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<h1 class="Hdr1">

Research Article


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Journal of Infection and Molecular Biology 2 (2): 19 – 21


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<h2 class="Hdr2">


Prevalence of Brucellosis among the Hospital Patients of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 

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<p class="p3">

<strong>Muhammad Shahid</strong><span><sup>1</sup></span>, 

<strong>Abdul Basit</strong><span><sup>2</sup></span>, 

<strong>Mirza Ali Khan</strong><span>1<sup></sup></span>

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<div class="p4">

<ol>

<li>Microbiology and Biotechnology Center, Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan</li>

<li>Department  of  Microbiology,  Kohat  University  of  Science  and  Technology  (KUST),  Khyber  PakhtunKhwa,  26000,  Pakistan</li>

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<p><span class="Author">*Corresponding author: aabdul.9090@gmail.com</span></p>

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<div id="ColorID"><p>
<span><b>ARTICLE CITATION:</b></span> 

Shahid M, Basit A, Khan MA (2014). Prevalence of brucellosis among the hospital patients of Peshawar, Khyber PakhtunKhwa. J. Inf. Mol. Biol. 2 (2): 19 – 21.


<br>
<span><b>Received: </b></span>2014–03–01, <span><b>Revised: </b></span>2014–03–10, <span><b>Accepted: </b></span>2014–03–11<br>

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at 

(<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/jimb.2307–5465/2.2.19.21">

http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/jimb.2307–5465/2.2.19.21

</a>)
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited </p>
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<div>
     <h3 class="Hdr3">ABSTRACT</h3>

    <p>
    
    Brucellosis is an occupational disease with those predominantly at risk either having close contact with livestock or handling them. In developing countries this disease has a public health significance as well as animals and economic implications for communities. The objective of the present study was to estimate the brucella infection among hospital patients in district Peshawar, Khyber PakhtunKhwa. A total of 678 blood samples were collected from patients originating from different hospitals located in Peshawar, over the period of three years (2009 – 2011). The blood samples were screened for brucellosis on the basis of serum plate agglutination test (SPAT). From the different occupational groups including farmer, livestock owners, employees and other patients, the prevalence of brucellosis was found to be 32.90%, 32.67%, 29.20% and 27.04%, respectively. Moreover higher prevalence of brucellosis was found in female patients (37.06%) and in the patients with age group of 41–60 years (35.06 %). In conclusion brucellosis is an important public health problem in and around district Peshawar. This disease can be prevented especially in rural areas through use of precautionary measure. It is recommended that public health authorities should educate the general public regarding prevention of the brucellosis.   

    </p>
 
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<div>
  
  <h3 class="Hdr3">INTRODUCTION</h3>
    <p>
    
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease worldwide, especially in the in Asian, Middle East, Central and South American countries (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Yohannes2012" target="_self">Yohannes et al., 2012</a>). This disease has an important public health problem in many developing countries. World Health Organization figures put the number of new cases of brucellosis more than 500,000 per year (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Saeed2013" target="_self">Saeed et al., 2013</a>).</p><p>
Brucellosis frequently presents in peoples who are in direct contact with infected animals and it’s by products. It is mostly transmitted by consumption of raw milk or unpasteurized dairy products from infected animals (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Nielsen1990" target="_self">Nielsen and Duncan, 1990</a>). It can also be transmitted to humans via inhalation of aerosolized secretions or by direct contact with infected animal secretions (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Lapaque2006" target="_self">Lapaque et al., 2006</a>)
</p><p>Brucellosis in human is septicemic with sudden or insidious onset and is accompanied by continuous fever or undulant fever, joints pain, profuse sweating, nocturnal sweating, weakness, fatigue, headache, irritability, loss of appetite, chest pain and abdominal pain (Doerr, 2012). The duration of the disease may be few weeks or months to several years (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Imad2011" target="_self">Imad et al., 2011</a>). 
</p><p>The clinical presentation of brucellosis is nonspecific and show great variability (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Ohtsuki2008" target="_self">Ohtsuki et al., 2008</a>). Diagnosis of this disease, therefore, requires microbiological confirmation by means of the isolation of the bacteria or demonstration by serological tests for the presence of specific antibodies. A large number of different tests have been used for the serological diagnosis of brucellosis, thus demonstrating the lack of an ideal technique (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Ruiz-Mesa2005" target="_self">Ruiz-Mesa et al., 2005</a>). The sensitivities of the serological tests for brucellosis range from 65 to 95%, but their specificities are low in areas where brucellosis is endemic because of the high prevalence of antibodies in populations (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Ariza1992" target="_self">Ariza et al., 1992</a>). Furthermore, most serological tests can produce cross–reactions with other bacteria (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Queipo–ortuno1997" target="_self">Queipo et al., 1997</a>) and also exhibit important limitations with samples taken from patients with a recent history of brucellosis, in the early phases of the disease, from patients who relapse and from persons exposed professionally (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Ariza1992" target="_self">Ariza et al., 1992</a>)
</p><p>In Pakistan, brucellosis is still remaining one of the major disease problems that affect humans. It has been estimated that prevalence of brucellosis in Pakistan is about 70% (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Mohmand2012" target="_self">Mohmand et al., 2012</a>). The present study was carried out to estimate the sero–prevalence of brucellosis in hospital patients of District Peshawar.
</p>
  
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<h3 class="Hdr3">MATERIALS AND METHODS</h3>
<p>
<strong>Collection of Samples</strong><br>
From 2009 to 2011, a total 678 blood samples were collected from patients referred by Leady Reading hospital (LRH), Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) and other private hospitals in district Peshawar of Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Pakistan. Individual information on sex, age and occupation were obtained by interviewing the patients. The occupational group of patients was comprised on 155 dairy farmers, 101 professions of livestock and 226 Government employees and 196 other patients.
</p>


<p>
<strong>Serum Plate Agglutination Test (SPAT)</strong><br>
The serum samples from patients were subjected to SPAT for screening brucella antibodies as described by <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Alton1975" target="_self">Alton et al (1975)</a>. The results of agglutination in SPAT were recorded. A titer of 1:80 or above was considered positive for brucellosis according to the instruction of the antigen manufacturer (Global invitro.LLP Sudbury Hill, London UK). 
</p>


<p>
<strong>Statistical Analysis </strong><br>
Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS (version 16.0) software. Significance of difference was determined by using chi square test. Value of p < 0.05 considered as statistically significant.
</p>

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<h3 class="Hdr3">RRESULT</h3>
<p>
The sero-prevalence of brucellosis among 155 farmer patients, a total of 51(32.90%) were found positive for brucellosis in which 7/51(13.7%) and 5/51(9.8%) were positive for B. melitensis and B. abortus respectively, the rest of 39 patients were positive on both B. melitensis and B. abortus (Table 1). </p>
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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_352.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_352.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_352.PNG" target="new">Table 1: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table1_352.PNG"><span>Seroprevalence of brucellosis among occupational hospital patients in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></p>
</div>

<div>
<p>
Similarly, in 101 profession of livestock farmer patients, 33(32.67%) were found positive for brucellosis, among them 9/33 (27.2%) were positive to B. abortus and 9/33(27.2%) were positive to B. melitensis, the rest of 15 patients were found positive to both B. abortus and B. melitensis (Table 1).
</p><p>Moreover in 226 government employee patients, a total 66 (29.20%) patients having Brucellosis in which 11 and 10 were found positive to B. abortus and B. melitensis respectively. Remaining 45 were positive for both species of brucella (Table 1). In 196 other patients, 53(27.04%) were found positive for brucellosis, in which 8 and 11 were positive for B. abortus and B. melitensis respectively, whereas 34 were found positive for both B. abortus and B. melitensis (Table 1). 
</p>
<p>In the present study higher prevalence of brucellosis was estimated in females (37.06%) followed by males (24.2%) (Figure1).
</p>
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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_352.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_352.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_352.PNG" target="new">Figure 1: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Fig1_352.PNG"><span>Sex wise prevalence of brucellosis among hospital patients of Peshawar, Khyber PakhtunKhwa</a></p>
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<div>
<p>A total of 260 patients had age group ranging from 0–20, 21–40, 41–60, and >60 were analyzed for brucellosis, in which 76/260 (29.2%), 106/307(34.5%), 27/77(35.06 %) and 4/34 (1.8 %) respectively were positive for brucellosis. Significant association was found among the different age groups (p< 0.05) (Table 2).
</p>

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<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_352.PNG" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_352.PNG" width="80" height="80"></a>
<p class="Txt_Dis" ><span><b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_352.PNG" target="new">Table 2: </a></b><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/imagesfiles/Table2_352.PNG"><span>Age wise prevalence of brucellosis among hospital patients of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></p>
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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">DISCUSSION</h3>
<p>
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease world wide. It is the major health problem especially in developing country like Pakistan. Clinical presentation of the brucellosis is nonspecific, and may be very atypical; therefore, laboratory confirmation by isolation or detection of specific anti–brucella antibodies is essential for confirmation of the diagnosis (<a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Rabab2000" target="_self">Rabab et al., 2000</a>).
</p><p>In the present study farmers, livestock breeders, employees and other patients were screened for brucellosis, which showed 32.90%, 32.67%, 29.2% and 27.04% positive for brucellosis. <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Mrunalini2004" target="_self">Mrunalini et al. (2004)</a> in their study reported the prevalence of brucellosis in veterinarians (25.24%), para-veterinarians (23.3), farmers (12.62%), shepherds (11.65%) and other occupational groups (6.8%). In another study <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Omer2002" target="_self">Omer et al. (2002)</a> reported the highest prevalence 7.1% among dairy farm workers followed by 4.5% in veterinary personnel. In the present study higher prevalence of brucellosis was recorded, it might be due to fact that only symptomatic patients having febrile illness with joints pain were screened for brucellosis. Furthermore some risk factors for brucellosis were also estimated while getting the information from the patients. The risk factors included the consumption of unpasteurized dairy milk, most of the patients belonged to the rural areas and some of them were totally dependent on livestock so they had more contact with their animals, this could be the main reasons for higher prevalence of brucellosis among them.
</p><p>In present study higher prevalence of brucellosis were recorded in females 37% followed by male 24.2%. These findings are in agreement with the findings of <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Din2013" target="_self">Din et al (2013)</a>, reported the higher prevalence of brucellosis in females i.e. 9.33% followed by 5.33% in males. Similar results were also reported by <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Riaz2006" target="_self">Riaz (2006)</a> and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Azhar2009" target="_self">Azhar et al. (2009)</a> in their study regarding the high prevalence of brucellosis in females. Female housekeepers in rural areas mostly have direct contact with their animals because of daily activities and even some times they attempt to help animals to born and remove aborted fetus from their wombs by hand or without usage of any precaution measures.
</p><p>In the present study the prevalence of brucellosis in age groupof41–60 year was found higher followed by rest of the age groups. The findings of the present study were somehow similar with study of <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Mukhtar2008" target="_self">Mukhtar (2008)</a> and <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/table_contents_detail/2/243/html/#Abo–Shehada1996" target="_self">Abo–Shehada et al. (1996)</a>, that the age group of 51–60 years had the maximum sero positivity. As brucellosis is an occupational disease, therefore the individuals of this age group might be a greater risk because of prolonged exposure or due to increase activities with regards to their occupations that enhance the risk of gaining infections.
</p><p>Therefore, further investigation is needed in order to know the exact epidemiological distribution of brucellosis in Peshawar district and to set plan for control and prevention. The public should be made aware of the zoonotic and economic importance of this disease through veterinary extension education and possible resources like media.

</p>
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<div>
<h3 class="Hdr3">REFERENCES</h3>
 
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