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			<p class="Type-of-Article">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Case Report</span></p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Histopathological and Parasitological Study of Blood-Sucking Haemonchus contortus Infection in Sheep</p>
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			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-3">Mani Saminathan</span><span class="CharOverride-4">1*</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Arumugam Gopalakrishnan</span><span class="CharOverride-4">2</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Annamalai Latchumikanthan</span><span class="CharOverride-4">3</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Arockiasamy Arun Prince Milton</span><span class="CharOverride-4">4</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Manivasagam Aravind</span><span class="CharOverride-4">3</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Kuldeep Dhama</span><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span><span class="CharOverride-3">, Rajendra Singh</span><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">1</span>Division of Pathology; <span class="CharOverride-5">2</span>Division of Medicine; <span class="CharOverride-5">3</span>Division of Parasitology; <span class="CharOverride-5">4</span>Division of Veterinary<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly (UP) – 243122, India.</p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6">Abstract</span> | <span class="CharOverride-7">Haemonchus contortus</span> is a most prevalent, highly pathogenic and economically important nematode of small ruminants. A 10 months old non-descript, female sheep was presented with the history of <span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">anorexia, weight loss and voiding dark colour diarrheic faeces. On clinical examination revealed severe emaciation, lateral recumbent position, and </span>pale and anaemic <span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">mucous membranes. Post mortem examination revealed </span>pale, hide bound carcass and gelatinization of subcutaneous fat. Internal organs were pale, hydrothorax and ascites were noticed. <span class="A1 CharOverride-9">Liver was s</span>wollen, hard and multiple different sized calcified nodules were found. Multiple tiny cysts were present in spleen. Abomasal mucosa showed severe congestion, pin point petechial haemorrhages, watery bloody contents with numerous minute hair like <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus</span> worms. Small intestinal mucosa was congested and petechial to ecchymotic haemorrhages were noticed. Caecal mucosa was congested; pin-point haemorrhages and few whipworms were found. Histopathological examination revealed haemorrhages, edema, desquamation and eosinophilic infiltration in the abomasal villi. <span class="A1 CharOverride-9"> </span>Spleen showed hemosiderosis and encapsulated cyst with homogenous eosinophilic material lined by thick fibrous wall. Liver showed bile duct hyperplasia, degeneration of hepatocyte and mononuclear cell infiltration. Glomerulus showed eosinophilic protenacious edematous fluid and atrophy of the glomeruli. Parasitological examination revealed numerous <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus</span> eggs (+++) and adult female was identified by presence of vulval flap and adult male by presence of spicules, ‘Y’ shaped dorsal rays and copulatory bursa. <span lang="en-US">The present study clearly describes the clinical signs, gross lesions, histopathological changes of haemonchosis and parasite morphology which perfectly correlates with the pathogenesis of </span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-US">H. contortus.</span></p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6">Keywords </span>| <span class="CharOverride-7">Haemonchus contortus</span>, Abomasum, Sheep, Histopathology, Parasitological examination</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-11">Editor</span> | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Received</span> | December  20, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-6">Revised</span> | January 03, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-6">Accepted</span> | January 04, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-6">Published</span> | January 12, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">*Correspondence</span> | Mani Saminathan, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India; <span class="CharOverride-6">Email:</span> drswamyvet@gmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Citation</span> | Saminathan M, Gopalakrishnan A, Latchumikanthan A,  Milton AAP, Aravind M, Dhama K, Singh R (2015). Histopathological and parasitological study of blood-sucking Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3(2): 99-108.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-11">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.10.557.564"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.2.99.108</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">(</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">Online</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">) | 2307-8316; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6" lang="en-US">(Print) </span> | 2309-3331</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-11">Copyright </span>© 2015 Saminathan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">S</span>mall <span class="CharOverride-8">ruminants plays major role in the maintenance of rural farmer’s family stability by providing cash income through milk, meat, skin and wool (</span><a href="#Lateef-M--Iqbal-Z--Jabba-A--Khan-MN--Akhtar-MS--2005"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Lateef et al., 2005</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">). </span><span class="CharOverride-14">Haemonchus contortus</span><span class="CharOverride-8"> commonly known as twisted stomach worm or barber pole worm, is a most pathogenic blood- sucking gastrointestinal nematode found in the abomasum of small ruminants (</span><a href="#Mortensen-LL--Williamson-LH--Terrill-TH--Kircher-R--Larsen-M--Kaplan-RM--2003"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Mortensen et al., 2003</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">), notably sheep and goat; but </span><span class="CharOverride-14">H. placei </span><span class="CharOverride-8">is usually affect cattle. These nematodes are economically most significant because it causes insidious loss of production, weight loss and even mortality in lambs (</span><a href="#Fentahun-T--Luke-G--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Fentahun and Luke, 2012</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">) and important emerging anthelmintic resistance parasite (</span><a href="#Mortensen-LL--Williamson-LH--Terrill-TH--Kircher-R--Larsen-M--Kaplan-RM--2003"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Mortensen et al., 2003</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">). These parasites are more prevalent in the tropical and warmer temperate countries, particularly where there is good rainfall in the summer season (</span><a href="#Sissay-MM--Uggla-A--Waller-PJ--2007"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Sissay et al., 2007</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">; </span><a href="#Sant-n-Dur-n-M--Alunda-JM--Hoberg-EP--de-la-Fuente-C--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Santín-Durán et al., 2008</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">; </span><a href="#Qamar-MF--Maqbool-A--Khan-MS--Ahmad-N--Muneer-MA--2009"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Qamar et al., 2009</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">). The acute and debilitating form of disease is most commonly seen in young animals while adult animals are resistant to infection (</span><a href="#Onyenwe-IW--Onwe-C--Onyeabor-A--Onunkwo-JI--2005"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Onyenwe et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-14"> </span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">2005</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">; </span><a href="#Sant-n-Dur-n-M--Alunda-JM--Hoberg-EP--de-la-Fuente-C--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Santín-Durán et al., 2008</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">). </span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">The most common clinical signs are failure to thrive, weight loss, anemia, hypoproteinemia, sub-mandibular edema (bottle jaw), ascites, diarrhea, lethargy and death (</span><a href="#Kelkele-FA--Tolossa-YH--Kassa-GM--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Kelkele et al., 2012</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">; </span><a href="#Tehrani-A--Javanbakht-J--Jani-M--Sasani-F--Solati...-2012"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-8">Tehrani et al., 2012</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">). </span></p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">Adult </span>male worms are 10-20 mm long and uniformly reddish-brown in colour and <span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">f</span>emale worms are 18-30 mm long and are easily identified by the ‘barber pole’ appearance of the white ovaries and uteri twisting for the length of the worm around a red blood-filled intestine (<a href="#Love-SC--Hutchinson-GW--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Love and Hutchinson, 2003</span></a>). The adult worms and fourth stage (L4) larvae are <span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">the vigorous blood-sucking nematodes, </span>movement of the worm causes wounds and secretion of anti-coagulants causes continuous haemorrhage from the abomasal wall results in <span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">severe anemia </span>and reduced productivity <span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">in acute condition (</span><a href="#Tehrani-A--Javanbakht-J--Jani-M--Sasani-F--Solati...-2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Tehrani et al., 2012</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">). Each worm </span>can suck about 0.05 ml blood per day in sheep <span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">(</span><a href="#Burke-JM--Kaplan-RM--Miller-JE--Terrill...2007"><span class="Hyperlink">Burke et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Ijaz-M--Khan-MS--Avais-M--Ashraf-K--Ali-MM--Khan-MZU--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Ijaz et al., 2009</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">). Therefore in acute condition animals may be found dead without showing any clinical signs. However in chronic condition animals show pale conjunctivae and mucous membranes, diarrhea, lethargy, muscular weakness, and edema particularly on lower mandibular region and lesser extend to ventral abdomen. T</span>he diagnosis of haemonchosis is usually based upon clinical signs and faecal examination (<a href="#Getachew-T--Dorchies-P--Jacquiet-P--2007"><span class="Hyperlink">Getachew et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Tehrani-A--Javanbakht-J--Jani-M--Sasani-F--Solati...-2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Tehrani et al., 2012</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A 10 months old non-descript, female emaciated sheep was brought to <span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">Clinics of Medicine, IVRI with the history of anorexia, weight loss, and dark colour diarrheic feces voiding for past 2 days and the animal was treated by local veterinarian. On clinical examination, sheep was found to be weak, severe emaciation, lateral recumbent position and pale conjunctival mucous membrane. The animal was died after treatment and sent for Post mortem examination Facility, Division of Pathology, IVRI.</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A well detailed post mortem examination of sheep was conducted to know the cause of the death. First, the animal was examined carefully on the external surface of the body and the internal organs were examined, and the organs showing macroscopic lesions were systematically recorded. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The affected organs such as pieces of abomasum and intestine were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for histo-pathological examination. Other organs like liver, spleen, lung, kidney, heart, lymph node and brain were also collected in 10% NBF. Feces were collected in suitable container in normal saline for identification of eggs. Parasites were collected 10% NBF for specific parasitic species identification.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			
            <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200412.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200412.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-1-"></a>Figure 1</span>: Hind-quarter of the animal is soiled with faeces due to diarrhoea, gaping of the anus and loss of lustre of hairs </p>
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			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">It is based on differences in specific gravity of parasite eggs and that of fecal debris. Two gram of the fecal sample was taken in cylinder and 10 ml of flotation solution (saturated salt solution; specific gravity-1.27) was added. An emulsion was made by mixing the flotation solution with the feces. The fecal emulsion was strained through a metal tea strainer into second container and is poured into a 15 ml centrifuge tube. The flotation solution was added until a meniscus is formed in a test tube. A glass cover slip is placed over the meniscus and allowed to remain for 10-15 minutes. The cover slip was removed and placed liquid side down, on a glass slide. The slides were examined under the microscope in low power (10X) for screening of entire area and then high power (40X) objective lens can be used to confirm a diagnosis.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			
            <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200614.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200614.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-2-"></a>Figure 2</span>: Buccal and conjunctival mucous membranes were pale and anaemic </p>
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            <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201617.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201617.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-3-"></a>Figure 3</span>: Carcass was pale in colour, hide bound condition, gelatinization of subcutaneous (SC) fat and SC fat was not in appropriate amount </p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201618.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201618.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-4-"></a>Figure 4</span>: Hydrothorax (green arrow) and ascites (red arrow) due to hypoproteinemia </p>
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			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The worms were washed in normal saline solution and processed with lactophenol solution for optimum clearing. Worms were identified under low power microscope based on the standard taxonomical keys provided by <a href="#Soulsby-EJL--1982-"><span class="Hyperlink">Soulsby (1982)</span></a>.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Tissue samples of 1 to 2 mm thickness were dehydrated in graded alcohol and cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin blocks. The 4-5 µ thick serial sections were taken with rotator microtome on clean grease free slides and subjected for haematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining (<a href="#Luna-G--1968-."><span class="Hyperlink">Luna, 1968</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Nutritional status of cadaver was poor (emaciated), dry skin and loss of luster of hairs were noticed. Hind-quarter of the animal is soiled with faeces due to diarrhea and gaping of the anus were noticed (<a href="#Figure-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1</span></a>). Conjunctival, buccal and vaginal mucous membrane were pale and anemic condition (<a href="#Figure-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 2</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The carcass was pale in colour and hide bound condition (<a href="#Figure-3--C"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 3</span></a>). Gelatinization of subcutaneous fat was noticed and subcutaneous fat was not in appropriate amount. The prescapular lymph node was pale, edematous and gelatinization of fat around the lymph node was noticed. The thoracic cavity contains approximately 500 ml of fluid (<a href="#Figure-4--H"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 4</span></a>). The abdominal cavity was filled with straw yellow colour fluid (approx. 500-750 ml) (<a href="#Figure-4--H"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 4</span></a>). Internal organs were pale in colour. The Lungs were appeared pale and emphysematous and heart was pale and gelatinization of epicardial fat was noticed (<a href="#Figure-5-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 5</span></a>). Abomasal mucosa was severely congested and showed numerous pin point petechial haemorrages<span class="A1 CharOverride-21">.</span> Numerous minute hair like haemonchous worms (+++) were present in the abomasums (<a href="#Figure-6-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 6</span></a>). Abomasal contents were watery and partially covered with free blood. Small intestinal mucosa was congested, watery contents, pin-point to ecchymotic hemorrhages (<a href="#Figure-8--S"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 8</span></a>) while serosa was pale in colour (<a href="#Figure-7-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 7</span></a>) and thickened intestinal wall was noticed. Mesenteric lymph node was enlarged, edematous and pale in color (<a href="#Figure-7-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 7</span></a>). Caecal mucosa was congested; pin-point hemorrhages and few whipworms were attached with mucosa (+) (<a href="#Figure-9-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 9</span></a>). Multiple tiny cysts filled with straw yellow colour fluid were present in the left lateral border of the spleen (<a href="#Figure-10-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 10</span></a>). Liver was swollen with rounded borders, hard in consistency and multiple different size calcified masses were noticed on the surface which had produced hard and gritty sound while cutting (<a href="#Figure-11-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 11</span></a>). Gall bladder was distended with bile and thickening of wall was noticed. Kidneys were pale  in color and congested cortico-medullary junction.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			
            <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201820.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201820.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-5-"></a>Figure 5</span>: Lungs were pale and emphysematous and heart was pale and gelatinization of epicardial fat </p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112205621.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112205621.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-6-"></a>Figure 6</span>: Abomasal mucosa was severely congested; pin point petechial haemorrhages and numerous minute hair like <span class="CharOverride-7">Haemonchus contortus </span>worms (green arrows) were present </p>
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            <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112204524.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112204524.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-7-"></a>Figure 7: </span>Intestine was pale in colour due to anaemia. Mesenteric lymph node was enlarged, edematous and pale in color </p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112202126.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112202126.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-8-"></a>Figure 8: </span>Small intestinal mucosa was congested, petechial to ecchymotic haemorrhages, thickened intestinal wall and watery intestinal contents </p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112205826.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112205826.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-9-"></a>Figure 9: </span>Caecal mucosa was congested; pin-point hemorrhages and few whipworms (arrow) were attached with mucosa </p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200329.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200329.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-10-"></a>Figure 10: </span>Multiple tiny cysts filled with straw yellow colour fluid were present in the left lateral border of the spleen </p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201530.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201530.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-11-"></a>Figure 11: </span>Liver was swollen with rounded borders, hard in consistency and multiple different size calcified masses (green arrows) were noticed </p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112204332.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112204332.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-12-"></a>Figure 12: </span>Numerous <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus</span> eggs- thin-shelled, oval shape with equal poles, edges mombate and morula not fully filled the cavities of the eggs </p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200934.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200934.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-13-"></a>Figure 13: </span>Whip worm (<span class="CharOverride-7">Trichuris ovis</span>) eggs- dark brown colour, thick-walled, barrel shape with unsegmented embryo and transparent polar plugs at both ends </p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112203336.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112203336.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-14-"></a>Figure 14: </span>Female <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus </span>worms- white uteri and ovaries winding around the red blood-filled intestine give a twisted or barber pole appearance </p>
       </div><br>
			
			
			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112202437.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112202437.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-15-"></a>Figure 15: </span>Anterior end of <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus </span>was characterized by small funnel shaped buccal capsule and spine like pair of cervical papillae </p>
       </div><br>
			
			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200239.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200239.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-16-"></a>Figure 16: </span> Posterior end of female <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus </span>was characterized by knob type vulval flap (blue arrow) which covers the vulva and the uteri are fully packed with oval eggs (green arrow) </p>
       </div><br>
       
			
			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200941.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200941.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-17-"></a>Figure 17: </span> Posterior end of male <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus- </span>copulatory bursa with well-developed asymmetrical dorsal lobes supported by inverted ‘Y’ shaped dorsal rays. Spicules are equal, short and end in knobs and are provided with barbs near the tip </p>
       </div><br>
			
			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201044.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112201044.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-18-"></a>Figure 18: </span> Abomasum showed haemorrhages, oedema, severe congestion of blood vessels in lamina propria and desquamation in the apical border of the villi </p>
       </div><br>
			
			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200946.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112200946.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-19-"></a>Figure 19: </span> Prominent eosinophilic infiltration in the mucous and gastric glands of abomasum and infiltration of mononuclear cells especially lymphocytes </p>
       </div><br>
			
			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112214117.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150112214117.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
  
    <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-20-"></a>Figure 20-27: </span> </p>
       </div><br>
			
            
            <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Figure-20-"></a>Figure 20:</span> Thickening of abomasal mucosa due to hyperplasia of mucous and gastric glands</p>
            <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Figure-21-"></a>Figure 21:</span> Small intestine showed highly congested capillaries in sub mucosa and thickened muscular layer</p>
			
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Figure-22-"></a>Figure 22:</span> Spleen showed hemosiderosis (green arrows), depletion of red bulb area and prominent trabeculae</p>
			
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Figure-23--S"></a>Figure 23:</span> Spleen contains encapsulated cyst with homogenous eosinophilic material and cyst is lined by thick fibrous wall</p>
			
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Figure-24-"></a>Figure 24:</span> Prescapular lymph node showed severe depletion of lymphocyte in both cortical and medullary region and prominent trabeculae</p>
			
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Figure-25-"></a>Figure 25:</span> Liver showed mild bile duct hyperplasia, narrowing of bile duct lumen, degeneration of hepatocyte and mononuclear cell infiltration especially lymphocytes</p>
            <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Figure-26-"></a>Figure 26:</span> Liver showed homogenous basophilic calcified mass (black arrows) which lined by thick fibrous capsule (green arrows)</p>
			
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Figure-27-"></a>Figure 27:</span> Glomerulus showed eosinophilic protenacious edematous fluid and mild degenerative changes in the epithelium. Inset showing atrophy of the glomeruli</p>
            
            
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
          <p class="Body-Text">Numerous <span class="CharOverride-7">Haemonchus contortus</span> eggs (+++) of thin-shelled, oval shape with equal poles, edges mombate and morula not fully filled the cavities of the eggs were identified (<a href="#Figure-12-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 12</span></a>). The eggs are approximately 70 – 85 µm in length and 41 - 48 µm in width. Few whip worm (<span class="CharOverride-7">Trichuris ovis</span>) eggs (+) of dark brown colored, thick-walled, barrel shape with unsegmented embryo, no blastomeres and transparent polar plugs at both ends were found (<a href="#Figure-13-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 13</span></a>). Adult <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus</span>  worms were identified based on morphology (<a href="#Soulsby-EJL--1982-"><span class="Hyperlink">Soulsby, 1982</span></a>).  Male <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus </span>worms are 10 to 20 mm long and are even reddish in colour. Female <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus</span> worms are 18 to 30 mm long and the white uteri and ovaries winding around the red blood-filled intestine give a twisted or barber pole appearance (<a href="#Figure-14-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 14</span></a>). The anterior end of <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus </span>was characterized by small funnel shaped buccal capsule, spine like pair of cervical papillae and transversely striated cuticle (<a href="#Figure-15-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 15</span></a>). Posterior end of female <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus </span>was characterized by vulval flap which covers the vulva and it is small cuticular knob type (<a href="#Figure-16"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 16</span></a>). The posterior end of male <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus </span>was characterized by copulatory bursa with well-developed asymmetrical dorsal lobes supported by inverted ‘Y’ shaped dorsal rays. Spicules are equal, short and end in knobs and are provided with barbs near the tip (<a href="#Figure-17-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figur</span><span class="Hyperlink">e 17</span></a>).</p>
          <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Lungs showed mild emphysema and cellular infiltration in inter alveolar septa. Heart showed separation and mild degeneration of cardiac muscle fibres due to edema.<span class="CharOverride-6"> </span>Abomasum showed hemorrhages, edema, severe congestion of blood vessels in lamina propria and desquamation in the apical border of abomasal villi (<a href="#Figure-18-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 18</span></a>)<span class="A1 CharOverride-21">. </span>Prominent eosinophilic infiltration in the mucous and gastric glands of abomasum and some even penetrated to the sub mucosa, and infiltration of mononuclear cells especially lymphocytes (<a href="#Figure-19-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 19</span></a>). Thickening of abomasal mucosa due to hyperplasia of mucous glands was noticed (<a href="#Figure-20-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 20</span></a>). Small intestine showed highly congested capillaries in sub mucosa and thickened muscular layer (<a href="#Figure-21-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 21</span></a>). Apical border of caecal villi was desquamated, mononuclear cell infiltration and congested blood vessels were noticed. Spleen showed thick capsule, <span lang="en-US">hemosiderosis, depletion of red bulb area and prominent trabeculae</span> (<a href="#Figure-22-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 22</span></a>). Spleen also contains encapsulated cyst with homogenous eosinophilic material and cyst is lined by thick fibrous wall (<a href="#Figure-23--S"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 23</span></a>). Prescapular lymph node showed thick capsule, prominent trabeculae and depletion of lymphocyte in both cortical and medullary region (<a href="#Figure-24-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 24</span></a>). Liver showed congestion, mild bile duct hyperplasia, narrowing of bile duct lumen, degeneration of hepatocyte and mononuclear cell infiltration (<a href="#Figure-25-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 25</span></a>). Liver also showed homogenous basophilic calcified mass, lined by thick fibrous capsule (<a href="#Figure-26-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 26</span></a>). Glomerulus showed eosinophilic protenacious edematous fluid, atrophy of the glomeruli and mild infiltration of mononuclear cells (<a href="#Figure-27-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 27</span></a>). Tubular epithelium showed edema, mild degenerative changes and congestion of intertubular blood vessels. Mild edema was noticed in brain. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text"><span class="CharOverride-7">Haemonchus contortus</span> is a major highly pathogenic and economically important gastrointestinal parasite of sheep and goats (<a href="#Mortensen-LL--Williamson-LH--Terrill-TH--Kircher-R--Larsen-M--Kaplan-RM--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Mortensen et al., 2003</span></a>) and causes high morbidity, mortality, decreased production and economic loss due to cost of treatment and control measures (<a href="#Githigia-SM--Thamsborg-SM--Munyua-WK--Maingi-N--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Githigia et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Getachew-T--Dorchies-P--Jacquiet-P--2007"><span class="Hyperlink">Getachew et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Qamar-MF--Maqbool-A--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Qamar and Maqbool, 2012</span></a>). In the study, gross lesions such as petechial haemorrhages <span class="A1 CharOverride-21">due to the attachment and feeding of the parasite, </span>and severe congestion in the abomasal mucosa were corresponded with the observation of <a href="#McKenna-PB--1998"><span class="Hyperlink">McKenna (1998)</span></a>. In the present study, the carcass was pale, hide bound condition; gelatinization of subcutaneous tissue and mucous membrane were pale and anemic. These findings were corresponded with the observation of <a href="#Courtney-CH--Parker-CF--McClure-KE--Herd-RP--1984"><span class="Hyperlink">Courtney et al. (1984)</span></a>, <a href="#Githigia-SM--Thamsborg-SM--Munyua-WK--Maingi-N--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Githigia et al. (2001)</span></a>, <a href="#Zacharias-F--Guimar-es-JE--Ara-jo-RR--Almeida-MA--Ayres-MC--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Zacharias et al. (2008)</span></a> and <a href="#Kelkele-FA--Tolossa-YH--Kassa-GM--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kelkele et al. (2012)</span></a>. The fluid was found t<span class="A1 CharOverride-21">hroughout of the body cavities such as hydrothorax and hydroperitoneum (ascites) due to secondary to</span><span class="A1 CharOverride-21">hypoproteinemia. </span>Eosinophils responsible for pathogenesis during helminthic infection and are considered as first line of defence against parasitic infection, especially, haemonchosis. Eosinophilic infiltration was observed in the present study, which was agreement with the observation of <a href="#Balic-A--Bowles-VM--Meeusen-EN--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">Balic et al. (2000)</span></a>. The possible pathogenic mechanism responsible for cause of death in haemonchosis is hemorrhagic anaemia, hypoproteinemia and oedema of dependent parts due to vigorous blood sucking by both 4<span class="CharOverride-5">th</span> stage larvae and adults (around 0.05 ml of whole blood/worm/day). To compensate the acute or chronic losses of plasma proteins and haemoglobin increased rate of RBC production occur results in depletion of iron stores leads to iron deficiency anaemia. In addition,  diarrhoea results in fluid loss and dehydration leads to hypovolaemic shock (<a href="#Scott-I--Dick-A--Irvine-J--Stear-MJ--McKellar-QA--1999"><span class="Hyperlink">Scott et al., 1999</span></a>; <span class="Hyperlink">Mir et al.,</span><a href="#Mir-RA--Chishti-MA--Zargar-H--Ganie-SA--2007"><span class="Hyperlink"> 2007</span></a><span class="CharOverride-12">; </span><a href="#Zacharias-F--Guimar-es-JE--Ara-jo-RR--Almeida-MA--Ayres-MC--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Zacharias et al., 2008</span></a><span class="CharOverride-12">; </span><a href="#Kelkele-FA--Tolossa-YH--Kassa-GM--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kelkele et al., 2012</span></a><span class="CharOverride-12">)</span><span class="CharOverride-24">.</span><span class="CharOverride-12"> Liver showed degeneration of hepatocyte and mononuclear cell infiltration which has cause hypoproteinemia, anemia, and finally hypoxia condition.</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Although fecal flotation examination is an important diagnostic tool to find out gastrointestinal parasitism, but <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">&#160;</span>eggs cannot be distinguished easily from other parasites of strongylids family. In the present study, numerous <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus</span> eggs (+++) and also few whip worm (<span class="CharOverride-7">Trichuris ovis</span>) eggs (+) were identified on the basis of morphology (<a href="#Soulsby-EJL--1982-"><span class="Hyperlink">Soulsby, 1982</span></a>). Adult female <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus</span> worm was identified based on vulval flap and male was identified by spicules and copulatory bursa. These findings were corresponded with the observation of <a href="#Valderrabano-J.-Delfa-R--Uriate-J--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Valderrabano et al. (2002)</span></a> and <a href="#Kumsa-B--Tolera-A--Abebe-R--2008-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kumsa et al. (2008)</span></a>.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONCLUSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-7">Haemonchus contortus </span>is an important blood-sucking nematode which has produce anemia and hypoproteinaemia in small ruminants <span class="A0 CharOverride-21">that may be fatal particularly to young animals. Anemia is the major feature responsible for pathogenesis </span>haemonchosis infection. <span class="A3 CharOverride-21">The </span>present study clearly describes the clinical signs, gross lesions of haemonchosis and their correlation with histopathological findings and parasitological examination. In the present study, cause of death due to specifically acute <span class="CharOverride-7">H. contortus</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">&#160;infection results in </span>hemorrhagic anaemia, hypoproteinemia, oedema of dependent parts, diarrhoea results in fluid loss and dehydration leads to hypovolaemic shock. The major activities for controlling haemonchosis infection includes rotational usage of different anti-helminthetic drugs, correct identification of parasitic species, correct usage of drug of choice, appropriate dosage of drug, change the grazing areas frequently to break the life cycle of parasite and rotational grazing methods.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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