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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Reproductive Performance of Crossbred Cattle under Intensive Management Condition</p>
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			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-2">Hamzo Khan Kunbhar</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1*</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, </span><span class="CharOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US">Allah Bachayo</span><span class="CharOverride-2"> Lasi</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, </span><span class="CharOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US">Akeel Ahmed</span><span class="CharOverride-2"> Memon</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span>Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. <span class="CharOverride-4">2</span>Department of Livestock, Government of Baluchistan, Pakistan. </p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Abstract</span> | The study was carried out at Nagori Dairy Farm, Karachi, Pakistan to investigate the reproductive and productive traits of twenty Crossbred (Holstein-Friesian x Red Sindhi cattle 50% blood level) and twenty Red Sindhi cattle under intensive management conditions. A significant (&lt;0.05) difference was found between the groups for age at puberty, age at first calving, calving interval, 1st post-partum estrus. Mean values for these traits were 616.850 ± 23.50, 928.350 ± 31.803, 413.050 ± 10.362, 105.05 ± 9.004 days in Red Sindhi cattle and 451.650 ± 21.660, 796.5 ± 39.771, 372.200 ± 7.486, 45.300 ± 5.671 days in Crossbred cows, respectively. Slightly higher values for gestation length were observed in Red Sindhi (280.200 ± 0.596 days) than Crossbred cattle (277.35 ± 1.155 days). Significantly higher milk yield per lactation was recorded in Crossbred cows (6052.250 ± 275.444 kg) than Red Sindhi cows (3952.2 ± 137.209 kg). No significant (&gt;0.05) difference was found for service period and dry period between groups. Mean values for service period and dry period were 124.15 ± 10.162 and 89.700 ± 0.596 days in Red Sindhi cows and 181.700 ± 59.199 and 86.950 ± 5.504 days in Crossbred cows. Both groups (Red Sindhi cattle and Crossbred cattle) calved normally at 75% and 65%, respectively. Normal expulsion (within 6-8 hrs.) of placenta was 85% in Red Sindhi and 80% in Crossbred cattle. In conclusion, reproductive and productive performance of Crossbred cattle was significantly superior to the local cattle breed in the study area. </p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Keywords </span>| Reproduction, Performance, Crossbred cattle, Intensive management </p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Editor </span>| C Suresh (M.V.Sc.), Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli-627 001, Tamilnadu, India.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Special Issue</span> 5(2015) “Emerging, Re-Emerging and Important Infectious Diseases of Animals”</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Received</span> | April 15, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Revised</span> | May 19, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Accepted</span> | May 21, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Published</span> | June 03, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">*Correspondence</span> | Hamzo Khan Kunbhar, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan; <span class="CharOverride-5">Email:</span> drkunbhar@gmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Citation</span> | Kunbhar HK, Lasi AB, Memon AA (2015). Reproductive performance of Crossbred cattle under intensive management condition. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3(5s): 7-13.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.5s.7.13"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.5s.7.13</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">(</span><span class="CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">Online</span> | 2307-8316; <span class="CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">(Print) </span> | 2309-3331</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Copyright </span>© 2015 Kunbhar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Introduction</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">P</span><span>akistan </span>is in dire need of livestock production mainly dairy animals to meet the needs of milk and other dairy products for faster growth rate of human population (<a href="#GOP--2013-14"><span class="Hyperlink">GOP, 2013</span></a><span class="Hyperlink">-14</span>; <a href="#Khan-MS--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Khan, 2002</span></a>). The animals are also playing major role in running of leather industries through use of their skins and hides. The farmyard manure is still considered as best fertilizer (<a href="#Khan-M--Abbas-JA--Naeem-M--Ayaz-MM--Akhtar-S--2013-."><span class="Hyperlink">Khan et al., 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Memon-IA--1994"><span class="Hyperlink">Memon, 1994</span></a>). Limited feed resources demanding efficient utilization of animal wealth in Pakistan. The profitability of dairy animals is directly related to the rate of production, which depends upon reproductive and productive performance of both male and female animals (<a href="#Ali-A--Qureshi-MS--Adil-M--Arbab-S--Ahtasham-Ul--Haq--Awais-MM--Hussan-A--Khan-A--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ali et al., 2014</span></a>).</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The reproductive and productive performance of indigenous cattle breed is relatively lower, due to un-exploited genotype and poor nutrition (<a href="#Ali-A--Qureshi-MS--Adil-M--Arbab-S--Ahtasham-Ul--Haq--Awais-MM--Hussan-A--Khan-A--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ali et al., 2014</span></a>; <a href="#Kumar-N--Eshetie-A--Gebrekidan-B--Gurmu-EB--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kumar et al., 2014</span></a>; <a href="#Boby-J--Kumar-H--Ganesan-A--Singh-SK--Narayanan-K--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Boby et al., 2013</span></a>;<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span><a href="#Haque-MN--Haque-MR--Parvin-A--Hussain-MM-et-al.--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Haque et al., 2011</span></a>). The indigenous breeds of cattle have strong disease resistance and are able to thrive best in extreme climatic conditions, whereas exotic breeds have problems of less tick resistance and susceptible to various contagious diseases (<a href="#Islam-SS--Bhuiyan-AKFH--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Islam and Bhuihyan, 1997</span></a>). Despite the good genetic potential, productive and reproductive performance of our local breed cows is remained very low. Shortage of feed, lack of access to land, disease prevalence, low level of management, lack of proper breeding and management, poor heat detection and timely breeding might be contributed considerably to long days open (postpartum anestrus), late age at first calving, long calving interval, short lactation length and low milk production (<a href="#Belay-D--Yisehak-K--Janssens-GPJ--2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Belay </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2012</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The cattle population of Pakistan includes a large number of non-descriptive animals with low inheritance of milk producing capacity. The Government of Pakistan established a national policy for cattle breeding, which allowed relative breeding for both native and non-descriptive breeds of cattle (<a href="#Ali-A--Qureshi-MS--Adil-M--Arbab-S--Ahtasham-Ul--Haq--Awais-MM--Hussan-A--Khan-A--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ali et al., 2014</span></a>) through use of exotic semen (<a href="#Khan-UP--Rehman-MM--1994-."><span class="Hyperlink">Khan and Rehman, 1994</span></a>). Two breeding strategies are available for genetic improvement of cattle i.e., selective breeding within the breed and crossbreeding among the breeds (<a href="#Faleconer--Mackey--1996"><span class="Hyperlink">Faleconer and Mackey, 1996</span></a>). The government of Pakistan is encouraging the import of exotic breeds of dairy cattle with the objective that to rear them as pure breed and use for upgrade of the indigenous non-descriptive cattle in order to improve the reproductive and productive traits of indigenous cattle in the country (<a href="#Kumar-N--Eshetie-A--Gebrekidan-B--Gurmu-EB--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kumar et al., 2014</span></a>; <a href="#Haque-MN--Haque-MR--Parvin-A--Hussain-MM-et-al.--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Haque et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Sandhu-ZS--Tariq-MM--Baloch-MH--Qaimkhani-MA--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink" xml:lang="en-US">Sandhu</span><span class="Hyperlink"> et al., 2011</span></a>). </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In this regard a group of high yielding 175 pregnant heifers and two breeding bulls of Holstein Friesian breed renewed for adequate fertility and high milk producing capacity were imported from Denmark and kept under intensive management conditions in Quetta, Pakistan (<a href="#Sandhu-ZS--Tariq-MM--Baloch-MH--Qaimkhani-MA--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink" xml:lang="en-US">Sandhu</span><span class="Hyperlink"> et al., 2011</span></a>). Exotic dairy cattle breeds have a long history which dates back to colonial days. The crossbreeding is being applied in the country since 1970 by use of imported semen for Artificial Insemination or by importing breeding bulls of different exotic breeds. During last two decades efforts have been made to improve reproductive and productive efficiency of indigenous cattle (Red Sindhi and Sahiwal) breeds by crossing with exotic breeds through Artificial Insemination (<a href="#Kumar-N--Eshetie-A--Gebrekidan-B--Gurmu-EB--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kumar et al., 2014</span></a>; <a href="#Ahmed-Z--Ahmed-MD--Saleh-AN--Gill-RA--1994"><span class="Hyperlink">Ahmed et al., 1994</span></a>). The crossbreeding system offers genetic progress in various important traits that drive the dairy industry profitably (<a href="#Haque-MN--Haque-MR--Parvin-A--Hussain-MM-et-al.--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Haque et al., 2011</span></a>) and provides better route to increase the production as much as 2-3 times more than the national average production (<a href="#Chaudhry-MZ--Modowell-RE--SK-Shah--1983-"><span class="Hyperlink">Choudhry et al., 1983</span></a>; <a href="#Chaudhry-MZ--1992"><span class="Hyperlink">Chaudhry, 1992</span></a>; <a href="#James-RD--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">James, 1993</span></a>). Calf crop can also be improved through this system (<a href="#Richard-MB--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Richard, 2000</span></a>). Crossbred technology if applied through artificial insemination can reduce the cost input and enhance the productivity of the animal (<a href="#Griener-SP--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Griener, 2002</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">This system can only be effective if basic infrastructure such as adequate feed supply, disease control and marketing facilities are available (<a href="#Haque-MN--Haque-MR--Parvin-A--Hussain-MM-et-al.--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Haque et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Umrani-AP--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">Umrani 1993</span></a>). Peri urban area of Karachi is thickly populated with Red Sindhi cattle. When Red Sindhi cows crossed with exotic semen, resulted a good number of cross breed animals are available in and around Karachi. These crossbred animals are considered as high yielding and have power against resistant to parasitic and other infectious diseases. As far as productive and reproductive performance of these animals is concerned no such information has been found in scientific literature. It was observed that some farmers were keeping the records of various traits at the farms, but have not been utilized for scientific purpose. The present study was therefore designed to collect and analyze the data available at Nagori Dairy Farm, Karachi on reproductive performance of cross breed animals (Holstein Friesian x Red Sindhi 50% blood level) and compares the same with pure Red Sindhi cattle. The results of the present study will help the policy makers to formulate future policies and propagation of crossbreeding program in our local environmental conditions.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Material and methods</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">The study was conducted to investigate the reproductive performance of crossbreed cows under intensive management condition at Nagori Dairy Farm, Nagori Society, Karachi, which is located 30 Km in the east of Karachi where, twenty crossbreed cattle (50% blood ratio each of Holstein Friesian x Red Sindhi) and twenty (20) Red Sindhi cattle were selected at random and utilized for this study. The vaccination and deworming was adopted properly as per schedule at the farm. These animals were fed with wheat straw, seasonal green fodders and concentrate mixture including wheat bran, rice bran, cotton seed cake twice a day, common salt and molasses were also given to the animal. Cattle were milked twice a day; hand milking was practiced at the farm. Lactating, dry, advanced pregnant cattle, young calves, heifers; breeding bulls were categorized and kept in separate sheds. The artificial insemination and natural breeding was practiced at the farm. Data was recorded in each group on a separate Performa specially designed for this purpose.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Statistical Analysis</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The data was Analysed Statistically using Standard Statistical methods “T-test” Variance and Standard Deviation. </p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">RESULTS and DISCUSSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The study conducted on Red Sindhi and Crossbred cattle to investigate the reproductive and productive traits and trails were described under following headings. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Age at Puberty and First Calving</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Mean (±SEM) age at puberty and first calving of Red Sindhi and Crossbred cattle is presented in <a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a>.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-1-"></a>Table 1: </span>Mean (±SEM) age at puberty and first calving of Red Sindhi and Crossbred cattle</p>
			<table width="657" height="94" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Breed </span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Age at puberty (days)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Age at first calving (days)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Range</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Range</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Red Sindhi</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">616.850 ± 23.50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">480.0 – 810.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">928.35 ± 31.80 </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">726.0 – 1132.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Crossbred </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">451.650 ± 21.66</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">300.0 – 720.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">796.5 ± 39.77</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">590.0 – 1059.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-12">A significant (&lt;0.05) difference was found between the groups for both traits. Significantly higher age at puberty and first calving was observed in Red Sindhi than Crossbred cattle.</span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-2-"></a>Table 2: </span>Percentage of calving status, sex of calves and placental delivery of Red Sindhi and Crossbred cattle</p>
			<table width="658" height="134" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td width="68" rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Breed</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">               Calving status</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">       Sex of calves</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">        Placental delivery</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td width="46">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Normal</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">(Nos.)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="67">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Perc</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">entage</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="64">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Abno</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">rmal </span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="67">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Perce</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">ntage</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="36">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Male </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">(Nos)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="67">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Perce</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">ntage</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="48">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Female (Nos.)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="67">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Perce</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">ntage</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="46">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Normal</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">(Nos.)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="67">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Perc</span><span class="CharOverride-15">e</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">ntage</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="60">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Abno</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">rmal</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="68">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Perce</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">ntage</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Red Sindhi</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">75</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">05</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">17</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">85</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">15</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td height="21">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Crossbred </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">65</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">07</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">35 </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">09</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">45</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">55</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">80</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">20</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Age at Puberty</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The age at puberty of Pakistani local cattle is higher than the European breeds (<a href="#Kakar-MA--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Kakar et al., 2004</span></a>). This can be reduced by crossing of local breed animals with exotic blood. Age at puberty in different breed of cattle ranges from 6 to 20 months of age. Crossbred heifers reached at earlier age of puberty than pure breed cows (<a href="#John-BH--2004"><span class="Hyperlink">John, 2004</span></a>). The age at puberty in Red Sindhi cattle has been reported as 720 days (<a href="#Lodhi-MY--1991-"><span class="Hyperlink">Lodhi, 1991</span></a>). These values are in close agreement with findings of present study, whereas, it was delayed in Sahiwal cattle. The slightly higher values (854 days) have been reported by <a href="#Abeyagunawardena-H--Abayawansa-WD--1995"><span class="Hyperlink">Abeyagunawardena and Abayawansa (1995)</span></a> in Zebu cattle. Increased age at puberty in Red Sindhi cattle could be due to the effect of feeding, management, genetic and environmental factors. When cattle breed was crossed with Holstein Frisian (50% blood ratio) the age at puberty was reduced up to 753 days (<a href="#Syed-M--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Syed, 1997</span></a>). Although it is higher than mean values (451.650 days) for the Crossbred cows (Red Sindhi x HF cattle) found during current study. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><a href="#Agyemang-K--Astatke-A--Anderson-FM--Mariam-W--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Agymang </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al. (1991)</span></a> reported that when Red Sindhi cattle was, crossed with Holstein Frisian the age at puberty was reduced up to 600-660 days, when Zebu cattle crossed with (50-75% blood level) Holstein Friesian (<a href="#Qureshi-MS--Khan-JM--Khan-IH--Chaudhry-RA--Ashraf-K--Khan-BD--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Qureshi et al., 2002</span></a>), the age at puberty was reduced up to 540 days in the crosses of Red Sindhi with Jersey (<a href="#Kar-SP--Govekar-SG--Narayankhedkar-SB--Nehete-UD--Umrikar--Sawane-MP--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Kar et al., 2000</span></a>). These reports are in close agreements with the results of current study. Molasses, minerals and environmental conditions play a vital role in attaining early maturity (<a href="#Alam-MGS--Ghosh-A--Mondal-AK--Akbar-MA--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Alam et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Nogueira-GP--2004-.-P"><span class="Hyperlink">Nogueria, 2004</span></a>). The animals under study were well fed and the environmental conditions of the farm were perhaps conducive for attaining early puberty for both pure and cross bred animals. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Age at First Calving</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Age at first calving was higher in Zebu cattle than in Crossbred cattle. The age at first calving was 1080 days in Zebu cattle (<a href="#Joshi-BKA--Singh-RS--Gandhi--2001-"><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi et al., 2001</span></a>) and 1119 days in Red Sindhi cattle (<a href="#Sheikh-M--Mustafa--Zelam-N--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Sheikh and Zelam, 2000</span></a>), which fall in the range (726.0 – 1132 days) of the current study for Red Sindhi cattle. Reported values for age at first calving in Cholustani and Red Sindhi cattle ranges from 999-1174 days (<a href="#Chaudhry-MZ--Modowell-RE--SK-Shah--1983-"><span class="Hyperlink">Choudhry et al., 1983</span></a>; <a href="#Sheikh-M--Mustafa--Zelam-N--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Sheikh and Zelam, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Souza-K--M-Usmani--1990"><span class="Hyperlink">Souza and Usmani, 1990</span></a>; <a href="#Joshi-BKA--Singh-RS--Gandhi--2001-"><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi et al., 2001</span></a>) are in close agreement with the current findings for Red Sindhi cattle. </p>
			<p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">The higher values were reported for age at first calving (1020 days) in crosses of Friesian x Local Barca breed and (1215 days) Holstein Friesian x Desi cattle (<a href="#Nahar-TN--Basure--1992-"><span class="Hyperlink">Nahar and Basure, 1992</span></a>; <a href="#Haile-Mariam-M--Makonnen-G--1996"><span class="Hyperlink">Haile-Mariam and Makonnen, 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Shiferaw-YB--Tenhagan-A--Bakana-M--Kassa-T--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shiferaw et al., 2004</span></a>) then the results found in current study. These discrepancies in the results could be due to management, nutritional plan and effect of climatic conditions (<a href="#Nogueira-GP--2004-.-P"><span class="Hyperlink">Nogueria, 2004</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM- ParaOverride-1">Calving Status, Sex of Calves and Placental Delivery</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Percentage of calving status, sex of the calf and placental delivery is presented in <a href="#Table-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The normal calving was found 75% and abnormal 25% in Red Sindhi cattle, whereas in Crossbred cattle normal calving 65% and abnormal 35%. Sex of calves was observed 50% male and 50% female in Red Sindhi. Sex of calves was observed as 45% male and 55% female in Crossbred cattle. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">In the current study equal number of male and female calves was recorded in Red Sindhi cattle. However slightly higher percentage of females calves born from the cross breed cows. Similar trend was reported by <a href="#Kunbhar-HK--Mirbahar-MU--Samo-MI--Memon--Memon-A--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kunbhar et al. (2003)</span></a> in local breeds of cows. The trend regarding normal shading of placenta reported by <a href="#Kunbhar-HK--Samo-MU--R-Rind--Memon-MI--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Kunbhar et al. (2004)</span></a> was in close agreements with the present results. However, variation in figures for abnormal delivery was reported by some workers (<a href="#Samo-MU--Kumbhar-HK--Channa-IA--2003-"><span class="Hyperlink">Samo et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Kunbhar-HK--Mirbahar-MU--Samo-MI--Memon--Memon-A--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kunbhar et al., 2003</span></a>). This might be due to the deficiency of vitamin A and selenium in ration or hereditary traits of breed. The RFM is an important reproductive disorder in dairy cattle. It causes the great economic losses to dairy farmers due to the reduction in milk production, calf crop and reduced reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle. The incidence of RFM can be reduced by improving the management, supplementation of minerals, and vitamins in feed (<a href="#Zubair-M--Ahmad-M-2014"><span class="Hyperlink">Zubair and Ahmad, 2014</span></a>). The ratio of female calves was higher than male calves in crossbreed cows, whereas in Red Sindhi cows the sex ratio was equal in numbers. The percentage of difficult calving and retention of placenta was higher in Crossbred as compared to Red Sindhi cattle. This might be due to the size or weight of calves produced by cross breed animals (<a href="#Kakar-MA--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Kakar, 2001</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Calving Interval and Service Period</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Mean (±SEM) calving interval and service period in Red Sindhi and Crossbred cattle are presented in <a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 3</span></a>. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The calving interval in Zebu cattle are higher as compared to crosses of Zebu cattle with European breeds, Calving interval in Zebu (418 days), Red Sindhi (429 days) and Sahiwal cattle (418 days) has been reported by various authors (<a href="#Qureshi-M--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Qureshi, 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Nahar-TN--Basure--1992-"><span class="Hyperlink">Nahar and Basure, 1992</span></a>), are in agreement with the figures of present study for Red Sindhi cattle. While the findings (515.28, 674.57 days) of <a href="#Mustafa-MI--Latif-M--Bashir-MK--Ahmad-B--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Mustafa et al. (2004)</span></a> and <a href="#Khatri-P--Mirbahar-KB--Samo-U--2004"><span class="Hyperlink">Khatri et al. (2004)</span></a> were higher than the current results for Red Sindhi cattle. Shorter calving interval (380.0±36.6 days) was reported by <a href="#Abeyagunawardena-H--Abayawansa-WD--1995"><span class="Hyperlink">Abeyagunawardena and Abeyawansa (1995)</span></a> in Zebu cattle than the current findings in Red Sindhi cows. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-3-"></a>Table 3: </span>Mean (±SEM) values of calving interval and service period of Red Sindhi and Crossbred Cattle</p>
			<table width="657" height="96" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Breed</span></p>
						</td>
						<td height="21" colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Calving interval (days)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Service period (days</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td height="21">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Range</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Range </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td height="21">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Red </span><span class="CharOverride-15">Sindhi</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">413.050 ± 10.362</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">340.0-510.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">124.15 ± 10.162</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">60.0-230.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td height="21">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Crossbred </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">372.200 ± 7.486</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">302.0-423.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">181.700 ± 59.199</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">42.00 –950</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-12">A significant (&lt;0.05) difference was found between the breeds for calving interval and non-significant (&gt;0.05) difference found for service period. </span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The calving interval of 380, 384 and 388 days was found when Red Sindhi cattle was crossed with Friesian cattle Zebu x Jersey and Zebu x Barca cattle respectively (<a href="#Yazdani-AR--Pakshe-PT--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Yazdani and Paksh, 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Haile-Mariam-M--Makonnen-G--1996"><span class="Hyperlink">Haile-Mariam and Makonnen, 1996</span></a>). These results are in line with the figures of current study. Slightly lower (355±14.5 days) values were found in 50% Boran Crossbred cattle and Holstein Friesian (<a href="#Agyemang-K--Astatke-A--Anderson-FM--Mariam-W--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Agyemang et al., 1991</span></a>) than the results recorded in current study. <a href="#Shiferaw-YB--Tenhagan-A--Bakana-M--Kassa-T--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shiferaw et al. (2004)</span></a> reported 551.82 days calving interval, which is higher than the current observations. The higher values may be because of the management factors.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Postpartum Estrus Period</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Mean (±SEM) postpartum estrus period of Red Sindhi and Crossbred cattle are presented in <a href="#Table-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 4</span></a>. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-4-"></a>Table 4: </span>Mean (±SEM) values of postpartum estrus period in Red Sindhi and Crossbred Cattle</p>
			<table width="658" height="94" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-4">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Breed </span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Postpartum estrus period (days)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Range</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Red Sindhi</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">105.65 ± 9.004</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">42.0-230.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Crossbreed </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">45.300 ± 5.671</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">20.0-120.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-12">A significant (&lt;0.05) difference was found between the breeds for the traits. Significantly higher postpartum estrus period was observed in Red Sindhi than Crossbred cattle.</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The post-partum estrus period has been reported 24-76 days in Zebu cattle and 50.26±2.28 days in Holstein Frisian cows (<a href="#Abeyagunawardena-H--Abayawansa-WD--1995"><span class="Hyperlink">Abeyagunawardena and Abayawansa, 1995</span></a>; <a href="#Khan--Rahman--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Khan and Rehman, 2000</span></a>). These findings are lower than the results obtained during current finding for Red Sindhi cattle. Whereas a higher values (211.5 ± 132.2<span class="CharOverride-18">)</span> days) for post-partum period was recorded in Sahiwal cattle.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In the crosses of Tharparkar cattle the post-partum period was recorded as 97.99 ± 23.47 days. The similar values (90 days) were reported by <a href="#Ashraf-A--Islam-SS--Islam-AB--Ali-SZ--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Ashraf et al. (2000)</span></a> in crossing of local breed x Red Sindhi cows. The results were reported 120.75±18.21days in cross bred cattle (<a href="#Haque-MN--Haque-MR--Parvin-A--Hussain-MM-et-al.--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Haque et al., 2011</span></a>). The reported figures are in range with the results of present study whereas, higher values (154.8 ± 52 days) was reported by <a href="#Zaman--Ahmed--1994-."><span class="Hyperlink">Zaman and Ahmed (1994)</span></a> in Crossbred cattle. Post-partum estrus period is very important reproductive trait in dairy animals (<a href="#Haque-MN--Haque-MR--Parvin-A--Hussain-MM-et-al.--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Haque et al., 2011</span></a>). The postpartum breeding should be delayed up to 60 to 90 days after parturition in cows, because during this period the uterus undergoes recovery and preparation for next conception.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Gestation Period and Dry Period</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Mean (±SEM) gestation period and dry period for Red Sindhi and Crossbred cattle are presented in <a href="#Table-5-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 5</span></a>. A significant (&lt;0.05) difference was found in gestation period and non-significant (0.05&gt;) difference found in dry period between the breeds. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-5-"></a>Table 5: </span>Mean (±SEM) Gestation period and Dry period of Red Sindhi and Crossbred Cattle</p>
			<table width="657" height="94" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-5">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Breed</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Gestation period (Days)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Dry period (Days)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Range</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Range</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Red Sindhi</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">280.200 ± 0.596</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">275.0-288.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">89.700 ± 0.596</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">60.0-1200</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Crossbred </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">277.35 ± 1.155</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">270.0-288.0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">86.950 ± 5.504</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">45.0-140.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Gestation Period </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Gestation length of any domestic species is determined by genetic makeup and offers very low scope for manipulation. A gestation period from 272–283 days was reported by many workers (<a href="#Haque-MN--Haque-MR--Parvin-A--Hussain-MM-et-al.--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Haque et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Abeyagunawardena-H--Abayawansa-WD--1995"><span class="Hyperlink">Abeygunawardena and Abayawansa, 1995</span></a>; <a href="#Mustafa-MI--Latif-M--Bashir-MK--Ahmad-B--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Mustafa et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Banerjee-S--Banerjee-S--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Banerjee and Banerjee, 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Haile-Mariam-M--Makonnen-G--1996"><span class="Hyperlink">Haile-Mariam and Maknnen, 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Hayatnagarkar-DD--Deshpande-KS--1993-."><span class="Hyperlink">Hayatnagarkar and Deshpande, 1993</span></a>) are in close agreement to the findings of present study for Red Sindhi and Crossbred cattle.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Dry period</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">There seems to be a great variation in dry period of local and exotic breeds of cattle. The dry period of 89 – 1200 days for Red Sindhi and 86 – 140 days in Crossbred cattle was found in present study. The dry period was reported from 75–1200 days in the literature in different breeds of cows (<a href="#Haque-MN--Haque-MR--Parvin-A--Hussain-MM-et-al.--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Haque et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Qureshi-MS--Khan-JM--Khan-IH--Chaudhry-RA--Ashraf-K--Khan-BD--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Qureshi et al., 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Khatri-P--Mirbahar-KB--Samo-U--2004"><span class="Hyperlink">Kathri et al., 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Ahmad-N--Syed-2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Ahmad et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Kakar-MA--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Kakar, 2001</span></a>). However, the mean values (89 days) for Red Sindhi and (86 days) Crossbred cattle found in the current study are lower than the information available in the literature. This reflects the scope of crossbreeding program in urban and peri-urban areas of the province of Sindh.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Milk Yield per Lactation</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Mean (±SEM) milk yield per lactation for Red Sindhi and Crossbred cattle are presented in <a href="#Table-6-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 6</span></a>. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-6-"></a>Table 6: </span>Mean (±SEM) daily milk yield and milk yield per lactation in Red Sindhi and Crossbred Cattle</p>
			<table width="657" height="94" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-6">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Breed</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-14">Milk yield per lactation (Kg) </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Mean </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Range</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Red Sindhi</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">3973.2 ± 137.209</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">3000.0–5187.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">Crossbred </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">6052.050 ± 275.444</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-15">4046.0-9780.0</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-12">A significant (&lt;0.05) difference was found between groups for the traits. Significantly higher milk yield per lactation recorded in Crossbred cattle than Red Sindhi cattle.</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Milk yield is a multifactorial trait which dependent on genetic, breed, age, parity, stage of lactation, season, health status, nutrition, management and staff itself involved (<a href="#Ali-A--Qureshi-MS--Adil-M--Arbab-S--Ahtasham-Ul--Haq--Awais-MM--Hussan-A--Khan-A--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ali et al., 2014</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Lactation yield of indigenous breed is lower than exotic pure and crossbreed cattle (<a href="#Shettar-VB--Govindaiah-MG--1999-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shettar and Govindaiah, 1999</span></a>). The milk yield of Red Sindhi cattle is also variable as reported by various authors (<a href="#Khatri-P--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">Khatri, 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Joshi-BKA--Singh-RS--Gandhi--2001-"><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi et al., 2001</span></a>). The findings of present study are in line with the results of <a href="#Pyrhote-SR--Morgan-P--Gore-GA--Verkerk-CW--Holmes--Parkinson-TJ--1992"><span class="Hyperlink">Pyrhote et al. (1992)</span></a>. Whereas, figures reported by <a href="#Joshi-BKA--Singh-RS--Gandhi--2001-"><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi et al. (2001)</span></a> and <a href="#Sirajjuddin--Rehman-A--1999-"><span class="Hyperlink">Sirrajuddin and Rehman (1999)</span></a> are lower than the current findings of study. The discrepancy between the reports might have been due to environmental conditions prevailing in the area when study was conducted and reported by various authors mentioned above. The milk yield per lactation of Crossbred cattle reported by <a href="#Shettar-VB--Govindaiah-MG--1999-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shettar and Govindah (1999)</span></a> and <a href="#Ashraf-A--Islam-SS--Islam-AB--Ali-SZ--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Ashraf et al. (2000)</span></a> is also variable. The findings of present study are in same line with those of <a href="#Schmitz-Hsu-F--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Schmitz-Hsu (1997)</span></a> whereas; figures reported by other workers (<a href="#Nahar-TN--Basure--1992-"><span class="Hyperlink">Nahar and Basure, 1992</span></a>; <a href="#Kakar-MA--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Kakar, 2001</span></a>) are lower than the results of current study. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">It has been observed during present study that the milk yield per lactation was recorded higher in Red Sindhi and crosses of Red Sindhi x Holstein Friesian as contrast to previous results for same breed. This may be due to the farm is running on commercial basis by private sector, farm is well managed animals were well fed; vaccination program and health care was followed properly. It is also observed that the animals were not rebred up to 3 months after parturition with the aim that to get maximum milk production per lactation. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">conclusions</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">It is concluded that crossbreed cows considered superior in breeding efficiency as compare to local cattle breed. Crossing of Red Sindhi cows with Holstein Friesian (50% blood ratio) proved well and had no noticeable problems. More than 35% increase in the milk yield was obtained in the crossing of Red Sindhi cows. Crossbreeding should be limited to non-descriptive cattle. Exotic blood level may be maintained at 50%. Management practices should be improved on scientific line. Artificial Insemination with sexual health control program may be launched at farm level. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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