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			<p class="Type-of-Article">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article">Research Article</p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1"><i>In Vitro</i> Efficacy of Medicinal Plant Material on the Inhibition of Development of Egg of <i>Ascaridia galli</i> </p>
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			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-2">Md. Shakhayet Hossain</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Anita Rani Dey</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2*</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Nurjahan Begum</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Md. Abdul Alim</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2"> </span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span>Agroni bank Ltd, Bandar branch, Chittagong; <span class="CharOverride-4">2</span>Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.</p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Abstract</span> | To determine the <span class="CharOverride-6">in vitro </span>efficacy of indigenous plants on the inhibition of development of eggs of<span class="CharOverride-6"> Ascaridia galli</span>, a study was carried out in the laboratory of Department of Parasitology from January to May, 2012. Leaves of five plants namely pineapple (<span class="CharOverride-6">Ananas comosus</span>), turmeric (<span class="CharOverride-6">Curcuma domestica</span>), akanda (<span class="CharOverride-6">Calotropis gigantea</span>), garlic (<span class="CharOverride-6">Allium sativum</span>) and custard apple (<span class="CharOverride-6">Annona reticulata</span>) were selected. Two different types of preparation such as fresh juice and dust material were used. Fresh leaves juice at 5%, 10% and 20% concentration and dust of leaves at 5%, 10% and 20% concentration were used for screening. Among the selected plants in all three concentrations of fresh juice of leaves, pineapple was the highest effective plant (86.9%) at 20% concentration followed by pineapple at 10% concentration (84.0%), garlic at 5% concentration (81.8%), turmeric at 20% concentration (78.9%), pineapple at 5% concentration (78.9%), turmeric at 10% concentration (73.9%), garlic at 10% concentration (73.0%). Among the plants in all concentrations of dust of leaves, pineapple at 20% concentration (76.9%) was observed as the best plant followed by akanda at 5% concentration (75.0%) and turmeric at 20% concentration (73.3%). The present study suggests that pineapple, turmeric and garlic leaves are effective and can be used against the development of eggs of<span class="CharOverride-6"> A. galli</span>. So, further studies are required to determine the side effects of these plants and determine the recommended doses in poultry.</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Keywords </span>| <span class="CharOverride-6">In vitro</span>, Efficacy, Medicinal plant, <span class="CharOverride-6">Ascaridia galli</span></p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Editor</span> | Muhammad Imran Rashid, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Received</span> | December 08, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Revised</span> | March 09, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Accepted </span>| March 10, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Published</span> | April 07, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">*Correspondence</span> | Anita Rani Dey, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; <span class="CharOverride-5">Email:</span> anitadey.dpp.vet@gmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Citation</span> | Hossain MS, Dey AR, Alim MA, Begum N (2015). <span class="CharOverride-21">In vitro</span> efficacy of medicinal plant material on the inhibition of development of egg of <span class="CharOverride-21">Ascaridia galli</span>. J. Adv. Parasitol. 2(1): 5-10.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">DOI </span>| <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jap/2015/2.1.5.10"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jap/2015/2.1.5.10</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5">ISSN</span> | 2311–4096 </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Copyright</span> © 2015 Hossain et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">INTRODUCTION</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">A</span><span class="CharOverride-6">scaridia </span><span class="CharOverride-6">galli </span>is one of the most common parasitic roundworms of poultry that occurs in chickens and turkey (<a href="#Permin-A--1997-"><span class="Hyperlink">Permin, 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Soulsby-EJL--1982-"><span class="Hyperlink">Soulsby, 1982</span></a>; <a href="#Anderson-RC--1992-."><span class="Hyperlink">Anderson, 1992</span></a>). Embryonated eggs of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli</span> are very hardy and under laboratory conditions may live for two years in ordinary conditions. However, few probably live more than one year (<a href="#Matter-F--Oester-H--1989-"><span class="Hyperlink">Matter and Oester, 1989</span></a>). Disinfectants and other cleaning agents do not kill eggs under farm conditions and chickens become infected by eating infective eggs containing L3 (<a href="#Permin-A--1997-"><span class="Hyperlink">Permin, 1997</span></a>). Chemical anthelmintics have long been considered the only effective way of controlling this parasitic infection. Available drugs remove only the adult parasite and also some serious disadvantages of using manufactured drugs have become evident in the world, such as drug resistance, food residues and environmental pollution. A general stagnation in the development of conventional medicine has led to an increased need for research into alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment and control of helminth infections. Medicinal plants have been used to combat parasitism, and in many parts of the world are still used for this purpose (<a href="#Athanasiadou-S--Githiori-J--Kyriazakis-I--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Athanasiadou et al., 2007</span></a>). In ethno-veterinary medicine, which draws inspiration from traditional practice, there seems to be a range of plant/s or plant extract suitable for treating almost every parasitic disease of livestock and poultry. </p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">It is estimated that more than 20,000 species of plants are used medicinally throughout the world for controlling diverse disease (<a href="#Jeyathilakan-N--Murali-K--Anandaraj-A--Basith--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Jeyathilakan et al., 2012</span></a>). Pineapple, turmeric, akanda, garlic and custard apple are the medicinal plants available in Bangladesh those have anthelmintic activity (<a href="#Anthony-JP--Fyfe-L--Smith-H--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Anthony et al., 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Kiuchi-F--Goto-Y--Sugimoto-N--Akao-N--Kondo-K--Tsuda-Y--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kiuchi et al., 1993</span></a>; <a href="#Patra-G--Lyngdoh-WM--Ali-MA--Prava-M--Chanu-KV-Tolenkhomba-TC--Das-G--Prasad-H--Devi-LI--Devi-IK--20"><span class="Hyperlink">Patra et al., 2010</span></a>). The active compound of garlic is allicin which is an organosulfur compound (<a href="#Miron-T--Rabinkov-A--Mirelman-D--Wilchek-M--Weiner-L--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Miron et al., 2000</span></a>). The pharmacological activity of turmeric has nematocidal (<a href="#Kiuchi-F--Goto-Y--Sugimoto-N--Akao-N--Kondo-K--Tsuda-Y--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kiuchi et al., 1993</span></a>). Treatment with allicin from garlic is effective against <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli</span> in chicken (<a href="#Velkers-FC--Dieho-K--Pecher-FWM--JCM-Vernooij--van-Eck-JHH--Landman-WJM--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Velkers et al., 2011</span></a>). <span class="CharOverride-6">In vitro </span>and <span class="CharOverride-6">in vivo </span>screening of plant materials as anthelmintic against adult <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>has been done throughout the world with the aim of controlling <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli in</span> poultry. But eggs generally have a long survival rate in the environment, and thus a high infection potential. So, the present study will have a great importance in controlling <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>in chickens, as this work will be a stand point to control <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>by inhibiting the development of eggs using available indigenous plants and thus reducing the infection. Therefore, this research plan was designed with a view to evaluate the efficacy of some plant materials on the inhibition of development of eggs of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>eggs and also to compare the efficacy of the fresh juice and dust of leaves of candidate plants against development of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>eggs. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">MATERIALS AND METHODS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The study was conducted from January May, 2012 in the laboratory of the Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM- ParaOverride-1">Preparation of Plant Materials for Experiment</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3">Selection of Plants Used in this Experiment</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Five plants namely pineapple (<span class="CharOverride-6">A. comosus</span>), turmeric (<span class="CharOverride-6">C. domestica</span>), akanda (<span class="CharOverride-6">C. gigantea</span>), garlic (<span class="CharOverride-6">A. sativum</span>) and custard apple (<span class="CharOverride-6">A. reticulata</span>) were selected on the basis of their ethnomedical uses for screening.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3">Processing of Leaves</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">After collection, leaves were separated from the plants and washed thoroughly in running tap water. The dust and juice of leaves used in this study were processed. For the preparation of fresh juice, the fresh leaves were cut into small pieces and water was added at 1:1 ratio in a kitchen blender. Then juice were made by blending the leaves for 2-3 minutes and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C to maintain the quality of active ingredients of juice. For the preparation of dust, the leaves were dried in the shade at room temperature and then they were dried in the oven at 55-60°C. The dried leaves were cut into small pieces and pulverized with a blender. A 25mm mesh diameter sieve was used to obtain the fine dust, after then dust was preserved in airtight plastic container until they were directly used in litter materials for screening and preparation of aqueous.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM- ParaOverride-1">Collection and Maintenance of Eggs of <span class="CharOverride-1">A. galli</span> </p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3">Collection of Eggs o<span class="CharOverride-1">f A. galli</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">At first, intestines were collected from indigenous chickens slaughtered in the nearby market at BAU campus and brought to the laboratory. Then, adult <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>were collected from small intestine following a standard method (<a href="#Fowler-NG--1990-"><span class="Hyperlink">Fowler, 1990</span></a>). Female parasites were identified under microscope and separated from males. Eggs were recovered by grinding the female parasites with pestle and mortar by adding 5 ml PBS. These fresh eggs were used for the experiment.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM- ParaOverride-1">Treatment of Egg-PBS Suspension with Plant Materials</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Treatment of eggs with fresh leaves juice: </span>Petri dishes were used for the treatment which were properly washed, dried and then labeled. PBS was used as media for this trial and 10 ml of total volume were made for each trial as in <a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a>. Upper meniscus of total 10 ml volume of suspension in all petridishes was marked by permanent ink. Fresh leaves juices were used as 5%, 10% and 20% and for control, one petridish with egg-PBS suspension retained without treatment. The petridishes were kept at room temperature for 20 days. Petri dishes were placed at a large tray and moist cotton was used under the petri dishes to prevent desiccation. All petri dishes were covered in same manner; about half of the petri dishes were kept open to allow aeration for development of eggs. Continuous monitoring of petri dishes had been done and the upper meniscus of fluid was maintained by adding PBS if necessary.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-1-"></a>Table 1: </span>Making of fresh leaves juice concentrations for trial</p>
			<table width="657" height="140" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Concentration (in %)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">                          Volume (in ml)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Fresh leaves Juice</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">PBS</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Egg-PBS suspension</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Total</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Control (0)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">0.5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8.5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text"><span class="CharOverride-5">Treatment of litter with dust: </span>Dust of each plant leaves were used at 10% and 20% concentrations.<span lang="en-US"> For making different preparations, 8g, 9g and 9.5g</span>, 5% of litter were mixed with 2g, 1g and 0.5g of dust for 20%<span lang="en-US">, 10% and 0.5%</span> concentration respectively. For each trial, total 10g of litter-dust mixture were kept in the medium sized petri dishes and 1 ml of egg-PBS suspensions were sprayed on each petri dish. For the control, only 10g of litter were sprayed with 1 ml of egg-PBS suspension. All petri dishes were kept at room temperature for 20 days and after then water was added with the mixture and sieved to remove litter. The filtrate was allowed to stand for 30 minutes for sedimentation of eggs. The supernatant was poured off and the sediment was washed for several times to make it clear. Finally the filtrate was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for five minutes and the sediment was taken on a clear slide to examine the eggs under microscope.   </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text"><span class="CharOverride-5">Examination of eggs for development of larvae: </span>Fresh juice and dust treated eggs were examined at 10<span class="CharOverride-4">th</span> day, 15<span class="CharOverride-4">th</span> day and 20<span class="CharOverride-4">th</span> day for the development of larvae within the eggs. Developed eggs were identified with the presence of larvae within egg and the movement of larvae. Both fresh/undeveloped and treated eggs were identified under microscope with high power objectives.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Determination of efficacy of plants: </span><span class="CharOverride-6">In vitro </span>screening of fresh leaves juice and dust of leaves of selected plants on the inhibition of development of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>eggs were done for their efficacy; and the plant/preparations were considered as effective having at least 70% efficacy.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Statistical Analysis</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6">In vitro </span>effects of different preparations of plant leaves were statistically analyzed with ANOVA technique to obtain the level of significance using MSTAT-C package programme developed by <a href="#Russell-DF--1986-."><span class="Hyperlink">Russell (1986)</span></a>. The mean differences were compared by /Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (<a href="#Gomez-KA--Gomez-AA--1984-"><span class="Hyperlink">Gomez and Gomez, 1984</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">RESULTS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Among the five selected plant, pineapple was the highest efficacious plant against the development of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>eggs at 20% concentration (86.9%) of fresh juice of leaves followed by pineapple at 10% concentration (84.0%), garlic at 5% concentration (81.8%), turmeric at 20% concentration (78.9%) (<a href="#Table-2"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>). From the present study, it is found that fresh leaves juice was more efficacious than the dust of leaves.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-"><span class="CharOverride-1">In vitro </span>Screening of Fresh Juice of Leaves</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3 ParaOverride-1">Efficacy of Fresh Leaves Juice at 5% Concentrations</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">During <span class="CharOverride-6">in vitro </span>screening of fresh leaves juice of five selected plants at 5% concentration, the highest efficacy in terms of inhibition of development of growth of larvae was found in garlic (81.8%) followed by pineapple (78.9%), turmeric (70.0%), akanda (69.2%) and custard apple (58.3%) (<a href="#Table-2"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3 ParaOverride-1">Efficacy of Fresh Leaves Juice at 10% Concentration</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">In case of investigation of efficacy of fresh leaves juice at 10% concentration, pineapple was found as most efficacious plant (84.0%) followed by turmeric (73.9%), akanda (73.0%), custard apple (71.4%) and garlic (63.1%) (<a href="#Table-2"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3 ParaOverride-1">Efficacy of Fresh Leaves Juice at 20% Concentration</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">At 20% concentration of fresh leaves juice, highest efficacy was found in pineapple (86.9%) followed by turmeric (78.9%), custard apple (72.0%), akanda (66.6%) and garlic  (65.0%) (<a href="#Table-2"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3 ParaOverride-1">Overall Performance of Fresh Leaves Juice</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Among the selected plants and in all three concentrations of fresh juice of leaves, pineapple was the highest efficacious plant against the development of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>eggs. Papaya was the second highest followed by akanda and garlic, whereas custard apple was the least efficacious. The efficacy of fresh juice of leaves of plants can be presented chronologically as: pineapple at 20% concentration (86.9%) &gt; pineapple at 10% concentration (84.0%) &gt; garlic at 5% concentration (81.8%) &gt; turmeric at 20% concentration (78.9%) &gt; pineapple at 5% concentration (78.9%) &gt; turmeric at 10% concentration (73.9%) &gt;garlic at 10% concentration (73.0%).  </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-"><span class="CharOverride-1">In vitro</span> Screening of Dust of Leaves</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3">Efficacy of Dust at 5% Concentration</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">At 5% concentration of dust of leaves, the highest efficacy was observed in akanda (75.0%), followed by turmeric (73.3%), pineapple (70.5%), garlic (64.2%) and custard apple (57.1%) (<a href="#Table-3"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3">Efficacy of Dust at 10% Concentration</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">At 10% concentration of dust of leaves, the highest efficacy was observed in pineapple and turmeric (71.4%), followed by akanda (60.0%), custard apple (53.8%) and garlic (50.0%) (<a href="#Table-3"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3">Efficacy of Dust at 20% Concentration</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In case of dust preparation of leaves at 20% concentration, the highest efficacy was found in the pineapple (76.9%), followed by turmeric (73.3%), akanda 69.2%), garlic  (66.6%) and custard apple (53.3%) (<a href="#Table-3"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-3">Overall Efficacy of Dust of Leaves</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Among the plants, in all concentrations of dust of leaves, Pineapple was observed as the best plant followed by akanda, turmeric, garlic and custard apple. Chronological distribution of efficacy of dust of plants leaves at different concentrations: pineapple at 20% concentration (76.9%) &gt; akanda at 5% concentration (75.0%) &gt; turmeric at 20% concentration (73.3%). In case of control group, less than 22% efficacy was found in all concentration of juice and dust preparation.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-2"></a>Table 2: </span>Efficacy of fresh leaves juice of five selected plants at 5%, 10% and 20% concentration against development of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>eggs</p>
			<table width="657" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-22" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-23">
						<td rowspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Name </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">plants</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="7">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">5% concentration</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">10% concentration</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">20% concentration</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-24">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Tot</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">al no. </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of egg </span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No.</span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> of </span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">dev</span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">el</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">op</span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">ed </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eg</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">gs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">unde</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">vel</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">oped </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2"><p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Effe</span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">cts aga</span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">inst dev</span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">elo</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">pm</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">ent</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> of</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> eggs </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Total no. </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of egg </span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. of developed eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. of </span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">undev</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eloped</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Effects against </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">devel</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">opment </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of eggs </span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Tot</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">al </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">no.</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> of egg </span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. of devel</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">oped </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">und</span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">ev</span><span class="CharOverride-11">e</span></p>
						  <p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">lo</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">ped </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Effects against develo</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">pment </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eggs</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td height="58" />
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Observation</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> at (days)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Observation at (days)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Observation at (days)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Pine</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">apple</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">78.9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">21</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">84.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">86.9</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Turm</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eric</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">70.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">17</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">73.9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">78.9</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Aka</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">nda</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">69.2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">73.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">66.6</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Ga</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">rlic</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">81.8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">63.1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">65.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Cust</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">ard ap</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">ple</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">58.3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">21</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">71.4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">72.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Con</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">trol</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">17</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">11.7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">17</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">11.7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Level </span><span class="CharOverride-11">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">significance</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">**</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">**</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-17">In a column figures with same letter or without letter do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per DMRT); ** = Significant at 1% level of probability</span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-3"></a>Table 3: </span>Efficacy of dust of leaves of five selected plants against development at 5%, 10% and 20% concentration of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>eggs<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span></p>
			<table width="657" height="550" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-26" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-27" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-27" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-28" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-27" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-30">
						<td width="41" rowspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">Name </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">plants</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="7">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">5% concentration</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">10% concentration</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-10">20% concentration</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-31">
						<td width="25" rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">To</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">tal no. </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of egg </span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. of developed eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="31" rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No.</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">und</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">evel</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">oped</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="37" rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Effe</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">cts </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">on dev</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">elopm</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">ent </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eggs </span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="23" rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Tot</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">al </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">no. </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of egg</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. of developed eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="31" rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">und</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">evel</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">oped</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="33" rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Effe</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">cts</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> on </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">dev</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">elop</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">ment </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="23" rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">To</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">tal no. </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of egg</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. of developed eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="31" rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">No. </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">und</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">evel</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">oped</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> eggs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="81" rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Effects </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">on </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">develop</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">ment of </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eggs</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Observation at (days)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Observation at (days)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Observation at (days)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-32">
						<td width="34">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="32">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="24">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="24">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="22">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="24">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="24">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="22">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">20</span><span class="CharOverride-15">th</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Pine</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">apple</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">17</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">70.5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">71.4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">76.9</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Turm</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">eric</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">73.3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">71.4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">73.3</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Aka</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">nda</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">75.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">60.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">69.2</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Gar</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">lic</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">64.2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">50.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">66.6</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Cus</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">tard apple</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">57.1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">53.8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">53.3</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Con</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">trol</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">15.3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">16.6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">21.4</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">Level of</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11"> significance</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">**</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">**</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-11">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-17">In a column figures with same letter or without letter do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per DMRT); ** = Significant at 1% level of probability</span></p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">DISCUSSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">Pineapple (<span class="CharOverride-6">A. comosus</span>) is an important medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological spectrum. The active ingredient of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. comosus</span> is bromelian. The effect of bromelian (proteolytic enzyme) is to digest parasites (<a href="#Lechat-P--Bisseliches-F--Dechy-H--1978-."><span class="Hyperlink">Lechat et al., 1978</span></a>). In this experiment, highest efficacy of pineapple leaves was found in 20% juice (86.9%), followed by 10% juice (84.0%). These finding could be compared with the study of <a href="#Rahman-M--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rahman (2002)</span></a> who recorded the findings against gastro intestinal nematodes where juice of pineapple showed the best (86.00%) efficacy. <a href="#Patra-G--Lyngdoh-WM--Ali-MA--Prava-M--Chanu-KV-Tolenkhomba-TC--Das-G--Prasad-H--Devi-LI--Devi-IK--20"><span class="Hyperlink">Patra et al. (2010)</span></a> reported that the anthelmintic activity of pineapple is 85.0% after 20 days of treatment.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Curcumin is the main active constituent of turmeric which may cause death of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli</span> during <span class="CharOverride-6">in vitro</span> study (<a href="#Bazh-EK--El-Bahy-NM--2013-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bazh and El-Bahy, 2013</span></a>). Number of researchers reported the anthelmintic activity of turmeric (<span class="CharOverride-6">C. domestica</span>) against adult <span class="CharOverride-6">A.</span> <span class="CharOverride-6">galli </span>(<a href="#Akhtar-MS--Riffat-S--1985-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ahktar and Riffat, 1985</span></a>; <a href="#Ali-MA--2006-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ali, 2006</span></a>) and other helminths (<a href="#Rahman-M--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rahman, 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Hordegen-P--Hertzberg-H--Heilmann-J--Langhans-W--Maurer-V--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Hordegen et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Sharma-V--Walia-S--Kumar-J--Nair-MG--Parmar-BS--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Sharma et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Mishra-V--Parveen-N--Singhal-KC--Khan-NU--2004"><span class="Hyperlink">Mishra et al., 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Githiori-JB--Hoglund-J--Waller-PJ--Baker-RL--2004-."><span class="Hyperlink">Githiori et al., 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Chandrawathani-P--Chang-KW--Nurulaini-R--Waller-PJ--Adnan-M--Zaini-CM--Jamnah-O--Khadijah-S--Vincent"><span class="Hyperlink">Chandrawathani et al., 2006</span></a>; <a href="#Szewczuk-VD--Mongelli-ER--Pomilio-AB--2006"><span class="Hyperlink">Szewczuk et al., 2006</span></a>). In this experiment, highest efficacy of turmeric leaves was found in 20% juice (78.9%), followed by 10% juice (73.9%) and dust at 20% concentration (73.3%). These findings indicated that turmeric leaves have better efficacy on the inhibition of development of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>eggs in juice preparation than dust. <a href="#Rahman-M--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rahman (2002)</span></a> recorded the highest efficacy (100%) of turmeric leaves in alcoholic extract whereas aqueous extract have the lower efficacy (92.0%) against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The active ingredient of garlic (<span class="CharOverride-6">A. sativum</span>) is allicin. Allicin is readily permeable through phospholipid membranes (<a href="#Oommen-S--Anto-RJ--Srinivas-G--Karunagaran-D--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Oommen et al., 2004</span></a>) and affects helminthes by altering the body surface of helminthes (<a href="#Shalaby-HA--Farag-TK--2014-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shalaby and Farag, 2014</span></a>). In this study, garlic leaves showed efficacy at 5% juice (81.8%), followed by 5% dust (64.2%), 10% juice (63.1%) and 10% dust (50.0%) against <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli</span>. These records have close agreements with study of <a href="#Murdiati-TB--Beriajaya--Adiwinata-G--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Murdiati et al., (1997)</span></a>, <a href="#Lamtiur-L--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Lamtiur (2000)</span></a> and <a href="#Rahman-M--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rahman (2002)</span></a> that proved the anthelmintics efficacy against <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli. </span>These findings have also similarities with the study of <a href="#Kumar-D--Mishra-S--Tripathi-HC--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Kumar et al (1991)</span></a> who compared <span class="CharOverride-6">in vitro </span>effects of BITC (benrylisothiocyanate), an anthelmintic principle of garlic with mebendazole against <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli </span>and found effective.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The leaves of <span class="CharOverride-6">C. gigantea</span> (Akanda) are used as a vermicide. The active component of <span class="CharOverride-6">C. gigantea</span> is calotropain. This proteolytic enzyme can digest parasites (<a href="#Lechat-P--Bisseliches-F--Dechy-H--1978-."><span class="Hyperlink">Lechat et al., 1978</span></a>). The efficacy of leaves of akanda is determined in this experiment. The leaves of akanda revealed the maximum efficacy against eggs of <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli</span> at 5% dust (75.0%) followed by 10% <span lang="en-US"> juice (73.0% and 69.2%) both at 10% juice and 20% dust concentration.</span>. These records is more or less similar with  the findings of <a href="#Lal-J--Chandra-S--Raviprakash-V--Sabir-M--1976-."><span class="Hyperlink">Lal et al. (1976)</span></a> and <a href="#Ali-MA--2006-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ali (2006)</span></a> who studied the anthelmintic efficacy of akanda against adult <span class="CharOverride-6">A. galli</span> as well as other helminthes. Similarly, <a href="#Rahman-M--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rahman (2002)</span></a> recorded the efficacy of akanda in aqueous (67%) and ethanol extract (79%) against gastro intestinal nematodes <span class="CharOverride-6">in vivo. </span>These findings are partially agreed with percentage of efficacy of present study, though present study recommends the plants as effective which have at least 70% efficacy. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Preliminary phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloid, acetogenin, flavonoids, stenoid and triterpenoids in <span class="CharOverride-6">A. reticulata</span> (<a href="#Krishnadev-N--Meleth-AD--Chew-E--2010-"><span class="Hyperlink">Krishnadev et al., 2010</span></a>). Previous studies reported that alkaloid is responsible for the paralysis of earthworm. Tannin might have anthelmintic activity by binding with free proteins in gastrointestinal tract of earthworm and cause death (<a href="#Tiwari-P--Kumar-B--Kaure-M--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Tiwari et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Rubini-D--Suhahar-D--Anandarangopal-K--2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Rubini et al., 2012</span></a>). Dust powder of custard apple was found 57.1% and 53.3% effective at 5% and 10% concentration respectively. These results could be compared with the findings of <a href="#Chakraborty-D--Anisuzzaman--Shanta-IS--Dey-AR--Begum-N--Mondal-MMH--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Chakraborty et al. (2008)</span></a> who recorded the efficacy (77.0%) of custard apple leaves against sporulation of <span class="CharOverride-6">Eimeria tenella </span>oocysts. According to <a href="#Bhale-S--Tuse-T--Jadhav-G--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Bhale et al. (2011)</span></a>, methanolic extract of leaves of custard apple have a potent anthelmintic activity.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONCLUSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">It is concluded that among five plants and different preparations, pineapple, turmeric and akanda were found effective. But <span lang="en-US">they can not be used directly, as many microbes multiply in moist liter. So further </span>studies are therefore needed to find out the side effects of these plants and determine the recommended doses in poultry.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Authors express special thanks to respected teachers in the department of Parasitology for their kind help. </p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONFLICT OF INTEREST </p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The authors state no conflict of interest. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">REFERENCES</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			
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