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			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Influence of some Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors on Total Milk Yield and Lactation Period in Iraqi Awassi Sheep</p>
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			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-2">Firas Rashad Al-Samarai</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Yehya Khalid Abdulrahman</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Fatten Ahmad Mohammed</span><span class="CharOverride-3">3</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Falah Hamad Al-Zaidi</span><span class="CharOverride-3">4</span><span class="CharOverride-2">,</span><span class="CharOverride-3"> </span><span class="CharOverride-2">Nasr Nouri Al-Anbari</span><span class="CharOverride-3">5</span><span class="CharOverride-2">  </span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">1, 2</span>Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq; <span class="CharOverride-4">3, 4</span>Department of Animal Resources, Directorate of Baghdad Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Iraq; <span class="CharOverride-4">5</span>Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq.</p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Abstract</span> | This study was conducted to evaluate productivity of Awassi sheep raised at the Research Station of Sheep and Goats (Abo Gharib) in the west of Baghdad, Iraq. A total of 369 milk records of the Awassi ewes collected during year of 2008 were used to investigate the effect of some genetic and non-genetic factors (group of dam, parity, month of birth, type of birth and sex) on total milk yield (TMY), and lactation period (LP). Data were analysed by using GLM in SAS program. Restricted Maximum Likelihood Estimation method (REML) was used to estimate heritability (h²) for milk yield an lactation period. Best Linear Unbiased Predication (BLUP) values were estimated for rams. Results revealed that total milk yield (TMY) and lactation period (LP) were 103.57±3.63kg and 107.44±1.47 days respectively. LP affected significantly (P&lt; 0.01) by parity, group of dam (local and Turkish), month of birth and type of birth (single and twin), while the sex of birth was not significant. TMY was affected significantly (P&lt; 0.01) by the same factors except the parity and sex of birth, which were not significant. Estimates of heritability for TMY and LP were 0.40 and 0.30 respectively. BLUP values of rams for total milk yield were between -33.61and 31.00 kg. These results point to a high genetic potential of Awassi sheep. Hence, it is imperative to apply selection programs to improve the productive performance of Awassi sheep in Iraq.</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Keywords </span>| Awassi sheep, Milk yield, Heritability, BLUP</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-7">Editor</span> | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Received</span> | November 03, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Revised</span> | December 01, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Accepted</span> | December 03, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Published</span> | December 06, 2014&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">*Correspondence</span> | Firas Rashad Al-Samarai, University of Baghdad, Iraq; <span class="CharOverride-5">Email: </span>firas_rashad@yahoo.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Citation</span> | Al-Samarai FR, Abdulrahman YK, Mohammed FA, Al-Zaidi FH, Al-Anbari NN (2014). Influence of some genetic and non-genetic factors on total milk yield and lactation period in Iraqi Awassi sheep. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2(12): 662-667.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-7">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.12.662.667"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.12.662.667</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">ISSN (Online)</span>| 2307-8316; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">ISSN (Print) </span> | 2309-3331</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-7">Copyright </span>© 2014 Al-Samarai et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Introduction</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">A</span>wassi breed is utilized for production of meat, milk, and wool. It is the main breed in Iraq and most of the Middle Eastern countries (Epstein, 1985; Zarkawi et al., 1999; Tabbaa et al., 2001; Hailat, 2005). Awassi sheep survive under harsh environmental conditions. It is adapted to scarcity of feed and high environmental temperatures (Said<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>et al., 1999). The Awassi breed is traditionally kept for the production of milk and meat and plays a socioeconomic role in Iraq.</p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The average total milk yield (TMY) of Iraqi Awassi sheep was ranged between 73.16 to 131.92 kg and the average lactation period (LP) was ranged between 85.80 to 142.00 days (Eliya and Juma 1970; Karam et al., 1971; Alkass et al., 2009; Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari 2009; Abd Al-Noor, 2011). The potential genetic ability of Awassi sheep for increasing milk production have been supported according to the genetic improvement programs that have been applied in Israel. Intensive selection within the Awassi breed has increased milk production in Israel from 297 kg in 1940’s to over 500 kg in the 1990’s (Epstein, l985; Galal et al., 2008). Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the level of influence of some factors on milk yield and lactation period, as well as to estimate the heritability of these traits as heritability<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>is an important genetic parameter that must be taken into consideration when designing breeding programs for animal populations and the study also aimed to estimate Best Linear Unbiased prediction (BLUP) of sires for TMY. </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Material and methods</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">This study was conducted at the Research Station of Sheep and Goats, Abu Gharib, Ministry of Agriculture, Iraq.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A total of 369 records of productive performance of 369 Awassi ewes daughters of 66 sires were analyzed for one year (2008). The flock was kept in semi-shaded houses, grazed mainly on natural pastures and some green forage legumes and cereals during March-May. During June-November, the flock grazed on crop residues post harvesting with access to grazing a triplex shrubs, in addition to some supplements (250-500 gm/head) of feed concentrates according to their physiological status. In winter, the flock was fed 0.5-1.0 kg concentrate of mixed grain in addition to 0.5-1.0 kg of hay and straw. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Milk yield was measured weekly (Twice-daily). On the milk recording day, lambs were isolated from their dams, and dam’s udders were evacuated handily from the surplus milk post lambs suckling, and milk produced was weighed and recorded. This method was routinely repeated till lambs were weaned. The flock included Local Awassi in addition Turkish Awassi which was exported from Turkey to improve the performance of local Awassi by mating.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Statistical Analysis</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Data were analysed using General Linear Model (GLM) in SAS program (2010) to investigate the effect of some fixed factors on: total milk yield and lactation period in Awassi sheep according to the following linear model: </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Y<span class="CharOverride-10">ijklm</span> = μ + P<span class="CharOverride-10">i</span> + X<span class="CharOverride-10">j</span> + W<span class="CharOverride-10">k</span> + G<span class="CharOverride-10">l</span> + e<span class="CharOverride-10">ijklm</span> </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Where Y<span class="CharOverride-10">ijklm</span> is the studied trait, μ is the overall means, P<span class="CharOverride-10">i</span> the fixed effect of i <span class="CharOverride-4">th </span>parity (i = 1 – 2), X<span class="CharOverride-10">j</span> the fixed effect of j <span class="CharOverride-4">th </span>birth month (j = January, February and March), W<span class="CharOverride-10">k</span> the k <span class="CharOverride-4">th </span>effect of birth type (k = 1= single, 2 = twins), G<span class="CharOverride-10">l</span> the fixed effect of sex of lamb and e<span class="CharOverride-10">ijklm</span> is the residual effect.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Mixed model was used to estimate variance components using Restricted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (REML) method as following model: </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Y<span class="CharOverride-10">ijklmn</span> = μ + P<span class="CharOverride-10">i</span> + X<span class="CharOverride-10">j</span> + W<span class="CharOverride-10">k</span> + G<span class="CharOverride-10">l</span> + S<span class="CharOverride-10">m</span> + e<span class="CharOverride-10">ijklmn</span> </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Where Y<span class="CharOverride-10">ijklm</span>, μ, P<span class="CharOverride-10">i</span>, X<span class="CharOverride-10">j</span>, W<span class="CharOverride-10">k</span>, G<span class="CharOverride-10">l</span> and e<span class="CharOverride-10">ijklmn</span> are the same in the first model, whereas S<span class="CharOverride-10">m</span> is the random effect of sires. The same model was also used to estimate Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) of sires for TMY using Proc mixed procedure in SAS program (2010). Least square means were compared using Duncan test.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Results and discussion</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">Table 1 showed that the overall means of TMY and LP were 103.57±3.63 kg and 107.44±1.47 days respectively. The estimate of the TMY in this study was within range of 73.16 – 131.92 kg   reported by several workers (Eliya and Juma 1970; Karam et al., 1971; Alkass et al., 2009; Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari 2009; Abd Al-Noor, 2011) for the same breed in Iraq. Results revealed that the effect of parity on the TMY was not significant (Table 2), whereas the effect of the group of dam was significant (P &lt;0.01). Least square means of the TMY in local and Turkish Awassi were 45.30 and 129.07 kg respectively (Table 1). This result is consistent with the finding of <span class="CharOverride-11">Iñiguez and Hilali</span>, (2009) who stated that the Turkish Awassi sheep surpassed the Syrian Awassi sheep (101.3 vs 77.8 kg) in TMY. Least square mean of TMY of ewes in January (106.31 kg) was differed significantly (p&lt; 0.01) as compared with February (77.76 kg) and March (77.48 kg). Similar results were reported by Alkass et al. (2009) and Kassem et al. (2010). This result could <span class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">be attributed to changes in the environmental conditions, particularly in ambient temperature together with the availability of feeds during different lambing months (Alkass et al., 2009). The effect of type of birth on TMY was significant (P&lt; 0.05). TMY of ewes suckling twins (94.65 kg) was higher than that of ewes suckling singles (79.72 kg). Such increase was obviously due to increased stimulation of the udder. Similar results have been found by Macciotta (1999), Sakul et al. (1999), Alkass et al. (2009) and Kassem et al. (2010). On the other hand, the effect of sex of birth on TMY was not significant. Our results confirmed finding of Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari (2009).</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Table 1:</span> Least square means of TMY and LP of Awassi sheep</p>
			<table width="657" height="439" class="Table-Style-1 TableOverride-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">Factor</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">No. of obs.</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">TMY</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">LP</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Parity</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">N.S</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">175</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">86.49±4.99</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">88.63±2.57</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">b</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">97</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">88.04±6.60</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">100.58±4.07</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">87.02±9.66</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">85.78±6.89</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">b</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Group of dam</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">**</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Local Awassi</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">112</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">45.30±8.43</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">80.45±3.29</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">b</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Turkish Awassi</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">257</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">129.07±10.08</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">102.88±3.93</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Month of birth</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">**</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">January</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">141</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">106.31±8.40</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">109.59±3.28</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">February</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">190</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">77.76±6.64</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">91.85±2.98</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">b</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">March</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">38</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">77.48±14.54</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">73.54±6.78</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">c</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Type of birth</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">**</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">**</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Single</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">240</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">79.72±8.49</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">b</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">82.59±3.31</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">b</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Twin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">129</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">94.65±9.57</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">100.74±3.73</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Sex</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">N.S</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">N.S</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Male</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">186</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">84.60±8.95</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">89.71±3.49</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Female</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">183</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">89.77±9.00</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">93.62±3.51</span><span class="Title CharOverride-4">a</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Overall mean</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">369</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">103.57±3.63</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">107.44±1.47</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-12">**Means with the different letters in same column differed significantly (P&lt; 0.01); N.S=Non-significant</span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Table 2:</span> Analysis of variance of factors affecting TMY in Awassi sheep</p>
			<table width="657" height="163" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">Source of variation</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">df</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">Mean square</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">F</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">P</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Parity</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">23.2257</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0.01</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0.9930</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Group of dam</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">390977.6517</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">117.66</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Month of birth</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">34045.4847</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">10.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Type of birth</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">17969.0633</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">5.41</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">&lt;0.0206</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Sex</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2445.1813</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0.74</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0.3916</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Error</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">361</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">3322.813</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Normal" lang="en-US">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Normal" lang="en-US">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Table 3:</span> Analysis of variance of factors affecting LP in Awassi sheep</p>
			<table width="657" height="163" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">Source of variation</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">df</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">Mean square</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">F</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">P</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Parity</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2014.00671</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">3.98</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">  0.0195</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Group of dam</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">28016.18905</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">55.35</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Month of birth</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">16337.70309</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">32.27</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Type of birth</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">26553.55363</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">52.46</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">&lt;0.0001</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Sex</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">1398.52797</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2.76</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">  0.0973</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">Error</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">361</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">506.2077</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Table 4:</span> Heritability of TMY and LP in Awassi sheep</p>
			<table width="657" height="72" class="Table-Style-1 TableOverride-1" id="table-4">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-22" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-23" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-24">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">Trait</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">Sire variance</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">Error variance</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">h²</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">TMY</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">516.26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">4330.20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0.42</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-24">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">LP</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">53.83</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">651.54</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">0.30</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Normal" lang="en-US">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Normal" lang="en-US">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Table 5:</span> BLUP values of sires for TMY and LP</p>
			<table width="657" height="324" class="Table-Style-1 TableOverride-1" id="table-5">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-26" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-27" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-28" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">Rank of Sire</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">No. of Sire</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-5">BLUP value</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11976</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">-33.6155</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11958</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">-31.8667</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11966</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">-22.9156</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11941</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">-19.2332</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11902</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">-17.2458</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">.</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">   -</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">      -</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">.</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">   -</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">      -</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">62</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11999</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">14.4530</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">63</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11921</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">14.5797</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">64</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11985</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">17.9483</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">65</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11924</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">21.7712</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29">
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">66</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">11939</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title">31.0058</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In present study, the overall mean of LP of Awassi was 107.44 days (Table 1), which was within the range of 85.80 to 142.00 days reported by previous studies (Eliya and Juma, 1970; Karam et al., 1971; Alkass et al., 2009; Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari 2009; Abd Al-Noor, 2011) for the same breed in Iraq. LP was affected significantly (P&lt; 0.05) by parity (<span class="CharOverride-5">T</span>able 3). The LP of second parity (100.58 days) was higher than first (88.63 days) and third parity (85.78 days). Similar result was found by Jawasreh<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>et al. (2013) who reported that means of LP in first forth parity were 88.28, 113.68, 105.86 and 87.93 days respectively and LP of the second parity differed significantly (P&lt; 0.05) as compared with other means. Group of dam had significant (P &lt;0.01) effect on LP. Turkish Awassi had longer LP (102.88 days) as compared with local Awassi (80.45 days). This result confirmed previous results reported by <span class="CharOverride-11">Iñiguez and Hilali</span> (2009) and Kassem et al. (2010). Our finding could be reflects the differences in genetic potential between local and Turkish sheep, in other words it seems that persistency of Turkish Awassi was higher than local Awassi, however this explanation need more studies to be determine. The effect of month of birth was significant (P&lt; 0.01). Highest estimate of LP was found in January with reduction in estimation along with advancing sequence of months. This finding is consistent with Abdul-Rahman and Abbo (2013). In the finding of present study, the effect of type of birth was significant (P&lt; 0.01). The mean of LP of ewes with twins was more longer (100.74 days) as compared with ewes with single (82.59 days). These differences could be attributed to that twins are more stimulate of the udder than single. Al-Samarai and Al-Abari (2009) found that LP of ewes with twins (90.87 days) differed significantly (P&lt; 0.01) as compared with single (80.81 days). On the other side, the effect of sex was not significant. Estimates of heritability are shown in table 4. Heritability of TMY was 0.42. This estimate was lower than estimate of 0.47, 0.56 and 0.60 reported by Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari (2009), Mavrogenis (1996) and <span class="CharOverride-16">Hossamo et al</span>. (1985) for the same breed. Whereas the estimate of present study was higher than 0.103 (Pollott and Gootwine, 2001), 0.25 (Pollott et al., 1998) and 0.26 (Jawasreh and Khasawneh, 2007). The variation in estimates of heritability could be attributed to several factors: such as, method of estimating variance component, size of flock, breed of sheep but generally the estimate of heritability of TMY tend to be low for flocks under selection. <span class="CharOverride-16">Gootwine</span>, (2011) stated that “<span class="CharOverride-16">In response to selection for high milk production in the Awassi, the genetic variation for milk production ability is expected to decrease in the selected lines. It is thus not surprising that heritability estimates for milk yield in the Improved Awassi dairy strain are low as compared to those in non-selected Local Awassi populations</span>”. The estimate of heritability of LP was moderate (0.30) which was consistent with 0.33 recorded by Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari (2009). The values of BLUP of sires for TMY are shown in table 5. It is obvious that there was a considerable wide difference between values of BLUP. The low and high values were –33.61 and 31.00 kg respectively. These results in addition to high estimate of heritability increase the opportunity to get acceptable response in TMY by selection.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In conclusion: A large portion of the increased performance and productivity of modern livestock can be attributed to genetic improvement through selection.<span class="CharOverride-16"> Thus, for Local Awassi populations with low milk production, and high heritability, mass selection based on actual milk records will continue to be the main breeding strategy to improve Awassi performance in Iraq. As the Local Awassi, is a triple-purpose breed (meat, milk, and carpet–wool production) with priority intention for meat in Iraq, so it is of interest, that a positive association was found between ewe weight and milk production and such association was confirmed by Gootwine (2011), who reported that the development of the high milk producer Improved Awassi line from the Local Awassi was associated with an increase in ewes’ body weight. </span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">References</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			
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