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<h1 class="Hdr1">

Research Article


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Journal of Animal Health and Production 2 (2): 19 – 24


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<div>
<h2 class="Hdr2">

Gill Disease Caused by Thelohanellus bifurcata a Pathogenic Myxozoan Parasite in Cultured Indian Carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in Punjab, India

</h2>

<p class="p3">


<strong>Harpreet Kaur*</strong><span><sup>*</sup></span>, 

<strong>Anu Katoch</strong><span><sup></sup></span> 

</p>


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<div class="p4">


Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala –147002, India

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<div>        
  <p><span class="Author">*Corresponding author: harpreetbimbra@gmail.com</span></p>

</div>
<div id="ColorID"><p>
<span><b>ARTICLE CITATION:</b></span>
 
Kaur H, Katoch A (2014). Gill disease caused by Thelohanellus bifurcata basu and haldar, 1999 a pathogenic myxozoan parasite in cultured Indian carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in Punjab, India. J Anim. Health Prod. 2 (2): 19 – 24


<br>
<span><b>Received: </b></span>2014–05–28, <span><b>Revised: </b></span>2014–06–17, <span><b>Accepted: </b></span>2014–06–18<br>

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at 

(<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2014/2.2.19.24">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2014/2.2.19.24</a>)
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited </p>
</div>

<div>
     <h3 class="Hdr3">Abstract</h3>

    <p>
	
A myxozoan parasite, Thelohanellus bifurcata <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu1999" target="_self">Basu and Haldar, 1999</a> infecting gills of cultured major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822), rohu was collected from 4 fish farms in Patiala district (Punjab), India. The infection rate was 20% (3/15) and the age of the fishes examined was between 3–10 months. A total of 20–30% fish mortality was recorded which included young fish between the age of 3–4 months. Plasmodia were large, visible with naked eye, oval and creamish white in color enclosing 1000–1200 spores. Spores histozoic, large, elongate pyriform in shape, tapering anteriorly with a notch–like constriction at 3/4th of the spore body and were characterized in having anteriorly bifurcated polar capsule. In histopathological sections each plasmodium occupied almost 15–25% of the gill filament. The cavity of the plasmodium was filled with spores and cellular debris. The pathogenesis caused by T. bifurcata was evident in cultured carps as infection caused severe damage to the gills leading to total loss of its respiratory surface. According to their location on the gill filament the plasmodia were of two types i.e. intrafilamental vascular type (FV2) occupying the tip portion and intralamellar vascular type (LV3) occupying side of the gill filament. 
    </p>
 
</div>




<div>
  
  <h3 class="Hdr3">INTRODUCTION</h3>
    <p>
    
    
   Parasites and diseases are the serious factors in determining the success of aquaculture practices. In Punjab, fishes are generally cultured in large number in a limited area. In intensive and polyculture system, the fish pathogens can easily be transmitted through water and mud. In culture ponds, the myxosporidian infections are the most common causes of mortality thereby affecting fish production drastically. The pathological symptoms caused by myxozoan parasites have been studied by many workers such as <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Chakravarty1939" target="_self">Chakravarty (1939)</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Mitchell1977" target="_self">Mitchell (1977)</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kalavati1985" target="_self">Kalavati and Narasimhamurti (1985)</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Awal2001" target="_self">Awal et al., (2001)</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Molnar2002" target="_self">Molnar (2002)</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu2002" target="_self">Basu and Haldar (2002</a>,<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu2004" target="_self"> 2004</a>), <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Adriano2009" target="_self">Adriano et al., (2009)</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Chavda2010" target="_self">Chavda et al., (2010)</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Campos2011" target="_self">Campos et al., (2011)</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Raissy2011" target="_self">Raissy and Ansari  (2011)</a> and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2013" target="_self">Kaur et al., (2013)</a>. In aquaculture, all the three major carps namely, Labeo rohita Hamilton, Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton and Catla catla Hamilton have been found to be infected with myxozoan parasites (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Azevedo2010" target="_self">Azevedo et al., 2010</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Hemananda2009" target="_self">Hemananda et al., 2009</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Hemananda2012" target="_self">2012</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Manrique2012" target="_self">Manrique et al., 2012</a>). Gill and dermal lesions due to myxozoan infection have been reported in many states of India (Chakravarty, 1939; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Gupta1989" target="_self">Gupta and Khera, 1989</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Padma1992" target="_self">Padma Dorthy and Kalavati, 1992</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kalavati1992" target="_self">Kalavati and Vaidehi, 1992</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Mohan1995" target="_self">Mohan and Shanker, 1995</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kalavati2007" target="_self">Kalavati and Nandi, 2007</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Dar2013" target="_self">Dar, 2013</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2013" target="_self">Kaur et al., 2013</a>). Besides this, many species of myxosporean parasites were recorded from freshwater fishes of wetlands of Punjab (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2008" target="_self">Kaur and Singh, 2008</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2009" target="_self">2009</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2010a" target="_self">2010a</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2010b" target="_self">2010b</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2011a" target="_self">2011a</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2011b" target="_self">2011b</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2011c" target="_self">2011c</a>,<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2011d" target="_self"> 2011d</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2011e" target="_self">2011e</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2011f" target="_self">2011f</a>,<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2012a" target="_self"> 2012a</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kaur2012b" target="_self">2012b</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Singh2011" target="_self">Singh, 2011</a>). In Punjab, the aquaculture is an upcoming practice being taken up by many farmers as the natural stock declined and representing it as the fastest growing animal husbandry. Presently, the area under fish culture is 10856.6ha and number of farms are 8285. However, poor knowledge of the prevailing disease causing organisms and lack of proper management practices have led to the harmful effects on fish production (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Dhawan2006" target="_self">Dhawan, 2006</a>). Among myxosporidians, the two genera, Myxobolus and Thelohanellus have been recorded as the most common in aquaculture (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Sarkar1986" target="_self">Sarkar and Raychaudhuri, 1986</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Adriano2009" target="_self">Adriano et al., 2009)</a>. In the present study, T. bifurcata <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu1999" target="_self">Basu and Haldar, 1999 </a>has been recorded for the first time from a fish pond in Punjab (earlier was reported from Nanaghat, District Nadia, West Bengal). In the present study, T. bifurcata <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu1999" target="_self">Basu and Haldar, 1999</a> has been redescribed and its histopathology on the gills have been investigated in detail. </p>
  
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<h3 class="Hdr3">MATERIALS AND METHODS</h3>

<p>
<strong>Sample Origin</strong><br>
Fishes from 4 fish farms– Kuku Dala, Dhindsa, Nanoki and a Government fish farm located in district Patiala, Punjab were procured in live condition and brought to the laboratory for further investigation. Fishes ranged 25–30cm in length and were 8–10 months old. The selected ponds were polyculture having Labeo rohita Hamilton, Catla calta Hamilton, Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton, Ctenopharyngodon idellus Valenciennes and Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. The temperature of the pond water at the time of the collection was 30–32˚C. The organs such as gills, gut, eyes, fins, scales and skin were examined for infection. Infected organs were fixed in Bouin’s fixative for tissue location and histopathological studies.
</p>

<p>
<strong>Preparations of Slides</strong><br>
</p>


<p>
<strong>Fresh Spores (Temporary Preparations) </strong><br>
Each plasmodium was ruptured in normal saline (0.85%) with the help of a needle on a clean slide and examined under the light microscope for the presence of spores. Fresh spores were studied in Lugol’s iodine solution to confirm the presence of iodinophilous vacuole. Polar filament was extruded by treating the spores with 8% KOH.
</p>


<p>
<strong>Staining of Spores (Permanent Preparations</strong><br>

<ol>

<li><b>Fixation:</b> To make dry preparations thin smears were air dried, fixed in methanol and stained with Giemsa. In the case of permanent (wet) preparations, smears on clean slides were fixed in Schaudinn’s and Bouin’s fixatives</li>

<li><b>Staining:</b> The stains such as Heidenhain’s Iron–haematoxylin and modified Ziehl–Neelsen were used to study the detailed spore morphology (Figure 2a, b)</li>

</ol>
</p>


<p>
<strong>Histopathology</strong><br>
Infected gills were cut into small pieces and fixed in Bouin’s fixative. Tissue samples were dehydrated in ascending grades of ethanol, cleared in xylene, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 3–4µm thickness and stained with haematoxylin + eosin and Luna’s staining method (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Luna1968" target="_self">Luna, 1968</a>). In Luna’s method, the cysts stained bright red and rest of the gill tissue stained blue in color. This technique demonstrated the location of cysts within the gills and therefore was considered useful in histological diagnosis of the myxosporean parasites.
</p>
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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</h3>
<p>

<p>
<strong>Thelohanellus Bifurcata Basu and Haldar, 1999 (Tables: I, II)</strong><br>
</p>


<p>
<strong>Plasmodia</strong><br>
Large, creamish white, oval, present on the gill filament, 3–4 in number, measure 0.8–1.5x1.5–2mm in size, 1000–1200 spores per plasmodium (Figure 1).
</p>


<p>
<strong>Spore description (Table I)</strong><br>
(Measurements based on 7–8 spores in frontal view)<br>
The spores are histozoic, large, measure 33.66x8.98µm, elongate pyriform in valvular view, tapering anteriorly with bluntly pointed anterior end and a notch–like constriction at 3/4th of the spore body, and broad rounded at the posterior end. Shell valves thick, smooth, symmetrical measuring 0.883µm in thickness with slightly curved and distinct sutural line. Parietal folds are absent. Polar capsule is pyriform in shape measure 18.1x5.78µm, with bifurcated anterior end and rounded posterior end. Polar capsule  is situated anteriorly and occupies nearly half of the spore body cavity. Polar filament form 11–14 coils arranged perpendicular to the polar capsule axis and is thick, thread–like measuring 20µm in length when extruded. Sutural line is straight and distinct. Sporoplasm homogenous, granular occupies whole of the extracapsular space behind the polar capsule. An iodinophilous vacuole is present, measuring 4.78µm in diameter.
</p>

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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_447.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_447.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_447.png" target="new">Table 1: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_447.png"><span>Measurements (µm) and ratio of T. bifurcata Basu and Haldar, 1999</a></p>
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<div>
<p>
Taxonomic summary of T. bifurcata Basu and Haldar, 1999
Host	:Labeo rohita (Ham.) vern. rohu<br>
Locality	:Cultured farm, Patiala (Punjab)<br>
Site of infection	:gill filament (intralamellar and intrafilamental)<br>
Prevalence of infection	:20% (3/15)<br>
Pathogenicity	:highly pathogenic<br>
Fish mortality	:20–30%


<p>
<strong>Remarks</strong><br>
The present observations (LS/WS: 3.74) on T. bifurcata <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu1999" target="_self">Basu and Haldar, 1999</a> are in conformity with the original description (LS/WS: 3.78) (Table II), however, spore and polar capsule are smaller in size in the present species. T. bifurcata <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu1999" target="_self">Basu and Haldar, 1999</a> has been recorded for the first time from Punjab and histopathology has been done for the first time.  Earlier, T. bifurcata <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu1999" target="_self">Basu and Haldar, 1999</a> was reported as non pathogenic in the gill filaments of a hybrid of Labeo rohita and Catla catla (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kalavati2007" target="_self">Kalavati and Nandi, 2007</a>). The present study indicated extensive damage to the respiratory surface of the gills due to large sized plasmodia of T. bifurcata <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu1999" target="_self">Basu and Haldar, 1999</a> and hence proved to be highly pathogenic to the cultured fish.
</p>
</div>

<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_447.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_447.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_447.png" target="new">Table 2: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_447.png"><span>Comparative description of T. bifurcata Basu and Haldar, 1999 with original species(measurements are in micrometer)
</a></p>
</div> 


<div>
<p>
<strong>Histopathology</strong><br>
The present study indicated that T. bifurcata <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Basu1999" target="_self">Basu and Haldar, 1999</a> as highly pathogenic parasite of gills of cultured Labeo rohita. The plasmodia were large, creamish white cysts visible with naked eye. 3–4 plasmodia in each gill towards the lower side of the arch were present (Figure 1a). Histopathological sections indicated the presence of cysts in two locations on the gills, one at the tip of the gill filament and other below the tip on one side of it. In the region of location of the cysts on the gill filament caused complete loss of respiratory surface. Both the plasmodia occupied up to 15–25% of the total surface area of the gill filament. Plasmodia ranged 0.8–1.5mm x 1.5–2mm in size each enclosing 1000–1200 large sized spores.</p>

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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_447_447.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_447.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_447.png" target="new">Figure 1: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_447.png"><span>
</a></p>
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<p></p>

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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig2_447_447.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig2_447.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig2_447.png" target="new">Figure 2: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig2_447.png"><span>
</a></p>
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<div>
<p>
According to the location on the gill filament plasmodia were of two types and were classified as per <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Molnar2002" target="_self">Molnar (2002)</a>. The first type of plasmodium occupying the tip of the gill filament was intrafilamental vascular type (FV2). This was formed by the fusion of several plasmodia into a large, oval cyst, measuring 2.00x1.5mm in size located at the tip of the filament (Figure 4). The intrafilamental vascular (FV2) type of plasmodia of T. bifurcata occupied 15–20% of each gill filament. The size of the plasmodium exceeded the width of the gill filament. Several gill lamellae were fused and compressed resulting in reduction of the respiratory surface. The wall of the FV2 plasmodia was thick, made up of two layers, inner cytoplasmic measuring 0.0167mm and outer fibrous measuring 0.033mm in  thickness. The lumen of the plasmodium was filled with spores and cellular debris. 
The second type of plasmodia were large, oval shaped measuring 1.6x0.8mm in size and were intralamellar vascular type (LV3), localized in vascular tissue of the gill filament. (Figure 5). This type of plasmodium occupied side of the gill filament (below the tip) and caused destruction of several gill lamellae and majority of them were no longer discernible. In contrast to FV2 type of plasmodium, the wall of the LV3 was single layered made up of a thin cytoplasmic layer measuring 6µm in thickness. The cytoplasm of plasmodia was filled with debris due to destruction of vascular and cartilaginous tissue of the gill filament. Damage to the gills resulted in reduction of respiratory surface leading to severe stress due to lack of oxygen supply.
</p>


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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig3_447_447.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig3_447.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig3_447.png" target="new">Figure 3: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig3_447.png"><span>
</a></p>
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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig4_447_447.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig4_447.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig4_447.png" target="new">Figure 4: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig4_447.png"><span>
</a></p>
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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig5_447_447.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig5_447.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig5_447.png" target="new">Figure 5: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig5_447.png"><span>
</a></p>
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<p>
 During the present study, visible plasmodia were observed on the gill filament formed by T. bifurcata Basu and Haldar, occupying approximately 15–25% of the total filament, supply of blood is interrupted due to the formation of LV3 type of plasmodia within the gill filament. <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Adriano2009" target="_self">Adriano et al., (2009)</a> made similar observations that the presence of plasmodia affect the gill functions and drastically reduces the respiratory surface. <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Sanaullah1980" target="_self">Sanaullah et al., 1980</a> and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Dykova1988" target="_self">Dykova and Lom, 1988</a> also reported myxoboliasis caused by myxozoans in the gills of Catla catla and gible carp. According to them, infected carps exhibited hemorrhagic condition with necrotic changes in the epithelia and in the connective tissues of gills. Earlier, similar observation have also been made by <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#MacCraren1975" target="_self">MacCraren et al., (1975)</a> in gill infections of American catfish with Henneguya exilis, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kalavati1985" target="_self">Kalavati and Narasimhamuri (1985)</a> in Channa punctata, with Henneguya waltairensis and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Rukyani1990" target="_self">Rukyani (1990)</a> in carp with Myxobolus koi. According to <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Schulman1957" target="_self">Schulman (1957)</a> and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kalavati1985" target="_self">Kalavati and Narashimhamurti (1985)</a> rupturing of cysts can also lead to hemorrhages, sometimes resulting in considerable loss of blood as also seen in the present study. Histopathological study of the gills showed number of cysts and parasites in the gills with a slight hyperplasia of the cells and epithelium. Severe infection caused hyperplasia of the basal epithelial and goblet cells leading to increase in mucus production. The intrafilamental as well as intralamellar location of cysts was recorded to be associated with hyperplasia and inflammation. These cellular changes led to the fusion of adjoining secondary lamellae. Respiratory distress syndrome and suffocation of fishes due to myxozoan infection have also been observed by various workers such as <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Dykova1978" target="_self">Dykova and Lom (1978)</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Current1978" target="_self">Current and Janovy (1978)</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Shariff1982" target="_self">Shariff (1982)</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Bowser1985" target="_self">Bowser and Conroy (1985)</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Kalavati1985" target="_self">Kalavati and Narasimhamurti (1985)</a> and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Martins1997" target="_self">Martins et al., (1997)</a>.Some authors have also described severe lesions caused by various species of Myxobolus in carp leading to gill necrosis and gut degeneration (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Molnar1985" target="_self">Molnar and Kovacs–Gayer, 1985</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Dykova1988" target="_self">Dykova and Lom, 1988</a>). <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Barassa2003" target="_self">Barassa et al., (2003)</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Eiras2008" target="_self">Eiras et al., (2008</a>,<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Eiras2009" target="_self"> 2009</a>) and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Adriano2009" target="_self">Adriano et al., (2009)</a> reported the histological analyses of gills in-fected with myxozoan parasites revealed presence of numerous large cysts in the gill filaments, but no pronounced inflammatory response was found in the infection site as also evident from the present study. The structural alterations in the gills are similar to structural changes reported for other myxosporean species (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Feist2006" target="_self">Feist and Longshaw, 2006</a>). The wall of the plasmodia is double layered outer is fibrous and inner is cytoplasmic, similar observations were made by <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Casal2002" target="_self">Casal et al., (2002</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Casal2006" target="_self">2006</a>) but differed from single layered plasmodia studied by <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Current1979" target="_self">Current et al., 1979</a>. Gill infections by myxoporeans in farmed fish can cause significant tissue damage and occasionally death (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Martins1999" target="_self">Martins et al., 1999</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Adriano2005a" target="_self">Adriano et al., 2005a</a>, <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Adriano2005b" target="_self">2005b</a>; <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/11/319/html/#Feist2006" target="_self">Feist and Longshaw, 2006</a>).


</p>



</div>



<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</h3>
<p>

The authors acknowledge for providing financial support by University Grants Commission (UGC) Govt. of India in the form of Major Research Project (MRP).
</p>
</div>

<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">CONFLICT OF INTEREST</h3>
<p>
No conflict of interest. 
</p>
</div>



<div>
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Kaur H, Singh R (2009). A new myxosporean species, Myxobolus eirasi sp. nov., a known species M. venkateshi Seenappa and Manohar (1981) from the Indian major carp fish Cirrhina mrigala (Ham). Protistology 6: 126–130.
</p>

 
<p class="p2"> <a name="Kaur2010a"></a>
Kaur H, Singh R (2010a). A new myxosporean species Myxobolus sclerii sp. nov. and one known species M. stomum Ali et al. (2003) from two Indian major carp fishes. J. Parasitic Dis. 34: 33–39. <br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-010-0010-7" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-010-0010-7</a><br>
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Kaur2010b"></a>
Kaur H, Singh R (2010b). One new myxosporidian species, Myxobolus slendrii sp. nov., one known species, M. punjabensis Gupta, Khera (1989) infecting freshwater fishes in wetlands of Punjab, India. Parasitol. Res.106, 1043–1047. <br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1746-9" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1746-9</a><br>
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Kaur2011a"></a>
Kaur H, Singh R (2011a) Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) from freshwater fishes of Punjab wetlands (India). J. Parasitic Dis. 35: 33–41. <br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0024-9" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0024-9</a><br>
PMid:22654312 PMCid:PMC3114975
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Kaur2011b"></a>
Kaur H, Singh R (2011b) Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting an Indian major carp in Ropar and Kanjali wetlands (Punjab). J. Parasitic Dis. 35(1) : 23–32. <br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0033-8" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0033-8</a><br>
PMid:22654311 PMCid:PMC3114976
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Kaur2011c"></a>
Kaur H, Singh R (2011c) Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting an Indian major carp and a cat fish in wetlands of Punjab, India. J. Parasitic Dis. 35:169–176. <br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0061-4" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0061-4</a><br>
PMid:23024499 PMCid:PMC3235390
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Kaur2011d"></a>
Kaur H, Singh R (2011d).Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting Indian freshwater fishes in Punjab wetlands (India). Parasitol. Res.108, 1075–1082. <br>
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<p class="p2"> <a name="Kaur2011e"></a>
Kaur H, Singh R (2011e). Myxobolus harikensis sp. nov. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infecting fins of Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.), an Indian major carp in Harike wetland, Punjab (India). Parasitol. Res.109:1699–1705. <br>
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Kaur H, Singh R (2011f). Two new and one already known species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting gill lamellae of Indian major carp fishes in Ropar and Harike wetlands (Punjab). Proceedings of 22nd National Congress of Parasitology, University of Kalyani West Bengal, India. pp. 81–90.
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Kaur H, Singh R (2012a). A synopsis of the species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Myxozoa: Bivalvulida) parasitizing Indian fishes and a revised dichotomous key to myxosporean genera. Syst. Parasitol. 81: 17–37. <br>
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