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			<p class="Type-of-Article">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Case Report</span></p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Surgical Management of Malignant Histiocytosis in a Buffalo </p>
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			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-2" lang="en-US">Logaiyan SivaSudarshan, Jetty Devarathnam, Pidugu Amaravati, Gurram Kamalakar, Rajapantula Mahesh, Narpala Sumiran, Rayadurgam Venkata Suresh Kumar  </span><span class="CharOverride-2" lang="en-US"> </span><span class="CharOverride-2">   </span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations">College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur (A. P.), India. </p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">Abstract</span> | A case of malignant histiocytosis in a buffalo is described. A 4 year old Non–descript Female buffalo was presented with 1 year history of pedunculated, soft and ulcerated mass on the left lateral angle of ilium. Fine needle aspiration biopsy revealed malignancy. The mass was surgically treated under local anaesthesia. Based on histological findings it was diagnosed as malignant histiocytosis. After surgery the animal recovered without any complications and recurrence.</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">Keywords</span> |  Malignant tumour, Histiocytic sarcoma, Histiocytosis, Buffalo</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Editor</span> | Muhammad Abubakar, National Veterinary Laboratories, Islamabad, Pakistan.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-4">Received</span> | July 07, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-4">Revised</span> | September 11, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-4">Accepted</span> | September 13, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-4">Published</span> | November 7, 2014&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-4">*Correspondence</span> | Jetty Devarathnam, College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur (A. P.), India; <span class="CharOverride-4">Email: </span>drvictory84@gmail.com </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-4">Citation </span>| SivaSudarshan L, Devarathnam J, Amaravati P, Kamalakar G, Mahesh R, Sumiran N, Kumar RVS  (2015). Surgical management of malignant histiocytosis in a buffalo. Res. J. Vet. Pract. 3 (1): 10-12.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.rjvp/2015/3.1.10.12"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.rjvp/2015/3.1.10.12</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-4">ISSN</span> | 2308–2798</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Copyright </span>© 2015 SivaSudarshan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">M</span>alignant histiocytosis in domestic animals is a multisystemic neoplasm that proliferates primarily in the spleen, lungs or bone marrow. Secondary sites of neoplastic proliferation include lymph nodes and liver, with several other organs affected subsequently (<a href="#Suzuki-M--Uchida-K--Morozumi-M--Yanai-T--Nakayama-H--Yamaguchi-R--Tateyama-S--2003-"><span class="Hyperlink">Suzuki et al., 2003</span></a>). It is the most destructive syndrome of all histiocytic neoplasms (<a href="#Goldschmidt-MH--Hendrick-MJ--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Goldschmidt and Hendrick, 2002</span></a>) and was reported in cattle (<a href="#Anjiki-T--Wada-Y--Honma-H--Niizeki-H--Shibahara-T--Kadota-K--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Anjiki et al., 2000</span></a>), dogs (Moore et al., 2006), horses (<a href="#Lester-GD--Alleman-AR--Raskin-RE--Mays-MB--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">Lester et al., 1993</span></a>) and cats (<a href="#Trost-ME--Ramos-AT--Masuda-EK--dos-Anjos-BL--Cunha-MGCMCM--Graca--DL--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Trost et al., 2008</span></a>). The present case report describes one such rare finding of malignant histiocytosis in a female buffalo and its surgical management.</p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A 4 year old non–descript female buffalo was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Proddatur (Andhrapradesh, India) a history of soft and ulcerated swelling on the left lateral angle of ilium (<a href="#Figure-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1</span></a>). It was reported that the mass showed a slow progressive growth over a period of one year and was ulcerated. On palpation the mass was soft and was attached to skin at the ilium. Base of the mass was pedunculated and broad. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed malignancy. No other abnormal clinical manifestations were observed. The case was decided to treat surgically. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The buffalo was prepared for anesthesia and surgery by withholding water and feed for 18 h. The animal was sedated with xylazine hydrochloride (Xylaxin: Indian immunologicals) @ 0.1mG/kG body weight and lignocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine: Astra Zeneca) was infiltrated around the incision site. The surgical site was aseptically prepared. An elliptical incision was made on the skin around the base of tumour mass. By blunt dissection, the tissues were separated. Bleeding points were controlled by ligating major blood vessels and the tumour mass was excised completely (<a href="#Figure-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 2</span></a>). A small piece of excised tumour mass was preserved in 10 % formalin and sent for histopathological examination. Sub–cuticular sutures were applied with chromic catgut No: 1 and the skin was opposed in horizontal mattress suture pattern using nylon suture material (<a href="#Figure-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 3</span></a>). Postoperatively Streptopenicillin @ 20mG/kG body weight and Meloxicam @ 0.3mG/kG were administered for 5 consecutive days followed by daily dressing of wound 1% povidone iodine solution. Gamma benzene hexachloride ointment was used as fly repellent. Skin sutures were removed on 10th day post–operative. The animal had uneventful recovery without any complications. No recurrence was reported after surgery for a period of six months.</p>
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            <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119161513.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119161513.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
            
          <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4"><a id="Figure-1-"></a>Figure 1: </span><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119161513.png">Ulcerated swelling on the left lateral angle of ilium in a buffalo</a></p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119160214.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119160214.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
            
         <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4"><a id="Figure-2-"></a>Figure 2: </span><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119160214.png">Excised tumor mass</a></p>
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			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119164814.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119164814.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
            
       <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4"><a id="Figure-3-"></a>Figure 3: </span><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119164814.png">Skin closure after the excision of tumour mass</a></p>
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		  <div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119163015.jpg" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119163015.jpg" width="80" height="80"></a>
            
       <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4"><a id="Figure-4-"></a>Figure 4: </span><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150119163015.jpg">Photomicrograph of tumour mass showing large round to polygonal cells with round nuclei and abundant cytoplasm indicating histiocytes, along with few multinucleated forms (H &amp; E)</a></p>
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			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Histological sections (H &amp; E staining) of the tumour mass revealed multifocal, large round to polygonal cells with round nuclei and abundant cytoplasm indicating histiocytes, along with few multinucleated forms (<a href="#Figure-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 4</span></a>). Based on cytological and histopathological examination the tumour mass was diagnosed as malignant histiocytosis.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In the present case, histological sections of excised tissue mass from buffalo ilium showed histiocytes indicating that the condition might be one of the types of histiocytic neoplasms. Malignant histiocytosis is characterized by progressive and invasive multi–systemic proliferation of atypical histiocytes and their precursors (<a href="#Moore-PF--Affolter-VK--Vernau-W--2006"><span class="Hyperlink">Moore et al., 2006</span></a>). Animals with malignant histiocytosis have non–specific clinical signs (<a href="#Trost-ME--Ramos-AT--Masuda-EK--dos-Anjos-BL--Cunha-MGCMCM--Graca--DL--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Trost et al., 2008</span></a>). In the present case also the animal did not show any conspicuous clinical findings definitive of malignant histiocytosis. The definitive diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis is made by histopathological examination. Malignant histiocytosis is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be done when the tumour cells have morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics with those of histiocytes (<a href="#Freeman-L--Stevens-J--Loughman-C--Tompkins-M--1995-"><span class="Hyperlink">Freeman et al., 1995</span></a>).  It can be differentiated from other histiocytic diseases for presenting high levels of cellular atypia (<a href="#Trost-ME--Ramos-AT--Masuda-EK--dos-Anjos-BL--Cunha-MGCMCM--Graca--DL--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Trost et al., 2008</span></a>). In the present case, histological sections revealed abnormal shaped cells ie., cellular atypia with abundant cytoplasm resembling histiocytes indicating malignant histiocytosis. Localized neoplasms are best treated by surgical excision. In the present case lesions were limited to skin. Multisystemic involvement could not be diagnosed as the animal was clinically normal other than the growth at the ilium. Localized histiocytic sarcoma is treated by surgical excision (<a href="#Fulmer-AK--Mauldin-GE--2007-"><span class="Hyperlink">Fulmer and Mauldin, 2007</span></a>).&#160;Therefore surgical excision was opted for management of the condition. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONCLUSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction---- ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-9">Malignant histiocytosis is a rare neoplastic condition observed in buffaloes. If the neoplasm is localized, surgical excision can be considered for treatment. In case of metastasis systemic chemotherapy is recommended. However malignant histiocytosis with metastasis has poor prognosis even after aggressive therapy.</span></p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction---- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">REFERENCES</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			
			  <li class="References ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><a id="Anjiki-T--Wada-Y--Honma-H--Niizeki-H--Shibahara-T--Kadota-K--2000-."></a>Anjiki T, Wada Y, Honma H, Niizeki H, Shibahara T, Kadota K (2000). Malignant histiocytosis in cattle. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62(12): 1235-40. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.62.1235"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.62.1235</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><a id="Freeman-L--Stevens-J--Loughman-C--Tompkins-M--1995-"></a>Freeman L, Stevens J, Loughman C, Tompkins M (1995). Malignant histiocytosis in a cat. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 9(3):  171-173. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03292.x"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03292.x</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><a id="Fulmer-AK--Mauldin-GE--2007-"></a>Fulmer AK, Mauldin GE (2007). Canine histiocytic neoplasia: an overview. Can. Vet. J. 48(10): 1041-1050.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><a id="Goldschmidt-MH--Hendrick-MJ--2002-."></a>Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ (2002). Tumors of the skin and soft tissue. Meuten, DJ. Eds.  Tumors of Domestic Animals. 4. ed. Iowa: Iowa State Press, 45-117. </li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><a id="Lester-GD--Alleman-AR--Raskin-RE--Mays-MB--1993-"></a>Lester GD, Alleman AR, Raskin RE, Mays MB (1993). Malignant histiocytosis in an Arabian filly. Equine. Vet. J. 25(5): 471-3. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02994.x"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02994.x</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><a id="Moore-PF--Affolter-VK--Vernau-W--2006"></a>Moore PF, Affolter VK, Vernau W (2006). Canine hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma: a proliferative disorder of CD11d+ macrophages. Vet. Pathol. 43(5): 632-645. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-5-632"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-5-632</span></a></li>
		  <li class="References ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><a id="Suzuki-M--Uchida-K--Morozumi-M--Yanai-T--Nakayama-H--Yamaguchi-R--Tateyama-S--2003-"></a>Suzuki M, Uchida K, Morozumi M, Yanai T, Nakayama H, Yamaguchi R, Tateyama S (2003). A comparative pathological study on granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and central malignant histiocytosis in dogs. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65(12): 1319-1324. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.65.1319"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.65.1319</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-3" lang="en-US"><a id="Trost-ME--Ramos-AT--Masuda-EK--dos-Anjos-BL--Cunha-MGCMCM--Graca--DL--2008-"></a>Trost ME, Ramos AT, Masuda EK, dos Anjos BL, Cunha MGCMCM, Graca, DL (2008). Malignant histiocytosis in a cat–case report. Braz. J. Vet. Pathol. 1(1): 32-35.</li>
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