<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8" />
		<title>AAVS_Nexus 475</title>
		<link href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/cssfiles/AAVS_Nexus 475.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
	</head>
	<body id="AAVS_Nexus-475" lang="en-US">
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Type-of-Article" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Pathological Affections of Lungs in Slaughtered Cattle and Buffaloes at Chittagong Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Md. Shafiqul Islam</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Shubhagata Das</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Md. Ariful Islam</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Md. Monjurul Islam Talukdar</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Md. Abul Hashem</span><span class="CharOverride-3">3</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Sharmin Chowdhury</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">,  Md. Masuduzzaman</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span></p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span>Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong-4202, Bangladesh; <span class="CharOverride-4">2</span>MS, Microbiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; <span class="CharOverride-4">3</span>Health department, Chittagong City Corporation, Chittagong, Bangladesh.</p>
		</div>
		<div>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">Abstract</span> | The study was carried out to examine the pathological lesions in lungs of slaughtered cattle and buffalo carcasses in Chittagong Metropolitan area. A total of 882 (660 cattle and 222 buffalo) were examined in three different slaughterhouse where 128 (14.51%) cases were found with different pathological lesions in lungs. Among 128 (cattle 105 and buffalo 23) cases with lung lesions, the frequency of hydatid cyst was significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher in cattle (58.10%) than in buffaloes (34.78%), whereas the frequency of fibrous nodule (8.69%) and hemorrhages (17.39%) were significantly higher in buffalo lungs than cattle (1.9% and 0.06%). Different factors including the geographical and ecological aspects of the animal sources might have played significant role in the prevalence and comparative frequency of pathological lesions of lungs in cattle and buffaloes.</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">Keywords </span>| Slaughterhouse, Lung, Pathology, Cattle, Buffalo</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-7">Editor</span> | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p>
            
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">Received</span> | June 28, 2014; 
            <span class="CharOverride-5">Revised</span> | December 02, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Accepted</span> | December 12, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Published</span> | December 15, 2014&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">*Correspondence</span> | Md. Shafiqul Islam, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh; <span class="CharOverride-5">Email:</span> <a href="si.mamun@ymail.com">si.mamun@ymail.com</a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">Citation</span> | Islam MS, Das S, Islam MA, Talukdar MMI, Hashem MA, Chowdhury S,  Masuduzzaman M (2015). Pathological affections of lungs in slaughtered cattle and buffaloes at Chittagong Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3(1): 27-33.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-7">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.1.27.33">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.1.27.33</a></p>
			
          <p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">(</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">Online</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">)</span> | 2307-8316; </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">(Print) </span> | 2309-3331</p>
            
		  <p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-7">Copyright </span>© 2015 Islam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
		</div>
        
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">Introduction</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">I</span>n Bangladesh most of the people are non-vegetarian and dependent largely on cattle and buffalo meat as protein source in diet. Food <span class="reference-text">animal </span>carcasses are the possible source of several trans-boundary infectious zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, salmonellosis, anthrax, hydatidosis etc. (<a href="#Scott-JC--Stefaniak-J--Pawlowski-ZS--McManus-DP--1997-."><span class="Hyperlink">Scott</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1997</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8">). The emergence of anthrax has made the society more concerned about the health issues and quality of meat animal carcass (</span><span class="Hyperlink">Akbar et al., 2007</span><span class="CharOverride-8">). </span><span class="reference-text CharOverride-8">Therefore, slaughter house inspection became a very important responsibility for the local veterinary authority and municipality to determine </span><span class="CharOverride-8">whether or not the animal was suffering from any disease</span><span class="reference-text CharOverride-8"> or disease condition that makes the carcass inconsumable. </span><span class="CharOverride-8">In Bangladesh, traditional slaughtering places and slaughter slabs are present in municipalities and city corporations throughout the country, no slaughterhouses yet established with appropriate facilities. According to </span><a href="#Torres--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Torres (2007)</span></a><span class="CharOverride-8"> an ideal slaughterhouse should have ante-mortem and postmortem inspection of carcasses, hygienic management and condemnation of diseased animal to ensure the best quality consumable animal products. Lung is a vital organ of the body and susceptible for several pathological affections indicative for disease conditions (</span><span class="Hyperlink">Cullen and Maclachlan, 2001</span><span class="CharOverride-8">). Lung gets condemned for consumption</span> if there is any pathological evidence of significant infectious diseases or disease conditions during carcass inspection. Parasitic diseases like hydatidosis, verminous pneumonia; bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis, abscess, viral diseases such as rhinitis, influenza and fungal diseases like mycoplasmosis, aspergillosis are the most common causes of condemnation of lungs. Besides, several other pathological affections like fibrosis, abscess, atelectasis, cysts, hemorrhages, congestion, edema, and pneumonia are common in lungs (<span class="Hyperlink">Cullen and Maclachlan, 2001</span>). Considering the above facts the present study was designed to investigate the gross and histopathological changes of localized or generalized diseases/disease conditions in the slaughtered animal carcasses.</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">MATERIALS AND METHODS</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Study Area and Duration</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">This study was carried out by total 38 visits in three slaughterhouses (Firingibazar, Bohodderhat and Pahartali) of Chittagong Metropolitan area (CMA) from January to June 2012. All animals slaughtered in a particular visit day were taken into consideration for this study. </p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Sampling and Gross Examination of Slaughtered Carcasses</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">A total of 882 animals were carefully examined at the lairage (docking area) to record the demographic data. At slaughter slabs, when the carcasses are bled and completely opened, the visceral organs were thoroughly examined by close inspection and palpation. Lung suspected with pathological affections were isolated from the carcass and washed with water for detailed gross examination. Gross pathological lesions were detected and recorded with the aid of an experienced pathologist following FAO meat inspection manual (<a href="#Herenda-D--Jackel-O--1994-."><span class="Hyperlink">Herenda et al., 1994</span></a>). From each and every suspected lung with pathological affections, samples were collected with the help of the butcher leader and city corporation meat inspector. The tissue samples were carried to Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University pathology laboratory in cool boxes as early as possible and fixed at 10% neutral buffer formalin for histopathological study.</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Histopathological Study</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">For histopathological study formalin fixed tissue samples were washed and dehydrated in graded ethanol and embedded in paraffin wax. Fixed tissues were sectioned at 5μm thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin as per standard method (<a href="#Luna-LG--1968-.-Manua"><span class="Hyperlink">Luna, 1968</span></a>). </p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Acid Fast (Ziehl–Neelsen) Staining for Detection of Mycobacterium Species</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Lesions suspected for tuberculosis were stained with Ziehl–Neelsen acid fast staining to demonstrate Mycobacteria species as per the standard staining procedure. </p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Statistical Analysis</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">The obtained data form gross and microscopic examination was imported, stored and coded accordingly using Microsoft Excel-2000. Chi Square test was done for determination of association between the variables by using statistical software STATA/IC-11. Significance was determined in 95% confidence interval when P&lt;0.05.</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">Results </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">In this study, the overall pathological conditions were 14.51% in different slaughterhouses whereas highest (25.00%) in Bohodderhat slaughter house (<a href="#Table-1--Overall-Pathological-lesions-in-the-different-slaughterhouse"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a>). The higher frequency of lung lesions was present in cattle (15.90%) than buffalo (10.36%) (<a href="#Table-2--Frequency-of-lung-lesions-in-cattle-and-buffalo"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>). Out of 882 total carcasses examined, hydatid cysts was found in 69 (7.82%) cattle and buffalo which was the most prevalent lesions followed by emphysema 19 (2.15%), atelectasis 16 (1.81%), pulmonary hemorrhages 7 (0.79%), congestion 9 (1.02%), nodular lesions 4 (0.46%) and abscess 4 (0.46%) (<a href="#Table-4--Percent-prevalence-of-lung-lesions-in-slaughtered-Cattle-and-Buffalo-in-Chittagong-Metropol"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 4</span></a>). Among 128 (cattle 105 and buffalo 23) cases with lung lesions, the frequency of hydatid cyst was significantly higher in cattle (58.09%) lungs than buffalo (34.78%) lungs. (<a href="#Table-3--Comparative-frequency-of-lung-affections-in-cattle-and-buffalo"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>). </p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Gross and Histopathological Lesions in Affected Lungs</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Hemorrhagic lesions were found as variable sized blood spots in the apical and middle lobe of lungs. Dark coloured extravasated blood spots were visible on the parietal surface with marked streaks of ribs impression. Hydatid cyst on lung parenchyma and pleura was most common and appeared as large watery or yellowish fluid filled space occupying lesion distributed over the organ. Multiple cysts on lung parenchyma made a polycystic appearance (<a href="#Figure-1--Gross-pathological-changes-caused-by-hydatidosis-in-lung"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1A</span></a>). Cysts were often visible in clustered form in the pleura and thoracic cavity (<a href="#Figure-1--Gross-pathological-changes-caused-by-hydatidosis-in-lung"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1B</span></a>). Firm to hard opaque cysts were found as a degenerated and calcified cyst (<a href="#Figure-1--Gross-pathological-changes-caused-by-hydatidosis-in-lung"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1C</span></a>). Most of the cases of atelectasis were visible as a dark and depressed area. Distended pulmonary vessels with dark bluish coloration in middle and caudal lobe indicated hyperaemia and emphysema (<a href="#Figure-1--Gross-pathological-changes-caused-by-hydatidosis-in-lung"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1D</span></a>). In some cases, partial hepatisation and consolidation was found (<a href="#Figure-1--Gross-pathological-changes-caused-by-hydatidosis-in-lung"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1E</span></a>). Pulmonary abscesses were found in few buffalo lungs with solid elevated lesions in the parenchyma (<a href="#Figure-1--Gross-pathological-changes-caused-by-hydatidosis-in-lung"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1F</span></a>).</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-1--Overall-Pathological-lesions-in-the-different-slaughterhouse"></a>Table 1: </span>Overall Pathological lesions in the different slaughterhouse</p>
			<table id="table-1" class="Table-Style-1 TableOverride-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td width="108">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">Name Abattoirs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="172">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">No. of Carcass examined</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="43">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Cattle</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="65">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Buffaloes</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="62">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="143">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Overall %  of lung lesions</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">FiringiBazzar</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">498</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">50</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">68</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">13.65%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">Bohodderhat</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">152</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">35</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">38</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">25.00%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">Pahartali</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">232</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">9.4%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">882</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">105</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">128</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">14.51%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-2--Frequency-of-lung-lesions-in-cattle-and-buffalo"></a>Table 2: </span>Frequency of lung lesions in cattle and buffalo</p>
			<table id="table-2" class="Table-Style-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td width="141">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">Species</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="157">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">Slaughtered animal</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="153">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">Lung lesion</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="169">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-12">Percentage</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">Cattle </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">660</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">105</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">15.90%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">Buffalo</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">222</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">10.36%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">882</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">128</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">14.51%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-3--Comparative-frequency-of-lung-affections-in-cattle-and-buffalo"></a>Table 3: </span>Comparative frequency of lung affections in cattle and buffalo</p>
		  <table id="table-3" class="Table-Style-1 TableOverride-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-22" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-23" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-24" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td width="159" rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Pathological Affections</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Cattle (N=105)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="3">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Buffalo (N=23)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="122" rowspan="2">
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">P value</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25">
						<td width="24">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">No</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="44">
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="87">
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">95% CI</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="24">
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">No</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="44">
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="87">
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">95% CI</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Hydatid Cyst</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">61</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">58.10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">48.52-67.67</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">34.79</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">14.69-54.88</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.0211</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Atelectasis</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">12.38</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">5.99-18.77</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">13.04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">1.16-27.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.4653</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Emphysema</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">15.24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">25.08-43.49</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">13.04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">1.16-27.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.0225</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Nodule</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">1.90</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.75-4.56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">8.69</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">3.19-20.58</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.0450</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Congestion</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">6.66</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">1.83-10-15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">8.69</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">3.19-20.58</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.3652</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Hemorrhage</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">2.86</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">1.82-11.51</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">17.39</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">18.54-59.72</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Abscess</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">2.86</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">1.82-11.51</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">4.35</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">4.26-12.95</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.0160</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Normal"><span class="Title"><a id="x.30563"></a></span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-6"> </span><span class="CharOverride-10">*</span><span class="CharOverride-6">=Means p&lt;0.05</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">The lung samples with selected gross pathology were processed for histopathology and carefully examined for histopathological alterations. Hydatid cyst was characterized by the cyst wall was composed of proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with infiltration of mononuclear cells. Pulmonary emphysema was microscopically visible with severe enlargement of alveolar space with variable degree of pulmonary congestion (<a href="#Figure-2--Histop"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 2A</span></a>). Atelectatic lung showed collapse of the alveolar space with increased thickness of the septa. The blood vessel of the affected part was congested (<a href="#Figure-2--Histop"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 2B</span></a>). Purulent bronchopneumonia was characterized by massive infiltration of neutrophils that often occluded the lumen of the alveolar space and the terminal bronchi (<a href="#Figure-2--Histop"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 2C</span></a>). Accumulation of lymphocytes, macrophages and giant cells with copious eosinophilic exudates in the tissue section indicated the hepatisation and consolidation of lung parenchyma (<a href="#Figure-2--Histop"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 2D</span></a>). There was diffuse alveolar necrosis and edema in the inter-alveolar septa and sloughing of bronchial mucosa. Healed nodule was characterized by excessive proliferation of fibrous connective tissue indicating the feature of healing. Sub-acute pneumonia was characterized by the presence of immature collagen fibres associated with few reactive cells. </p>
			
			
	      <p>&nbsp;</p>
	      <iframe src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/urlbodies/figures.php?figureNumber=142876" name="figures" scrolling="no" width="394" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0" height="445"></iframe>	
            
            
            
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-1--Gross-pathological-changes-caused-by-hydatidosis-in-lung"></a>Figure</span> <span class="CharOverride-5">1:</span> Gross pathological changes caused by hydatidosis in lung</p>
			
            <iframe src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/urlbodies/figures.php?figureNumber=997403" name="figures" scrolling="no" width="620" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0" height="470"></iframe>
            
			
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-2--Histop"></a>Figure 2:</span> Histopathology of lung lesions. (H&amp;E x100)</p>
			
            
            
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-4--Percent-prevalence-of-lung-lesions-in-slaughtered-Cattle-and-Buffalo-in-Chittagong-Metropol"></a>Table 4:</span> Percent prevalence of lung lesions in slaughtered Cattle and Buffalo in Chittagong Metropolitan Area</p>
			<table id="table-4" class="Table-Style-1 TableOverride-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-26" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-27" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-28" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29">
						<td width="197">
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Pathological Affections</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="183">
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Total lesion (Cattle and Buffalo)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td width="240">
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-13">Prevalance % (Total animal = 882)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Hydatid Cyst</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">69</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">7.82</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-30">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Atelectasis</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">1.81</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Emphysema</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">2.15</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-30">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Nodule</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.46</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Congestion</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">1.02</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-30">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Hemorrhage</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.79</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Abscess</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">0.46</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-30">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">128</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-1"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">14.51</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Normal"><span class="Title"><a id="x.30852"></a></span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">Discussion</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Based on gross examination, among the 128 different cases, hydatid cysts were the most frequent lesions followed by emphysema, atelectasis, pulmonary hemorrhage, congestion, nodular lesions and abscess. This result come in close agreement with the findings of <a href="#Belkhiri-M--Tlidjane-M--Benhathat-Y--Meziane-T--2009-."><span class="Hyperlink">Belkhiri et al. (2009)</span></a> who also reported that emphysema was the second most common bovine pulmonary lesions in slaughterhouses of Algeria. <a href="#Rahman-MS--Faruk-MO--Her-M--Kim-JY--Kang-SI--Jung-SC--2006-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rahman et al. (2006)</span></a> reported that congestion, emphysema, hemorrhage, abscess and anthracosis as the other common affections in lung in Mymensingh. Similar lesions have been described earlier (<a href="#Radostits-OM--Blood-DC--Gay-CC--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Radostits et al., 2002</span></a>). </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Other lesions like black coloured lungs like anthracosis were observed by <a href="#Radostits-OM--Blood-DC--Gay-CC--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Radostits et al. (2002)</span></a>, but no such lesions were observed in the present investigation.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Statistically significant variation was observed between cattle and buffalo lungs in the frequency of pulmonary emphysema. Such distinction might be resulted from to the different physical factors of the buffalo and fewer samples in this study. </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">The higher frequency of hydatidosis, the most frequent pulmonary lesion in the present study is comparable with the findings of <a href="#Belkhiri-M--Tlidjane-M--Benhathat-Y--Meziane-T--2009-."><span class="Hyperlink">Belkhiri et al. (2009)</span></a>. High prevalence of hydatidosis in slaughtered carcasses was reported in Bangladesh by (<span class="Hyperlink">Ahmedullah et al., 2007</span>; <a href="#Kabir-MHB--Eliyas-M.--Hashem-MA--Mohiuddin--Miazi-OF--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kabir</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2010</span></a>; <span class="Hyperlink">Basak et al., 2011</span>). <a href="#Akbar-M--Haider-MG--......-Hossain-MM--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Akbar et al. (2007)</span></a> reported 6.25% hydatid cyst from the slaughterhouses of Barisal sadar, Bangladesh. Pulmonary emphysema is often considered as the secondary lesion to traumatic pericarditis or pulmonary abscess (<a href="#Blood-DC--Henderson-JA--1976-."><span class="Hyperlink">Blood and Henderson, 1976</span></a>). Agonal emphysema is common in slaughtered animals resulted from agonal expiration (<span class="Hyperlink">Cullen and Maclachlan, 2001</span>). </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Frequency of atelectasis was observed in 12.50% cases among all lung affections. According to <a href="#Belkhiri-M--Tlidjane-M--Benhathat-Y--Meziane-T--2009-."><span class="Hyperlink">Belkhiri et al. (2009)</span></a> atelectasis is the collapse of certain portion of pulmonary tissue in absence of air content in alveoli. These lesions are classically localized in the apical and cardiac lobes, and more rarely in the diaphragmatic one. Pulmonary hemorrhages are related to severe septicemia or traumatic lesion to the lung. Agonal hemorrhages resulted from seizures and struggling during slaughter also results in pinpoint hemorrhage over lung surface particularly in the anterior lobes. The reason behind the higher rate of hemorrhagic lesion in buffalo is not clear at this moment and requires further investigation. The frequency of pulmonary congestion among the lung affections was 7.03% which is much less than the reports by <a href="#Akbar-M--Haider-MG--......-Hossain-MM--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Akbar</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al. (2007)</span></a> that showed 16.25% of pulmonary congestions in buffalo lungs by gross examination. Pulmonary congestion occurs due to the obstruction of the pulmonary vessels and passive which is sometimes followed by pulmonary edema (<a href="#Blood-DC--Henderson-JA--1976-."><span class="Hyperlink">Blood and Henderson, 1976</span></a>). Left-sided cardiac insufficiency, inflammation and degeneration of the myocardium or infarction of the heart muscle also cause such condition.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Abscess and nodular lesions were observed in lower frequency in this study. Nodular lesions in lung are observed in variety of conditions such as tuberculosis, granulomatous pneumonia, neoplastic growth etc. (<a href="#Cullen-JM--Maclachlan-NJ--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Cullen and Maclachlan, 2001</span></a>). <a href="#Akbar-M--Haider-MG--......-Hossain-MM--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Akbar et al. (2007)</span></a> and <a href="#Rahman-MS--Faruk-MO--Her-M--Kim-JY--Kang-SI--Jung-SC--2006-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rahman et al. (2006)</span></a> showed lower frequency of pulmonary nodules. </p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">Acknowledgement</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">The authors are thankful to the authorities of University grand Commission (UGC) and to the director of Committee of higher education and research Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for providing financial supports for this study. </p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">References</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			
			  <li class="References ParaOverride-4"><a id="Ahmedullah-FM--Akbor-MG--Haider-MM--Hossain-MM--2007-."></a>Ahmedullah FM, Akbor MG, Haider MM, Hossain MM (2007). Pathological investigation of liver of the slaughtered buffaloes in Barisal district. Bang. J. Vet. Med. 5(1-2): 81-85.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><a id="Akbar-M--Haider-MG--......-Hossain-MM--2007-."></a>Akbar M, Haider MG, Ahmedullah F, Khan MA, Hossain MI, Hossain MM (2007). Pathology of trachea and lungs of buffalo. Bang. J. Vet. Med. 5(1-2): 87-91.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"> <a id="Basak-P--Rashid-SMH--Isalm-MN--Hossain-MM--2011-."></a>Basak P, Rashid SMH, Isalm MN, Hossain MM (2011). Pathological investigation of liver of slaughtered cattle in dinajpur district of Bangladesh. Bang. Res. Pub. J. 5(2): 86-91.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"> <a id="Belkhiri-M--Tlidjane-M--Benhathat-Y--Meziane-T--2009-."></a>Belkhiri M, Tlidjane M, Benhathat Y, Meziane T (2009). Histopathological study and pulmonary classification of bovine lesions. African J. Agri. Res. 4(7): 584-591.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"> <a id="Blood-DC--Henderson-JA--1976-."></a>Blood DC, Henderson JA (1976). Medicine veterinarian “illnesses of the respiratory device Vigot Frères Publishers, 2nd Edition, Paris. Pp. 186-208.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><a id="Cullen-JM--Maclachlan-NJ--2001-."></a>Cullen JM, Maclachlan NJ (2001). Liver, biliary system, and exocrine pancreas. In: Thompson’s Special Veterinary Pathology. (Mc Gavin MD, Carlton WW, Zachary JF, Eds.). Mosby, Inc. St. Louis, London, Philadelphia, Sydney, Toronto. Pp. 81-118</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"> <a id="Herenda-D--Jackel-O--1994-."></a>Herenda D, Jackel O (1994). Poultry Abattoir Survey of Carcass Condemnation for Standard, Vegetarian, and Free Range Chickens. Can. Vet. J. 35(5): 293-296. PMid:8050075 PMCid:PMC1686657</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><a id="Kabir-MHB--Eliyas-M.--Hashem-MA--Mohiuddin--Miazi-OF--2010-."></a>Kabir MHB, Eliyas M., Hashem MA, Mohiuddin, Miazi OF (2010). Prevalence of zoonotic parasitic diseases of domestic animals in different abattoir of Comilla and Brahman Baria region in Bangladesh. Rajs. Univ. J. Zool. 28: 21-25.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"> <a id="Luna-LG--1968-.-Manua"></a>Luna LG (1968). Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><a id="Radostits-OM--Blood-DC--Gay-CC--2002-."></a>Radostits OM, Blood DC, Gay CC (2002). Disease of alimentary systrm. In: Veterinary medicine. 8th Ed. Bailliere Tindall, London, England. Pp. 1102-1233.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"> <a id="Rahman-MS--Faruk-MO--Her-M--Kim-JY--Kang-SI--Jung-SC--2006-."></a>Rahman MS, Faruk MO, Her M, Kim JY, Kang SI, Jung SC (2006). Prevalence of brucellosis in ruminants. Bang. J. Vet. Med. 56(8): 379-385.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"> <a id="Scott-JC--Stefaniak-J--Pawlowski-ZS--McManus-DP--1997-."></a>Scott JC, Stefaniak J, Pawlowski ZS, McManus DP (1997). Molecular genetic analysis of human cystic hydatid cases from Poland: identification of a new genotype group (G9) of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitol. 114(1): 37-43. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182096008062 "><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182096008062</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"> <a id="Torres--2007-."></a>Torres (2007). Making a killing. AKPress,UK. Pp.45.</li>
			
		</div>
	</body>
</html>
