and nutrient utilization and the growth performances were determined. Thirty growing male goats were divided into five groups with six animals in each group. The five dietary treatments consisted of varying proportions of moringa foliage (MF) and concentrate (C), namely, T<span class="CharOverride-9">1 </span>(100MF: 0C), T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> (75MF:25C), T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> (50MF:50C), T<span class="CharOverride-9">4 </span>(25MF: 75C) and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> (0MF:100C). The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design. All the five diets contain similar level of crude protein (average CP 18.3±0.09%) and metabolizable energy (average ME 10.96±0.19).The intake of dry matter and CP of goats on diet T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span> (100% moringa) differed significantly (p&lt;0.01) from that of T5 (100% concentrate) diet. ADF intake was increased with the increasing level of moringa foliage, similarly the digestibility of ADF was increased significantly (p&lt;0.01) with increasing level of moringa foliage. The digestibility of other nutrients did not vary significantly (p&gt;0.05) among the diets. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher (P&lt;0.01) in goats fed withT<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span>orT<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> diet than those fed with T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span>orT<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> diet. Highest average daily live weight gain was found in goats fed with T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> diet while the lowest (P&lt;0.05) was found in goats fed with T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> diet. It was concluded that moringa foliage may be a replacer of conventionally mixed concentrate for feeding Bengal male goats. </p>
		  <p class="Abstract">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-8">Keywords </span>| Bengal goats, Body weight, Concentrate, Moringa foliage and Nutrients intake</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-11">Editor</span><span class="CharOverride-12"> | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian</span> Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-8">Received</span> | September  14, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-8">Revised</span> | January 12, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-8">Accepted</span> | January 14, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-8">Published</span> | February 18, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-8">*Correspondence</span> | Abdul Razak Alimon, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; <span class="CharOverride-8">Email:</span> razalimon@yahoo.co.uk</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-8">Citation</span> | Sultana N, Alimon AR, Huque KS, Sazili AQ, Yaakub H, Hossain J, Baba M (2015). The feeding value of Moringa (<span class="CharOverride-27">Moringa oleifera</span>) foliage as replacement to conventional concentrate diet in Bengal goats. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3(3): 164-173.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-11">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.3.164.173"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.3.164.173</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">(</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">Online</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">)</span> | 2307-8316; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">(Print) </span> | 2309-3331</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-11">Copyright </span>© 2015 Sultana et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Introduction</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">I</span>n many developing countries, ruminant production is largely limited by unavailability and high cost of feeds. Low quality feeds are considered to be the major constraints hampering productivity of farm animals. The availability of feed is particularly in the dry season when natural pastures are mature, highly fibrous and inadequate (<a href="#Oni-AO--Arigbede-OM---Oni-OO---Onwuk-CFI----Anele-UY---Oduguwa-BO--Yusuf--KO--2010-"><span class="Hyperlink">Oni et al., 2010</span></a>), with low nutritive value due to low crude protein content (<a href="#Moyo-B--Patrick-JM--Muchenje-V--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Moyo et al., 2012</span></a>). Generally, farmers fed their animals with crop residues and low-quality hay that are low in nitrogen, high in lignocellulose and poor in vitamin and mineral contents, which leads to low digestibility and reduced voluntary intake (<a href="#Gebregiorgis-F--Negesse-T--Nurfeta-A--2012-.-Feed"><span class="Hyperlink">Gerbregiorgis et al., 2012</span></a>). Consequently, these feeds cannot supply the   required level of protein and energy leading to poor growth, delayed animal sexual maturity; poor reproductive performance, poor meat quality and low milk yield (<a href="#Gebregiorgis-F--Negesse-T--Nurfeta-A--2012-.-Feed"><span class="Hyperlink">Gerbregiorgis et al., 2012</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Intake and digestibility of poor quality roughages could be enhanced by supplementing concentrate diets (<a href="#Nurfeta-A--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">Nurfeta, 2010</span></a>). However, smallholder livestock production systems are limited to use of such supplements due to unavailability and high cost of cereal grain or their byproduct ingredients. In order to alleviate the problems associated with the lack of protein supplement, there is a necessity to look for alternative protein sources that farmers can generate at their farm without incurring additional costs. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Utilization of fodder trees and shrubs could be a potential strategy for increasing the quality and availability of feeds for resource-limited livestock farmers during the dry season. The trees provide a good and cheaper source of protein and micronutrients (<a href="#Moyo-B--Patrick-JM--Muchenje-V--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Moyo et al., 2012</span></a>). In recent years, there has been increased research on alternative protein sources from forage trees and shrubs that can be fed to goats, such as <span class="CharOverride-7">Pterrocarpus lucens</span>, <span class="CharOverride-7">Acacia Senegal </span>(<a href="#Sanon-HO--Kabore-Zoungrana-C--Ledin-I--2008-."><span class="Hyperlink">Sanon et al., 2008</span></a>), <span class="CharOverride-7">Acacia etbaica, Dichrostachys cinerea</span> (<a href="#Yayneshet-T--Eik-LO--Moe-SR--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Yayneshet et al., 2008</span></a>), <span class="CharOverride-7">Acacia karroo</span> (<a href="#Marume-U--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Marume, 2010</span></a>) and <span class="CharOverride-7">Manihot esculenta</span> (<a href="#Oni-AO--Arigbede-OM---Oni-OO---Onwuk-CFI----Anele-UY---Oduguwa-BO--Yusuf--KO--2010-"><span class="Hyperlink">Oni et al., 2010</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In recent years, attention has been given to the use of moringa leaf meal (MLM) as a protein source and feed components in animal production especially in goats (<a href="#Sarwatt-SV--Kapange-SS--Kakengi-AMV--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Sarwatt et al., 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Asaolu-VO--Odeyinka-SM--Akinnbamijo-OO--Sodeinde-FG--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">Asaolu et al., 2010</span></a>, <a href="#Asaolu-VO--Binuomote-R--Akinlade-JA--Oyelami-OS--Kolapo-KO--2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">2011</span></a> and <a href="#Asaolu-VO--Binuomote-R--Akinlade-J--Aderinola-O---Oyelami--O--2012"><span class="Hyperlink">2012</span></a>; and <a href="#Moyo-B--Patrick-JM--Muchenje-V--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Moyo et al., 2012</span></a>) and also in other ruminant (<a href="#Murro-J--Muhikambele-V--Sarwatt-S--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Murro et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Sarwatt-SV--Milang-ha-MS-Lekule-FP---Madalla-N--2004-."><span class="Hyperlink">Sarwatt et al., 2004</span></a>; <a href="#S-nchez-RN--Sp-rndly-E--Ledin-I--2006a"><span class="Hyperlink">Sánchez et al., 2006a</span></a>; <a href="#Mendieta-Aracia-B--Sp-rndly-R--S-nchez-NR--Sp-rndly-E--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011</span></a> and <a href="#Gebregiorgis-F--Negesse-T--Nurfeta-A--2012-.-Feed"><span class="Hyperlink">Gerbregiorgis et al., 2012</span></a>). There are many advantages of using moringa foliage as protein source including the fact that it is a perennial plant that can be harvested several times in one growing season. The leaves can be fed fresh or dried with little effect on intake. Dried moringa leaf can be stored for longer periods without deterioration in nutritive value (<a href="#Mendieta-Aracia-B--Sp-rndly-R--S-nchez-NR--Sp-rndly-E--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Moringa, is a non-leguminous multipurpose tree. Its leaves contain between 257.00 to 261.00 g kg<span class="CharOverride-15">-1</span> DM crude protein (<a href="#Sulana-N-Alimon-AR--Haque-KS-Sazili-AQ--Yaakub-H--Hossain--SMJ---2014"><span class="Hyperlink">Sultana et al., 2014</span></a>) and negligible amounts of anti-nutritive compound  (<a href="#Nouala-FS--Akinbamiji-OO--Adewumi-A---Hoffman-E--Muetzel-S--Becker-K---2006-"><span class="Hyperlink">Nouala et al., 2006</span></a>; <a href="#Ogbe-AO--Affiku-JP--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Ogbe and Affiku, 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Aye-PA--Adegum-MK--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Aye and Adegun, 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Mendieta-Aracia-B--Sp-rndly-R--S-nchez-NR--Sp-rndly-E--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011</span></a>). Moringa foliage dried meal, on the other hand, contains 214.80 to 216.20 g CP kg<span class="CharOverride-15">-1</span>DM, 268.30 to 310.29 g ADF kg<span class="CharOverride-15">-1</span> DM and 347.1 to 381.8 g NDF kg<span class="CharOverride-15">-1</span> DM (<a href="#Sulana-N-Alimon-AR--Haque-KS-Sazili-AQ--Yaakub-H--Hossain--SMJ---2014"><span class="Hyperlink">Sultana et al., 2014</span></a>). Conventionally mixed concentrates used for feeding ruminants in Bangladesh consist of crop by products, such as brans and protein meals at variable ranges depending on market prices, usually contain CP 160.00 to 200.00 g kg<span class="CharOverride-15">-1</span> DM; cereal by-products being a major part and also act as rich sources of available cell wall materials (<a href="#Huque-KS--SultanaN--2007"><span class="Hyperlink">Huque and Sultana, 2007</span></a>). Recent price hike of cereal by-products also restricts its use by farmers. Moringa foliage being rich available sources of protein and cell wall materials may be one of the alternatives to conventionally mixed concentrates used for feeding goats. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Moringa foliage has been evaluated to a limited degree in terms of as a supplementary feed to enhance production performances of goat. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the objectives of determining the feeding value of dry moringa foliage as an alternative to conventionally mixed concentrate for feeding of Bengal goats.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Materials and Methods</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Location</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">This study was conducted at the Goat Farm of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute <br />(BLRI), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Experimental Animals and Feeding Management</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A total of thirty growingBlack Bengal (BB) male goats selected from the herd at the Goat Farm of BLRI were used in this study. They were 6-8 months of age and had an average body weight of 10.12 ± 0.53 kg (mean ± standard error). All goats were treated with antihelminthes (Endex, Novartis, India limited) before the commencement of the experiment to ensure the goats were free of intestinal worm. The goats were kept in individual pens measuring 1.25m<span class="CharOverride-15">2</span> (1.25 m × 1.0 m) and provided individual feeders and water buckets. The goats were allowed 10 days of adjustment period during which they were gradually introduced to the experimental diets. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Experimental Diet</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oleifera </span>foliage was harvested at 56 days (8 weeks of age) of growth during the rainy season from the moringa plots of the BLRI. The collected moringa foliage consisted of leaves, petioles, stems and soft rachis. The whole foliage was chopped and sun dried on thick plastic sheets for three days, then bagged and stored until used for feeding. The conventional concentrate ingredients (broken maize, wheat bran and soybean meal) were purchased from a local feed mill, and prepared weekly for feeding. The physical and chemical composition of experimental diets is shown in <a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">table 1</span></a> and <a href="#Table-2"><span class="Hyperlink">table 2</span></a> respectively. All diets content similar protein and energy and formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of growing goats (<a href="#National-Research-Council--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">NRC, 2007</span></a>). Moringa foliage and concentrate mixture feed was provided as mash form. Dried moringa foliage (leaves, petioles and soft stems) was gradually replaced at 25, 50, 75 and 100% with conventional concentrate mixture and were mixed thoroughly and supplied to animals. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Experimental procedure and design</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A total of thirty 6 to 8 months old male goats were allocated into five groups with six animals per treatment. The design of the experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and each treatment consisted of six goats.  The five experimental treatments were:</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span> = 100 % moringa foliage</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> = 75% moringa foliage + 25% concentrate mixture</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">T<span class="CharOverride-9">3 </span>= 50 % moringa foliage + 50% concentrate mixture</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> = 25% moringa foliage + 75% concentrate mixture</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> = 100% concentrate mixture</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Feed was offered twice daily at 5% BW on dry matter basis. The feed was given twice daily at 08:30 and 15:00 h. The feeders and water buckets were cleaned daily before fresh feed and water were offered. Feed intake for each day during the collection period was determined by subtracting the mass of moringa foliage and concentrate refusals from the offered moringa foliage and concentrate. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Before morning feeding, all animals were weighed at the commencement of the experiment and subsequently every week. The average daily live weight gainwas calculated by regression of body weight of each animal on number of days of feeding during experimental period. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated as a proportion of live weight gain to feed intake of whole experimental period.  The duration of the feeding trial was 78 days. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Digestibility Trial   </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">During the last seven days of the feeding trial, four goats were randomly selected from each treatment and subjected to a digestibility trial to determine the digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen retention. All feeds were prepared at the same time for collection period and feed samples was taken about 250g and stored for analysis. Daily fecal output of each goat was collected, weighed and mixed thoroughly, then 10% of total fecal output was taken and stored at -20°C. Refusal was also collected, weighed and kept from individual animal. Urine collected in plastic bucket with 50 ml 6N H<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span>SO<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> sulphuric acid to prevent nitrogen volatilization. A measuring cylinder was used to determine daily urine volume and total urine was made 1L, then 10% urine was collected from each animal and stored at -20°C. After collection period,faeces and urine samples were taken out from freeze and thawed and mixed by each animal and 10% of total sample was collected and frozen until analysis.   </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Chemical Analysis of Feed, Refusals, Feces and Urine</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) for feeds and faecal matter were determined as described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (<a href="#AOAC--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">AOAC, 2000</span></a>). Total nitrogen (N) in all samples was determined by a Kjeltec Auto Analyzer (Tecator, Hoganas, Sweden) (<a href="#AOAC--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">AOAC, 2000</span></a>). Acid detergent fibre (ADF) were analysed as outlined by (<a href="#Van-Soest-PJ--Robertson-JB--Lewis-BA--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Van Soest et al., 1991</span></a>). The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP and ADF was calculated from digestibility trial. The difference between N intake and N output in faeces and urine was a measure of N retention. GE (Gross energy) of the feed samples was determined using a bomb calorimeter (IKA<span class="CharOverride-15">®</span>C200). ME intake was calculated according to AFRC, (1993) (ME=0.0157*DOMI, digestible organic matter intake). ME (Metabolizable energy) (MJ kg DM) was calculated according to the following formula (<a href="#Kuperus-W--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kuperus, 2002</span></a>):</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">ME in straw = 0.36* GE </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">ME in high quality pasture or concentrate= 0.66*GE</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The Ca content of <span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oleifera </span>leaves and total foliage was determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, AAnalyst 400), according to methods described by <a href="#AOAC--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">AOAC (2000</span></a><span class="Hyperlink">)</span>. Phosphorus was determined using spectrophotometry (UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, CARY 50 Probe), as described by <a href="#AOAC--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">AOAC (2000</span></a><span class="Hyperlink">)</span>.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-8"><a id="Table-1-"></a>Table 1:</span> The composition (%) of experimental diets</p>
			<table width="657" height="209" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Feed ingredients</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="5">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph ParaOverride-2"><span class="CharOverride-17">Treatments</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">100MF</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">75MF:25C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">50MF:50C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">25MF:75C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">100C</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Moringa foliage </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">100.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">75.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">50.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">25.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Broken maize</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">15.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">22.50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">30.00</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Wheat bran</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">9.50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">19.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">28.5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">38.00</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Soybean meal</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">15.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">22.5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">30.00</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Vitamin mineral premix</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.125</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.375</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">DCP (Di-calcium phosphate)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.75</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Salt (Nacl)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.125</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.375</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-20">MF= Moringa foliage; C = concentrate</span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-8"><a id="Table-2"></a>Table 2:</span> Chemical composition of experimental diets (%DM)</p>
			<table width="657" height="140" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Diets</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">DM</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">CP</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">ADF</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">OM</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Ash</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">ME (MJ/kg DM)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Ca</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">P</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">1</span><span class="CharOverride-18"> (MF100 : 0C)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">77.44</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">18.26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">32.49</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">89.33</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.67</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">11.24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.95</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.21</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">2</span><span class="CharOverride-18"> (MF75 : C25)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">79.04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">18.24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">29.30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">90.02</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">9.99</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">11.12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.37</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">3</span><span class="CharOverride-18"> (MF50 : C50)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">80.64</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">18.42</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">26.10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">90.70</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">9.30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">11.00</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.17</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.54</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">4</span><span class="CharOverride-18"> (MF25 : C75)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">82.24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">18.23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">22.91</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">91.34</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">8.62</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.87</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.78</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.70</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">5 </span><span class="CharOverride-18">(MF 0 :100C)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">83.84</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">18.16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">19.71</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">92.07</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.93</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.75</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.39</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.86</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-20">MF= </span><span class="CharOverride-23">Moringa</span><span class="CharOverride-20"> foliage; C=Concentrate; DM= Dry Matter; CP = Crude Protein; ADF= Acid Detergent Fiber; OM=Organic Matter; ME= Metabolizable Energy.</span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-4">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-4">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-8"><a id="Table-3-"></a>Table 3:</span> Initial and final body weight, live weight gain and FCR of Bengal goats fed the experimental diets (n=6)</p>
			<table width="657" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Variables</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="5">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Treatments</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">SEM</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">P-value</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">  T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">   T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Initial BW (kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.03</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.99</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Final BW (kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">15.06</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">15.07</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">14.75</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">14.38</span><span class="CharOverride-25">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">12.77</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.28</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.04</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-22">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Average live weight gain (g d</span><span class="CharOverride-25">–1</span><span class="CharOverride-18">)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">60.32</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">63.45</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">57.27</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">51.57</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">33.02</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">2.68</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.0003</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">FCR</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.90</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">9.81</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.49</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">9.95</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">12.90</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.49</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.27</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-15">a,b,c</span> Means within column with different superscripts are significantly different. FCR = Feed conversion ratio; BW= Body weight; n= observations number.</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-8"><a id="Table-4-"></a>Table 4:</span> Effect of replacement of moringa foliage with conventional concentrate on nutrients intake of Bengal goat (n=4)</p>
			<table width="657" height="209" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-4">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-23" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-24" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-26">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Variables</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="5">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Treatments</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">SEM</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">P-value</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T</span><span class="CharOverride-22">5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">DM intake (g d</span><span class="CharOverride-25">–1</span><span class="CharOverride-18">)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">569.59</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">613.98</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">646.51</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">531.50</span><span class="CharOverride-25">bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">515.03</span><span class="CharOverride-25">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">12.39</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">DMI (%LW)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.40</span><span class="CharOverride-25">bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.74</span><span class="CharOverride-25">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18"> 4.92</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.07</span><span class="CharOverride-25">dc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.94</span><span class="CharOverride-25">d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">DMI (g/W</span><span class="CharOverride-25">0.75</span><span class="CharOverride-18">kg)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">83.43</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">89.86</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">93.50</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">77.38</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">74.86</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.75</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">CPI (g d</span><span class="CharOverride-25">–1</span><span class="CharOverride-18">)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">104.99</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">124.68</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">126.56</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">102.30</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">97.99</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">ADFI (g d</span><span class="CharOverride-25">–1</span><span class="CharOverride-18">)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">186.94 </span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">180.74</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">161.26</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">103.31</span><span class="CharOverride-25">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">72.96</span><span class="CharOverride-25">d</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.60</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.0003</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">OMI (g d</span><span class="CharOverride-25">–1</span><span class="CharOverride-18">)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">498.44</span><span class="CharOverride-25">bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">546.07</span><span class="CharOverride-25">ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">581.01</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">485.44</span><span class="CharOverride-25">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">477.37</span><span class="CharOverride-25">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">11.36</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.0028</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">ME intake (MJ animal</span><span class="CharOverride-25">–1</span><span class="CharOverride-18">)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6.20</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.02</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.58</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6.09</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">5.90</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.002</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-15">a,b,c</span>Means within column with different superscripts are significantly different; DMI= dry matter intake, CPI= crude protein intake, ADFI= acid detergent fiber intake, OMI= organic matter intake.</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-8"><a id="Table-5-"></a>Table 5:</span> Effect of replacement moringa foliage with conventional concentrate on nutrient digestibility (%) of BB goats (n=4)</p>
			<table width="657" height="140" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-5">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-27" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-24" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-28" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-30" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-31" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Variables</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="5">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Treatments</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2" colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">SEM</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2" />
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">P-value</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">DM </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">80.13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">81.69</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">77.59 </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">76.26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">76.3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.81</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.10</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">CP </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">81.74</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">84.36</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">84.84</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">81.18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">80.20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.78</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">ADF </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">84.92</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">83.16</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">84.09</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">78.71</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">71.77</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.39</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.002</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">OM </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">78.96</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">81.73</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">82.91</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">79.75</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">78.49</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.73</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.73</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-15">a,b,c,</span> Means within rows with different superscripts are significantly different. DM= dry matter; CP= crude protein; ADF= acid detergent fiber; OM= organic matter. </p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-8"><a id="Table-6-"></a>Table 6:</span> Effect of replacement of moringa foliage with conventional concentrate on nitrogen utilization (g d<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>) of Bengal goats (n=4)</p>
			<table width="657" height="186" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-6">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-32" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-33" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-33" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-33" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-33" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-31" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-34" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Variables</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="5">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Treatments</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">SEM</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">P- value</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">T </span><span class="CharOverride-22">5</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">N- intake</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">16.80</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">19.95</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">20.25</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">16.37</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">15.68</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">FN- out go</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.05</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.06</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.08</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.09</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.99</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">UN- out go</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">2.96</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.21</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.53</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.76</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.87</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Total N- out go</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6.00</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.33</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.58</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.84</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.97</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.21</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.0085</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">N- retention</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.80</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">12.62</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">12.67</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">8.53</span><span class="CharOverride-25">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.71</span><span class="CharOverride-25">c</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.52</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-35">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">N- retention, % intake</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">64.1</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">63.2</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">62.5</span><span class="CharOverride-25">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">52.4</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">49.1</span><span class="CharOverride-25">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.64</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-15">a,b,c</span>Means within column with different superscripts are significantly different; N= nitrogen, FN= fecal nitrogen, UN= urinary nitrogen.  </p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Statistical Analysis</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Analysis of Variance on the data of feed intake, nutrients utilization, FCR and growth rate were conducted based on a completely randomized design (CRD) using the general linear model procedure of SAS (SAS 9.2).The differences in the means were compared by Least Significant Differences (LSD) at 5% level (P&lt;0.05). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Results</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Chemical Composition of the Experimental Feeds</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The nutrient composition of moringa foliage and concentrate used in the study is shown in <a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">table 1</span></a>. DM of experimental diets was increased with increasing concentrate level in the diet. CP and ME content of five experimental diets were similar. There were differences in the contents of ADF and ash which were higher in T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span> compared to the other diets. Calcium content of diet T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span> was higher, then gradually decreased with increasing concentrate feed; conversely P content of diets was decreased with increasing moringa foliage.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Body Weight Change </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The effect of the dietary treatment on growth performance and FCR is shown in <a href="#Table-2"><span class="Hyperlink">table 3</span></a>. No significance (P&gt;0.05) differences in the initial live weight (ILW) existed among the five experimental groups. The final live weight of goats fed T<span class="CharOverride-9">5 </span>was significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) than goats on T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">4. </span> Consequently, daily live weight gain was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in goats on diets T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">3 </span>and T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> than those on diet T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span>. The average live weight gain in goats fed on T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">2, </span>T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">4 </span>diet was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher than in goats fed on T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> diet. FCR (DMI kg kg<span class="CharOverride-15">–1 </span>gain) was not affected (P&gt;0.05) by the diets.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Nutrient Intake</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The effect of replacement of conventional concentrate with moringa foliage on intake in Black Bengal Goats is presented in <a href="#Table-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">table 4</span></a>. The dry matter intake (DMI) of the goats in T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher than that of T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5 </span>diets. DMI as percent live weight was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in goats fed on T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> diets than that of T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> diets. The range of  DMI as percent live weight varied from 3.94 for the animals of T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> to 4.92% for those of T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span>. Total DMI per unit metabolic body weight was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in goats of T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> than in those of T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> diets. The average daily crude protein intake (CP g d<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>animal<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>), ME intake (MJ d<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>) and OM intake (OM g d<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>animal<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>) followed a trend similar to that of the average daily DMI.  The ADF intake of goats in T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher than that of the T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5 </span>animals.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Nutrients Digestibility </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Apparent DM, CP, ADF and OM digestibility of the five experimental diets are shown in <a href="#Table-5-"><span class="Hyperlink">table 5</span></a>. Values recorded for DM, CP and OM digestibility among different treatments were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) different whereas ADF digestibility was significantly higher in T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> treatments in comparison with T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span>.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Nitrogen Balance</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Results of nitrogen balance in goats among different treatments are presented in <a href="#Table-6-"><span class="Hyperlink">table 6</span></a>. Nitrogen intake of goats in T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">3 </span>was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher than that of T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">4 </span>and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span>. Non-significant (P&gt;0.05) diet effects were observed for faecal nitrogen losses among treatments. However significant (P&lt;0.01) diet effects were observed with urinary nitrogen losses with the highest value being obtained in the goats of T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span>and the lowest in T<span class="CharOverride-9">1 </span>goats. Total nitrogen losses were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in T<span class="CharOverride-9">1 </span>animals compared to those in T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span>. Total nitrogen losses increased progressively with increase in the amount of concentrate in the diet. Nitrogen retention was positive and significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> than T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> diet, respectively though no significant (P&gt;0.05) difference was observed between T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span>treatments. On the other hand, nitrogen retention as percent of total nitrogen intake was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span>treatments than in T<span class="CharOverride-9">4 </span>and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> while the highest percent (64.15%) of nitrogen retention as percent of total intake was recorded in T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Discussion</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">This crude protein content of moringa foliage used in the study (<a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a>) was comparable with the values (19.5 and 19.3% in DM) reported by <a href="#Kakengi-AMV--Shem-M-N--Sarwatt-SV--Fujihara-T--2005-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kakengi et al. (2005)</span></a> and <a href="#Aregheore-EM--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Aregheore (2002)</span></a> respectively, but lower than the values (29.7, 25.95 and 22.6%) obtained by <a href="#Fadiyimu-AA--Julias-AA--Fajemisin-AN--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Fadiyimu et al. (2010)</span></a>, <a href="#Manh-LH--Dung-NNX--Xuan-VT--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Manh et al. (2005)</span></a> and <a href="#S-nchez-RN--Ledin-S--Ledin-I--2006b"><span class="Hyperlink">Sánchez et al. (2006b)</span></a> respectively. The ADF content of moringa foliage in this study is in agreement with the values reported by <a href="#Sarwatt-SV--Milang-ha-MS-Lekule-FP---Madalla-N--2004-."><span class="Hyperlink">Sarwatt et al. (2004)</span></a> but was higher than those obtained by <a href="#Murro-J--Muhikambele-V--Sarwatt-S--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Murro et al. (2003)</span></a>, <a href="#Asaolu-VO--Odeyinka-SM--Akinnbamijo-OO--Sodeinde-FG--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">Asaolu et al. (2010)</span></a> and <a href="#S-nchez-RN--Ledin-S--Ledin-I--2006b"><span class="Hyperlink">Sánchez et al. (2006b)</span></a>. The variations in nutritive value of moringa foliage could be due to the age of harvest, soil type and fertility, proportion of leaf and stem and agro-ecological zone where trees are growing. The calcium and phosphorus levels in moringa foliage were adequate to that meet the amount required for ruminant livestock. <a href="#McDowell-LR--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Mc Dowell (2003)</span></a> reported that 2300, 2700 and 2800 mg kg<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span> of P and 4600, 5100 and 3000 mg kg<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span> of Ca are sufficient for beef cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. On the other hand, calcium content in concentrate was sufficient for goats while phosphorus was higher amount than recommended levels.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Goats on diet T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span> had the highest (63.45 g d<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>) growth rate which was almost comparable to growth rate of goats of T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">3, </span>T<span class="CharOverride-9">4 </span>treatments. Higher growth rate obtained from goats inT<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">2,</span> T<span class="CharOverride-9">3 </span>and T4 was due to a positive effect of moringa foliage on intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization. <a href="#Lu-CD--Kawas-JR--Mahgoub-OG--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Lu et al., (2008)</span></a> recommended about 23% ADF for growing goats. ADF content of T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> diet was lower than recommended level while ADF content of T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span>, T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span> diet was comparable or higher to recommended level. Dietary fibre contributes significantly in goat production through its influence in and interaction with intake and digestion of nutrients. <a href="#Lu-CD--Kawas-JR--Mahgoub-OG--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Lu et al. (2008)</span></a> also reported that optimum dietary fibre in the diet increases cellulolytic activity in the rumen and increases salivation through eating and ruminating. Salivation led to increase ruminal pH that favours the growth of cellulolytic bacteria. It has been reported that ruminal pH increased linearly from 6.28 to 6.55 as ADF intake increased from 14 to 26% (<a href="#Lu-CD--Kawas-JR--Mahgoub-OG--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Lu et al., 2008</span></a>). Growth rates of goats of T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span> and T<span class="CharOverride-9">2 </span>almost doubled those of the sole concentrate diet (T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span>). The lowest growth rate of goat inT<span class="CharOverride-9">5 </span>group may be due to low fiber in the diet. This result is contradict with those results of <a href="#Mushi-DE--Safari-J--Mtenga-LA--Kifaro-GC--Eik-LO--2009-.-E"><span class="Hyperlink">Mushi et al. (2009)</span></a> and <a href="#Mahgoub-O--Lu-CD--Hameed-MS--Richie-A--Al-Halhali-AS--Annamalai-K--2005"><span class="Hyperlink">Mahgoub et al. (2005)</span></a> who observed that increasing concentrate in the diet increased growth rate of goats while there was low quality and rhode grass hay as basal diet respectively. The lowest growth rate obtained from the sole concentrate diet in this study might have been due to low fibre and high non-structural carbohydrate in the diet. Feeding a large amount of grain promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria, which reduced pH in the rumen and could lead to acidosis (<a href="#Owens-FN--Secrist-DS--Hill-WJ--Gill-DR--1998-"><span class="Hyperlink">Owens et al., 1998</span></a>).Growth of cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa are inhibited by a pH below 6.0 which decreases the fibre digestibility in the rumen that leads to reduce feed intake resulted decrease body weight (<a href="#Russell-JB--Wilson-DB--1996"><span class="Hyperlink">Russell and Wilson, 1996</span></a>). In general, it is shown that increasing moringa foliage with conventional concentrate increased live weight gain of goats. There were no health implications when conventional concentrate was replaced with dry moringa foliage over the experimental period.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Total CP, ADF and OM intakes was positively correlated(r=0.96; r=0.76 and r=0.98, respectively) to total DM intake. The increased CP, ADF and OM intake with total DMI was probably due to the increased total DMI of the diet. In the present study, the DM intake of T<span class="CharOverride-9">1 </span>was higher (569.6 g d<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>animal<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>) than that of reported by <a href="#Asaolu-VO--Odeyinka-SM--Akinbamijo-OO--Sodeinde-FG--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Asaolu et al. (2009)</span></a> (241gd<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>animal<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>) and <a href="#Asaolu-VO--Binuomote-R--Akinlade-JA--Oyelami-OS--Kolapo-KO--2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">Asaolu et al. (2011)</span></a> (288 g d<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>animal<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>) in West African Dwarf goats fed moringa foliage without supplementation. It may be due to low concentration of CP content in the foliage. The DM intake in percent live weight ranged from 3.94 to 4.92 (<a href="#Table-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 4</span></a>) and was within the range of DM intake recommended value of <a href="#National-Research-Council--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">NRC (2007)</span></a>. The highest DM, CP and OM intakes were found from T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span> probably because of the optimum level of fibre and a favourable combination of forage to concentrate ratio that improved palatability.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Higher ADF intake was found with the increasing level of moringa foliage. This was expected as moringa foliage had a higher ADF content when compared to concentrate.  Similar energy concentrations of different diets resulted in ME intake of all treatments close to that recommendation by <a href="#National-Research-Council--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">NRC (2007)</span></a> for growing goats (<a href="#Table-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 4</span></a>). Intake pattern could be a reflection of the relative acceptability and palatability of supplemented feed to animal. <a href="#Masafu-MM--2006-."><span class="Hyperlink">Masafu (2006)</span></a> illustrated that feed intake is an appraisement of diet appreciation, selection and consumption by an animal. It is a key process which determines the quantity of feed stuff which is ingested over a period of time, usually per day (<a href="#McDonald-I--Edwars-RA--Greenhalgh-JFD--1993"><span class="Hyperlink">McDonald et al., 1993</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The digestibility values of DM (80.1%) and OM (79.0%) of sole moringa foliage (T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span>) obtained in this study were comparable to findings of (Asoulu et al., 2011) who observed  77.19 and 79.35% DM and OM  in West African Dwarf (WAD) goat fed fresh moringa whereas CP digestibility was higher (89.35%) than the result of the present study (<a href="#Table-5-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 5</span></a>). Similarly, <a href="#Fadiyimu-AA--Julias-AA--Fajemisin-AN--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Fadiyimu et al. (2010)</span></a> obtained higher CP (84.96%) digestibility at 100% fresh moringa foliage in WAD goats. <a href="#S-nchez-RN--Sp-rndly-E--Ledin-I--2006a"><span class="Hyperlink">Sánchez et al. (2006a)</span></a> reported that increasing level of moringa leaves supplementation in dairy cows fed low quality grass improved digestibility of all nutrients. ADF digestibility was increased with increasing level of moringa foliage in the diet, may be due to availability of digestible cellulose from ADF of moringa foliage to the animals. The present finding is in agreement with <a href="#Murro-J--Muhikambele-V--Sarwatt-S--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Murro et al. (2003)</span></a> who found that digestibility of cell wall constituents was increased with increase in moringa leaf meal in the diet. On the other hand, <a href="#Gebregiorgis-F--Negesse-T--Nurfeta-A--2012-.-Feed"><span class="Hyperlink">Gebregiorgis et al. (2012)</span></a> found that supplementation of moringa (<span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa stenopetala</span>) leaves 150 and 300 g d<span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span> failed to improve DM, OM, NDF and ADF digestibility whereas supplementing 450 g d <span class="CharOverride-15">–1</span>improved digestibility of all nutrients in sheep. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher nitrogen intakes for T<span class="CharOverride-9">2</span>and T<span class="CharOverride-9">3</span>diets compared to T<span class="CharOverride-9">1,</span>T<span class="CharOverride-9">4</span>  and T<span class="CharOverride-9">5</span> diets were observed due to the higher level of dry matter and CP intake and nitrogen concentration in experimental diets. It has been reported that dietary nitrogen intake influenced nitrogen losses through urine and feaces (<a href="#Badamana-MS--Sutton-JD--1992-"><span class="Hyperlink">Badamana and Sutton, 1992</span></a>).There was no significant (P&gt;0.05) differences in faecal nitrogen losses in the present study, similar to the findings of (<a href="#Asaolu-VO--Odeyinka-SM--Akinnbamijo-OO--Sodeinde-FG--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">Asaolu et al., 2010</span></a> and <a href="#Asaolu-VO--Binuomote-R--Akinlade-JA--Oyelami-OS--Kolapo-KO--2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">2011</span></a>) and (<a href="#Fadiyimu-AA--Julias-AA--Fajemisin-AN--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Fadiyimu et al., 2010</span></a>) that faecal nitrogen was not affected by nitrogen intake. On the other hand, urinary nitrogen increased progressively from T<span class="CharOverride-9">1</span> to T<span class="CharOverride-9">5 </span>with increasing concentrate level. <a href="#Brooker-JD--Lum-DK--Miller-S--Skene-I--O-Donovan-L--1995-."><span class="Hyperlink">Brooker et al. (1995)</span></a> observed that feed is high in soluble protein which mainly digested in rumen resulting produced higher amount of ammonia that cannot be utilized by rumen microorganism. They also observed that excess amount of nitrogenis converted to urea in rumen and excreted in urine. The present result indicates that more rumen ammonia would be produced with the concentrate supplemented diets. The positive nitrogen retention values (<a href="#Table-6-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 6</span></a>) for all treatments showed that the protein in the diets was adequate to meet the requirement for maintenance and growth of experimental goats (<a href="#Fadiyimu-AA--Julias-AA--Fajemisin-AN--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Fadiyimu et al., 2010</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Conclusion</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Intake, nutrients utilization and growth rate of goats fed on different ratio of dried moringa foliage and concentrate diets was higher than the sole conventional concentrate diet in the current study. Moringa foliage evaluated with goat performances fed with the known conventional concentrate mixture where protein source was soybean meal. Moringa foliage can be used as an alternate for conventional concentrate in the diet of growing goats due to its high crude protein content and high digestibility of nutrients. It is recommended that replacing moringa foliage at 75% with conventional concentrate could be used as a cheap protein supplement for goats. Moringa can be used effectively as substitute for conventional concentrate in the diet of growing goats at small holder farmer’s level where it can be grown in abundance.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Acknowledgements</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&#9;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The authors would like to thank the Director General of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh for permission to conduct the experiment at the BLRI Goat Farm, at Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">References</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			
			  <li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="AOAC--2000-"></a>AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17<span class="CharOverride-15">th</span> ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Aregheore-EM--2002"></a>Aregheore EM (2002). Intake and digestibility of </span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Moringaoleifera</span><span lang="en-GB">–batiki grass mixture by growing goats. Small Rumin. Res</span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">46(1): 23-28. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00178-5"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00178-5</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Asaolu-VO--Odeyinka-SM--Akinbamijo-OO--Sodeinde-FG--2009"></a>Asaolu VO, Odeyinka SM, Akinbamijo OO, Sodeinde FG (2009). Feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of graded levels of Moringa and Bamboo leaves by West African Dwarf Goats. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. 57<span lang="en-GB">(4)</span>: 361-368.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Asaolu-VO--Odeyinka-SM--Akinnbamijo-OO--Sodeinde-FG--2010"></a>Asaolu VO, Odeyinka SM, Akinnbamijo OO, Sodeinde FG (2010). Effect of moringa and bamboo leaves on groundnut hay utilization by West African Dwarf goats.Livest. Res. for Rural Dev. 22(1). <a href="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/1/asao22012.htm"><span class="Hyperlink">http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/1/asao22012.htm</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Asaolu-VO--Binuomote-R--Akinlade-JA--Oyelami-OS--Kolapo-KO--2011-."></a>Asaolu VO, Binuomote R, Akinlade JA, Oyelami OS, Kolapo KO (2011). Utilization of <span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oliefera </span>fodder combinations with <span class="CharOverride-7">Leucaena leucocephala, </span>and <span class="CharOverride-7">Gliricidia sepium </span>fodders by West African Dwarf Goats. Int. J. Agric. Res<span class="CharOverride-7">. </span>ISSN 1816- 4897/ DOI: IO. 3923/ ijar.2011.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Asaolu-VO--Binuomote-R--Akinlade-J--Aderinola-O---Oyelami--O--2012"></a>Asaolu VO, Binuomote R, Akinlade J, Aderinola O,  Oyelami, O (2012). Intake and growth performance of West African Dwarf goats fed <span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oleifera</span>, <span class="CharOverride-7">Gliricidia sepium</span> and <span class="CharOverride-7">Leucaena leucocephala </span>dried leaves as supplements to Cassava Peels. J. Biol. Agric. Health Care<span class="CharOverride-7"> </span>2(10): 76-88.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Aye-PA--Adegum-MK--2013"></a>Aye PA, Adegum MK (2013). Chemical Composition and some functional properties of Moringa, Leucaena and Gliricidia leaf meals. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am. 4(1): 71-77. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2013.4.1.71.77"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2013.4.1.71.77</span></a> <span lang="en-GB">  </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Badamana-MS--Sutton-JD--1992-"></a>Badamana MS, Sutton JD (1992). Hay intake, milk production and rumen fermentation in British Sannen goats given concentrates varying widely in protein concentration. Anim</span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB">Prod. 54(3): 395-403. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100020857"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100020857</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Brooker-JD--Lum-DK--Miller-S--Skene-I--O-Donovan-L--1995-."></a>Brooker JD, Lum DK, Miller S, Skene I, O’Donovan L (1995). Rumen microorganisms as providers of high quality protein. LivestockResearch for Rural Development 6(3). <a href="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd6/3/1.htm"><span class="Hyperlink">http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd6/3/1.htm</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Fadiyimu-AA--Julias-AA--Fajemisin-AN--2010-."></a>Fadiyimu AA, Julias AA, Fajemisin AN (2010). Digestibility, nitrogen balance and haematological profile of West African Dwarf sheep fed dietary levels of <span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oliefera </span>as supplement to <span class="CharOverride-7">Panicum maximum. </span>J. Amin. Sci. 6(10): 634-643.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Gebregiorgis-F--Negesse-T--Nurfeta-A--2012-.-Feed"></a>Gebregiorgis F, Negesse T, Nurfeta A (2012). Feed intake and utilization in sheep fed graded levels of dried moringa (</span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Moringa stenopetala</span><span lang="en-GB">) leaf as a supplement to Rhodes grass hay. Trop Anim Health Prod. 44(3): 511-517. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9927-9"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9927-9</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Huque-KS--SultanaN--2007"></a>Huque KS, SultanaN (2007). Review on feeding nutrition and growth efficiency of native male cattle of Bangladesh and comparison with feed lot beef animals. Bang. J. Anim.l sci. 36(12): 113-135.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Kakengi-AMV--Shem-M-N--Sarwatt-SV--Fujihara-T--2005-."></a>Kakengi AMV, Shem M N, Sarwatt SV, Fujihara T (2005). Can <span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oleifera</span> be used as a Protein Supplement for Ruminants? Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18(1): 42-47.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Kuperus-W--2002-."></a>Kuperus W (2002). Is pasture enough? SIDE proceedings: 145-152.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Lu-CD--Kawas-JR--Mahgoub-OG--2008"></a>Lu CD, Kawas JR, Mahgoub OG (2008). Review on recent advancement in fiber digestion and utilization in goats. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst. 9(1): 65-72.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Mahgoub-O--Lu-CD--Hameed-MS--Richie-A--Al-Halhali-AS--Annamalai-K--2005"></a>Mahgoub O, Lu CD, Hameed MS, Richie A, Al-Halhali AS, Annamalai K (2005). Performance of Omani goats fed diets containing various metabolizable energy densities. Small Rumin. Res. 58(2): 175-180. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.09.008"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.09.008</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Manh-LH--Dung-NNX--Xuan-VT--2005-"></a>Manh LH, Dung NNX, Xuan VT (2005). Introduction and evaluation of <span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oleifera</span> for biomass production and as feed for goats in the Mekong Delta. Livest. Res. for Rural Dev. 17(9): xx-xx.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Marume-U--2010-."></a>Marume U (2010). Effect of dietary supplementation on resistance, resilience, growth and meat quality of indigenous goat genotypes infected with Haemonchus contortus (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa).</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Masafu-MM--2006-."></a>Masafu MM (2006). The evaluation of <span class="CharOverride-7">Leucaena leucocephala</span> (Lam) DE WIT: A renewable protein supplement for low quality forages. PhD Thesis, University of South Africa Marume, 2010.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="McDonald-I--Edwars-RA--Greenhalgh-JFD--1993"></a>McDonald I, Edwars RA, Greenhalgh JFD (1993). Animal Nutrition. 4</span><span class="CharOverride-15" lang="en-GB">th</span><span lang="en-GB">Edn. Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex, UK. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.021"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.021</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span class="Hyperlink"><a id="McDowell-LR--2003-."></a></span>McDowell LR (2003). Mineral in Animal and Human Nutrition. 2<span class="CharOverride-15">nd</span> ed., Elsevier, The Netherlands, 256–315.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Mendieta-Aracia-B--Sp-rndly-R--S-nchez-NR--Sp-rndly-E--2011"></a>Mendieta-Aracia B, Spörndly R, Sànchez NR, Spörndly E (2011). Moringa (</span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Moringa oleifera</span><span lang="en-GB">) leaf meal as a source of protein in locally produced concentrates for dairy cows fed low protein diets in tropical areas. Livest. Sci. 137(1-3): 10–17. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.021"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.021</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Moyo-B--Patrick-JM--Muchenje-V--2012-"></a>Moyo B, Patrick JM, Muchenje V (2012). Effect of supplementing crossbred Xhosa lop-eared goat castrates with </span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Moringa oleifera</span><span lang="en-GB"> leaves on growth performance, carcass and non-carcass characteristics. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44: 801-809. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9970-6"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9970-6</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Murro-J--Muhikambele-V--Sarwatt-S--2003-."></a>Murro J, Muhikambele V, Sarwatt S (2003). <span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oleifera </span>leaf meal can replace cottonseed cake in the concentrate mix fed with Rhodes grass (<span class="CharOverride-7">Chlorisgayana</span>) hay for growing sheep. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 15(11).</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Mushi-DE--Safari-J--Mtenga-LA--Kifaro-GC--Eik-LO--2009-.-E"></a>Mushi DE, Safari J, Mtenga LA, Kifaro GC, Eik LO (2009). Effect of concentrate levels on fattening performance, carcass and meat quality attributes of Small East African × Norwegian crossbred goats fed low quality grass hay. Livest. Sci. 124(1-3): 148-155. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.01.012"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.01.012</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Nouala-FS--Akinbamiji-OO--Adewumi-A---Hoffman-E--Muetzel-S--Becker-K---2006-"></a>Nouala FS, Akinbamiji OO, Adewumi A,  Hoffman E, Muetzel S, Becker K ( 2006). The influence of <span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oleifera</span> leaves as substitute to conventional concentrate on the <span class="CharOverride-7">in vitro</span> gas production ad digestibility of groundnut hay. Livest. Res. Rural Dev<span class="CharOverride-7">.</span>18:9.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="National-Research-Council--2007-."></a>National Research Council (2007). Nutrient Requirement of Goat. National Academy Press. Washington DC, USA.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Nurfeta-A--2010"></a>Nurfeta A (2010). Feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen utilization and body weight change of sheep consuming wheatstraw supplemented with local agricultural and agro-industrial by products. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42(5): 815-824. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9491-8"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9491-8</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Ogbe-AO--Affiku-JP--2011"></a>Ogbe AO, Affiku JP (2011). Proximate study, mineral and ant-nutrient composition of </span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Moringa oliefera</span><span lang="en-GB"> leaves harvested from Lafia, Nigeria: Potential benefits in poultry nutrition and health. J. Microb. Biotech. Food Sci. 1(3): 296-308. </span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Oni-AO--Arigbede-OM---Oni-OO---Onwuk-CFI----Anele-UY---Oduguwa-BO--Yusuf--KO--2010-"></a>Oni AO, Arigbede OM,  Oni OO,  Onwuk CFI,   Anele UY,  Oduguwa BO, Yusuf  KO (2010). Effect of feeding levels (</span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Manihot esculenta</span><span lang="en-GB">, Crantz) based concentrates with Panicum maximum basal on the performance of growing West African Dwarf goats. Livest. Sci. 129(1-3): 24-30. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.12.007"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.12.007</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Owens-FN--Secrist-DS--Hill-WJ--Gill-DR--1998-"></a>Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, Gill DR (1998). Acidosis in cattle: a review. J. Anim. Sci. 76(1): 275-286.</span></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Russell-JB--Wilson-DB--1996"></a>Russell JB, Wilson DB (1996). Why are ruminal cellulolytic bacteria unable to digest cellulose at low pH? J. Dairy Sci. 79(8): 1503-1509. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76510-4"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76510-4</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="S-nchez-RN--Sp-rndly-E--Ledin-I--2006a"></a>Sànchez RN, Spörndly E, Ledin I (2006a). Effect of feeding different levels of foliage of </span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Moringa oliefera </span><span lang="en-GB">to creole dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and composition. Livest. Sci</span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">.</span><span lang="en-GB"> 101 (1-3): 24–31. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.09.010"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.09.010</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="S-nchez-RN--Ledin-S--Ledin-I--2006b"></a>Sànchez RN, Ledin S, Ledin I (2006b). Biomas production and chemical composition of </span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Moringa oleifera</span><span lang="en-GB"> under different regimes in Nicaragua. Agrofor. Syst. 66(3): 231-242. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-8847-y"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-8847-y</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Sanon-HO--Kabore-Zoungrana-C--Ledin-I--2008-."></a>Sanon HO, Kabore-Zoungrana C, Ledin I (2008). Growth and carcass characteristics of male Sahelian goats fed leaves or pods of Pterocarpus lucens or Acacia Sengal. Livest. Sci. 117(2-3): 192-202. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.12.011"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.12.011</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span class="Hyperlink"><a id="Sarwatt-SV--Kapange-SS--Kakengi-AMV--2002-."></a></span>Sarwatt SV, Kapange SS, Kakengi AMV (2002). Substituting sunflower seed cake with <span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oleifera</span> leaves as a supplemental goat feed in Tanzania. Agrofor. Syst. 56(3):241-247.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Sarwatt-SV--Milang-ha-MS-Lekule-FP---Madalla-N--2004-."></a>Sarwatt SV, Milang’ha MS,Lekule FP,  Madalla N (2004). Moringaoleifera and cottonseed cake as supplements for smallholder dairy cow fed Napier. Livest. Res. for Rural. Dev.16.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><a id="Sulana-N-Alimon-AR--Haque-KS-Sazili-AQ--Yaakub-H--Hossain--SMJ---2014"></a>Sultana N, Alimon AR, Haque KS, Sazili AQ, Yaakub H, Hossain, SMJ (2014). The effect of <br />cutting interval on yield and nutrient composition of different plant fraction of <br /><span class="CharOverride-7">Moringa oleifera</span> tree. J. Food Agri. Environ. 12(2): 599-604.</li>
		  <li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Van-Soest-PJ--Robertson-JB--Lewis-BA--1991"></a>Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74(10): 3583-3597. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-5" lang="en-US"><span lang="en-GB"><a id="Yayneshet-T--Eik-LO--Moe-SR--2008"></a>Yayneshet T, Eik LO, Moe SR (2008). Feeding </span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Acacia etbaica</span><span lang="en-GB"> and </span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-GB">Dichrostachys cinerea</span><span lang="en-GB"> fruits to smallholder goats in northern Ethiopia improves their performance during dry season. Livst. Sci. 119 (1-3): 31-41. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.02.007"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.02.007</span></a></li>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
			
		</div>
	</body>
</html>
