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			<p class="Type-of-Article" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-1">Review Article</span></p>
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			<p class="Title" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Title" lang="en-GB">Myxozoan Infestation in Freshwater Fishes in Wetlands and Aquaculture in Punjab (India)</p>
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			<p class="Authors" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Harpreet Kaur*</span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations" lang="en-GB">Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, India.</p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-3">Abstract</span><span class="CharOverride-4"> | </span>This article reviews the work done on the myxozoan parasites infesting freshwater fishes in 3 wetlands of Punjab i.e. Harike, Kanjali, Ropar wetlands and also aquaculture fishes in Punjab. A recent study conducted by author and co-workers have reported many pathogenic species infesting aquaculture fishes in Punjab. A large number of important commercial fishes in natural and cultured habitat are vulnerable to various infestions, out of which myxozoans are emerging as the major group. Infestion rate has been recorded to be 34.71% in wetlands and 26.28% in aquaculture. Predominate genera are<span class="CharOverride-5"> Myxobolus</span> Buetschli, 1882<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>followed by<span class="CharOverride-5"> Thelohanellus</span> Kudo,1933 infesting <span class="Strong CharOverride-6">gills, operculum, buccal cavity, nasal chamber, eye ball, skin of snout, fins, scale, gall bladder and wall of the alimentary canal.</span> The present document provide the tabulated list of  host and myxozoan parasites infesting carp and catfishes in wetlands and cultured ponds of Punjab, India. The most susceptible fish host has been recorded to be  <span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo rohita</span> infested with as many as 18 species of myxozoans followed by <span class="CharOverride-5">Cirrhinus mrigala</span> (14 species), <span class="CharOverride-5">Catla catla</span> (12 species), <span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo calbasu</span> (11 species) and <span class="CharOverride-5">Cirrhinus reba</span> (8 species). Fishes in Kanjali wetland have been found to be more infested (29.6%) in comparison to Harike wetland (24.4%) followed by Ropar wetland (20.4%).</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-8">Keywords</span> | Myxozoa, Freshwater fishes, North India, Wetlands Punjab</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-3">Editor</span> | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-3">Received</span> | September 14, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-3">Revised</span> | September 27, 2014; ><span class="CharOverride-3">Accepted</span> | September 28, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-3">Published</span> | September 29, 2014&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-3">*Correspondence</span> | Harpreet Kaur, Punjabi University, Patiala, India; <span class="CharOverride-8">Email: </span>harpreetbimbra@gmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-3">Citation | </span>Kaur H (2014). Myxozoan infestation in freshwater fishes in wetlands and aquaculture in Punjab, India. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (9): 488-502.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-3">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.9.488.502"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.9.488.502</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">(</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">Online</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">) | 2307-8316; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">(Print) </span> | 2309-3331</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-3">Copyright </span>© 2014 Kaur. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">INTRODUCTION</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para" lang="en-GB"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">I</span>n Punjab, three wetlands are in the Ramsar list of international importance viz., Harike wetland (31.17ºN 75.20ºE; primary inflows- Beas and Satluj River; surface ares-4100Ha.), Kanjali wetland (31.42ºN 75.37ºE; primary inflow- Kali Bein rivulet; surface area- 490Ha) and Ropar wetland (31.02ºN 76.50ºE; primary inflow- Satluj River; surface ares-1.365Ha). There are 2 other wetlands of national importance and 5 of state importance (ENVIS Centre, PSCST, Punjab; The Tribune, February 04, 2008). This constitutes an immense fishery resource in the state. Out of total 8285 cultured ponds in Punjab (Fisheries Department Punjab), 6063 are panchayat ponds on government land and 2222 are private ponds. Polyculture species in these ponds consists of Indian major carps: Catla (<span class="CharOverride-5">Catla catla </span>Hamilton), rohu (<span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo rohita </span>Hamilton) and mrigal (<span class="CharOverride-5">Cirrhinus mrigala </span>Hamilton) and exotic carps such as silver carp (<span class="CharOverride-5">Hypophthalmichthys molitrix </span>Valenciennes), grass carp (<span class="CharOverride-5">Ctenopharyngodon idella</span> Valenciennes), common carp (<span class="CharOverride-5">Cyprinus carpio </span>Linnaeus) and bighead carp (<span class="CharOverride-5">Aristichthys nobilis </span>Richardson). </p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Myxozoans are one of the economically important groups of microscopic metazoan parasites as they infest edible fish. New myxosporean pathogens are continually emerging and threatening the development of pisciculture all over the world. They cause production losses and some fish have to be discarded because they are unsightly and not considered to be fit for human consumption. Myxozoans undergo a complex, multicellular development, culminating in the formation of a multicellular spore that is resistant to the external environment.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Although myxozoans are best known for the infestion they cause in teleost (bony fish) but a small number of species have also been found parasitizing bryozoans, platyhelminths, annelids, amphibians, reptiles and birds. So far 19 species have been described from amphibians and reptiles belonging to genera <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus, Myxidium, Hoferellus, Chloromyxium, Caudomyxum</span> and <span class="CharOverride-5">Sphaerospora</span> (Eiras, 2005). Developmental stages were also found in waterfowl, in nervous system of mammals and were even detected in human faeces (Moncada et al.,<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>2001) but no myxozoan has been known to be hazardous to human health. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Historical Review</span>			</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">There had been lots of twist and turns in the classification of these organisms. Early classifications by Buetschli, 1882<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>and Dogiel, 1965 placed myxozoans with the Microspora and with parasites now comprising the phylum Apicomplexa (Levine, 1970), together in the class Sporozoa. As the complexities of life cycle were better understood, the class Sporozoa was subsequently referred only to the apicomplexans while the Microspora and Myxozoa remained together in the phylum Cnidospora<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>(Doflein, 1901).<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>More recently, following recognition of profound differences in the ultra-structural composition of these parasites, the Microspora (Sprague, 1977)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>was raised to the rank of phylum and was found by molecular phylogenetic techniques, to be representative of one of the earliest branching eukaryote lineages (Vossbrinck et al., 1987;<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Sogin et al., 1989).<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>This had left Myxozoa to stand alone as a phylum without obvious phylogenetic affinities to other protists. Recent developments in myxozoan biology rekindled interest in this group, as it has now been well documented that parasites that were once thought to comprise 2 separate classes, Myxosporea (Butschli, 1881) and Actinosporea<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Noble in Levine et al. (1980), the latter in fact represented the alternating developmental stage in the life history of a single species.<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Wolf and Markiw (1984) established that the actinosporean genus “<span class="CharOverride-5">Triactinomyxon</span>” is an alternating stage in the life history of species of <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus</span>.<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>The repeatability of these findings led to a complete reconsideration of the systematics of the group, heralded by Kent et al. (1994)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>as the “demise of a Class of Protists,” namely the class Actinosporea. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"> </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Smothers et al. (1994) made<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>phylogenetic analysis of the first myxozoan based on SSU rDNA confirming the marginalized suppositions of earlier authors (Stolc, 1899;<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Weill, 1938) that myxozoa are multicellular organisms and placed myxozoans within the metazoan. Siddall et al. (1995) remarked that phylogenetic position of the myxozoa within the metazoan was uncertain due to the weakness of SSU rDNA data. There is still debate as to which metazoan group myxozoans are most closely related, whether to radially symmetrical cnidarians such as jellyfish, corals etc. (Smothers et al., 1994;<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Siddall et al., 1995; Hanelt et al., 1996;<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Siddall and Whitting, 1999) or to the bilateral animals such as nematodes, flatworms etc. (Okamura et al., 2002; Zrzavy and Hypsa, 2003) as they have characteristics of both of them. Monteiro et al. (2002)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>discovered that <span class="CharOverride-5">Buddenbrockia plumatellae,</span> a worm-like parasite, is a myxozoan and strengthened the case for its bilateral origin, as body plan was superficially similar.<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>However, Siddall et al. (1995) emphasized that functional relationships between polar capsule/filaments and nematocysts argue more for an association with cnidarians. According to National Center for Biotechnology Information, myxosporeans are currently classified as the Myxozoa and are closely related with phylum Cnidaria (Szczepaniak et al., 2010). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Life Cycle</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">The life cycles of only 25<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>myxozoan parasites are known<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>(Kent et al., 2001).<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Wolf and Markiw (1984) discovered myxosporean life cycles alternating between two host species. With few exceptions, the life cycle of myxozoans include two alternating hosts, an aquatic invertebrate (an oligochaete or a polychaete worm or a bryozoan and a vertebrate host, mainly teleost fish. The myxospore is ingested by an annelid/bryozoan, which undergo schizogony and gametogony and develop in to an actinospore, a triradiate stage. The waterborne actinospores are released from oligochaetes and infect fish via gills or skin. Amoeboid sporoplasm containing the infective secondary cells leaves the actinospore valve, construct and actively penetrate the host integument. In the respective tissue, sporoplasm released from the actinospore divide by endogony and undergo presporogonic multiplication. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Spore Morphology</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">The vegetative structures offer no distinctive morphological features, classification has been based solely on the structure of spores (Lom and Arthur, 1989). Myxozoan spores have proteinaceous shell valves, nematocysts-like polar capsule(s) with coiled extrusible polar filament(s) and an amoeboid infective sproplasm. Spores are uniformly small sized, 10-25µm long but valvular extension(s) attain lengths of 30-60 µm and have 2-3 shell valves. Valves are joined along a thickened suture which is sinuous or straight. The actinospore may have size up to 300µm. The polar filament(s) are for anchoring function. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Classification</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">More than 2,180 species in 60 genera belonging to the Class Myxosporea of the Phylum Myxozoa has been described (Lom and Dykova, 2006).<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>However, three more genera i.e. <span class="CharOverride-5">Soricimyxum fegati</span>  from liver of <span class="CharOverride-5">Sorex araneus </span>Prunescu et al., 2007, <span class="CharOverride-5">Gadimyxa atlantica </span>from urinary system of <span class="CharOverride-5">Gadus morhua </span>Koie et al., 2007 and <span class="CharOverride-5">Thelohanelloid bengalensis </span>from gall bladder of <span class="CharOverride-5">Arius sagor</span> Sarkar, 2009 have been described subsequently. <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus</span> is the most common genus reported worldwide which include 744 species (Eiras et al., 2005). The second Class i.e. Malacosporea include only two genera (<span class="CharOverride-5">Tetracapsuloides </span>and <span class="CharOverride-5">Buddenbrockia</span>) with total four described species (Table 1).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">In India, Kalavati and Nandi (2007) reported 104 species of <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus</span> from Indian fishes in addition to 175 species belonging to 29 genera in total. Kaur and Singh (2012a) gave synopsis of 131 nominal species of <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus </span>reported from India and a revised dichotomous key of 59 genera of the Class Myxospore. Recently Eiras et al. (2014) in a synopsis listed 112 nominal species of <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus</span>, out of which 29 species were from India.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-11">The Classification of the Class Myxosporea based on Lom and Dykova (1992) with Class Malacosporea as described by Canning et al. (2000) is given below:</span></p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-8">Phylum Myxozoa</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<ol>
			  <li class="Body-Text ParaOverride-3" lang="en-GB">Class Myxosporea<li class="Body-Text ParaOverride-2"><span class="CharOverride-8">Order Bivalvulida</span> (marine and freshwater, spore with two valves)</li></li>
			</ol>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-8">- Suborder Variisporina</span> (marine and freshwater, mostly coelozoic) includes <span class="CharOverride-5">Ceratomyxa, Chloromyxum, Hoferellus, Myxidium, Myxobilatus, Ortholinea, Parvicapsula, Polysporoplasma,</span> <span class="CharOverride-5">Sinuolinea, Sphaerospora </span>and <span class="CharOverride-5">Zschokkella.</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">- <span class="CharOverride-8">Suborder Platysporina</span> (marine and freshwater, mostly histozoic) includes<span class="CharOverride-5"> Myxobolus</span>, <span class="CharOverride-5">Henneguya</span> and <span class="CharOverride-5">Thelohanellus.</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">- <span class="CharOverride-8" lang="en-US">Suborder Sphaeromyxina</span><span lang="en-US"> (marine with ribbon-like polar filaments in polar capsules at opposing end of spore) includes </span><span class="CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">Sphaeromyxa.</span>			</p>
			<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-8">Order Multivalvulida</span> (marine with greater than 2 spore valves) includes <span class="CharOverride-5">Hexacapsula, Kudoa, Trilospora,</span> and <span class="CharOverride-5">Unicapsula.</span></li>
            <p>&nbsp;</p>
			
		  <p class="References ParaOverride-5">2.    Class Malacosporea (freshwater with soft valves, parasites of bryozoans)</p>
			
				<li class="References ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-8">Order Malacovalvulida</span> includes <span class="CharOverride-5">Tetracapsuloides</span> and <span class="CharOverride-5">Buddenbrockia.</span></li>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
			
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Molecular and Phylogenetic Aspect</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Presently, molecular classification has become another approach in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in myxozoans. The focus of these studies has been on comparative analysis of small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence. Smothers et al.<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>(1994) were first to use sequence analysis to study the phylogenetics of the Myxozoa. Since then, these sequences of myxozoans have been employed by several investigators to address systematics and life-cycle questions. An outgrowth of these studies has been the development of sensitive PCR tests based on rDNA sequences, which are routine diagnostic tools in some fish health laboratories (Szekely et al., 2009 a, b; Molnar et al., 2010). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Until recently, only spore morphology served as a means of identification of myxozoan species. Nowadays, molecular methods have become increasingly important in phylogenetic analyses and taxonomic identification of myxosporeans. Holzer et al. (2004) gave the molecular relationships and phylogeny in a community of myxosporeans and actinosporeans based on their 18S rDNA sequences. Fiala and Bartosova (2010) gave the history of myxozoan character evolution on the basis of rDNA and EF-2 data. Eszterbauer (2004),<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Milanin et al. (2010),<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Gleeson and Adlard (2012),<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Hartigan et al. (2012)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>and Adriano et al. (2012) investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the species within a particular genus. These studies have demonstrated that many factors influence species clustering, such as the phylogenetic proximity of the host, tissue tropism, geographic distribution and morphology characteristics. Carriero et al. (2013) analysed 18SrDNA gene sequences of 12 <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus</span>/<span class="CharOverride-5">Henneguya </span>and showed strongest evolutionary signal on the basis of phylogenetic affinity of the fish host, clustering according to order and/or family of the host.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">In India, Mondal et al. (2014) studied the molecular and morphometric characterization of <span class="CharOverride-5">Thellohanellus caudatus</span> Pagarkar and Das, 1993 infecting the caudal fin of <span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo</span> <span class="CharOverride-5">rohita</span> (Hamilton).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Pathogenicity</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Many myxozoan infections are relatively benign, but some species are pathogenic. Those that cause mortality and other damage have been the focus of most myxozoan research. Myxosporean parasites are among the most important fish pathogens (Schmahl et al., 1989) and more than 2,300 species have been reported to infect fish (marine and freshwater fish) in natural  and cultured environment (Adriano et al., 2006, 2009a,b;<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Feist and Longshaw, 2006;<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Eiras et al., 2008;<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Azevedo et al., 2009). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus </span>is the genus with the greatest number of species and many of these are reported as pathogenic to fish (Kent et al., 2001;<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Feist and Longshaw, 2006). Probably the most frequently cited example of myxozoan parasitism is the whirling disease, caused by <span class="CharOverride-5">M. cerebralis</span> (Hedrick et al., 1998). In this case, the parasite infects the cartilages of the host’s head and spine, causing deformities that result in the characteristic whirling behaviour. Others that are associated with host mortalities are <span class="CharOverride-5">Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae,</span> the cause of proliferative kidney disease in Pacific salmon (Kent et al., 2001), <span class="CharOverride-5">Enteromyxon leei,</span> an intestinal parasite of Mediterranean sea bream (Diamant, 1992)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>and <span class="CharOverride-5">Henneguya ictaluri</span> in pond- reared catfish (Pote et al., 2000). Importance of genus <span class="CharOverride-5">Henneguya</span>  as pathogen of freshwater fish has been described by several authors such as Pinto (1928a,b),<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Jakowska and Nigrelli (1953),<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Dykova and Lom (1978),<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Kalavati and Narasimhamurti (1985), Martins and Souza (1997), Martins et al. (1999),<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Hallett and Diamant (2001).<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Hemananda et al. (2008) reported <span class="CharOverride-5">Henneguya manipurensis</span> as the main cause of ulcerative disease syndrome in freshwater fish <span class="CharOverride-5">Anabas testudineus o</span>f Manipur, (India). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Recently, Kaur et al., (2013 a, b; 2014) reported pathogenic effects of some myxozoan parasites affecting gills of cultured carps. Multilocular gill infections were found which were of two types viz., intralamellar (LV) and intrafilamental vascular type (FV) causing necrosis, hemorrhage, reduction in respiratory surface (about 15-20% of total gill filament). In the case of infection in the scales the plasmodia were embedded within the layers and, in the case of fins and fin rays the plasmodia were located on the surface as well.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Fetherman et al. (2014) introduced resistant varieties of trout by crossing the German rainbow (GR) and Colorado River rainbow (CRR) and demonstrated that these could survive and reproduce in rivers with high prevalence of <span class="CharOverride-5">M. cerebralis.</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Zoonosis</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">As regard to the zoonosis of myxozoans they are not considered to be of human health risk, because they do not have been shown to infect human beings. There are reports of occurrence of spores of <span class="CharOverride-5">Henneguya salmonica</span> parasitic in salmonid fishes in Canada (McClelland et al., 1997), <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus plectroplites</span> parasitic in freshwater fish <span class="CharOverride-5">Plectroplites ambiguous </span>in Australia (Boreham et al., 1998) and<span class="CharOverride-5"> Myxobolus</span> sp. in Colombia (Moncada et al., 2001)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>in human stool samples of patients with gastrointestinal disturbance, suggesting that this aspect requires serious consideration. Hessen and Zamzame (2004) during a study on intestinal parasitic infections in immune-compromised patients complaining of diarrhea have reported presence of myxospores in stools.  Martinez de Velasco et al. (2008) have speculated a potential public health impact of <span class="CharOverride-5">Kudoa</span> spp. as a food borne allergen for humans with allergic gastrointestinal symptoms. </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">MYXOZOAN PARASITES OF INDIAN FISHES</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Phylum Myxozoa has been studied by only limited number of workers in Indian subcontinent. Most of the work in India has been done on freshwater and marine fishes mainly in two states, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. In West Bengal, Chakravarty (1939, 1943);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Chakravarty and Basu (1948); Raychaudhury and Chakravarty (1970);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Bajpai and Haldar (1982a,b); Bajpai et al. (1981);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Haldar and Mukherjee (1985);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Sarkar and Mazumdar (1983a,b);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Haldar et al. (1981, 1983, 1996); Pagarkar and Das (1993);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Das (1996);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Basu and Haldar (1999, 2002a,b, 2003, 2004);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Bandyopadhyyay et al. (2006/2007);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Hemananda et al. (2006, 2009, 2013);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Basu et al. (2006, 2009);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Acharya and Dutta ( 2007);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Madhavan et al. (2013) have contributed significant number of species from freshwater and marine fishes belonging to genera <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus,</span> <span class="CharOverride-5">Thelohanellus, Myxidium</span> and<span class="CharOverride-5"> Henneguya.</span> Basu and Haldar (1999) listed as many as 28 species under the genus <span class="CharOverride-5">Thelohanellus</span>. Sarkar (1982a, b, 1984, 1985a,b,c, 1986a,b,c, 1987, 1989, 1993,1994,1995a,b, 1996a,b, 1997, 1999a,b, 2004) contributed a lot and described large number of species belonging to genera <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus, Thelohanellus, Chloromyxum, Zschokkella, Myxidium, Sphaerospora, Unicapsula, Henneguya, Ceratomyxa, Coccomyxa, Ortholinea, Neoparvicapsula, Myxoproteus </span>and<span class="CharOverride-5"> Kudoa </span>from freshwater and marine fishes of West Bengal.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">In Andhra Pradesh, researchers such as Southwell and Prashad (1918);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Ganpati (1941);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Tripathi (1952);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Bhatt and Siddiqui (1964);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Qadri (1962a,b,c, 1967); Qadri and Lalitha (1965);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Lalitha (1969);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Narasimhamurti (1970); Mandal and Nair (1975);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Seenappa and Manohar (1980a, b, 1981);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Kalavati and Narasimhamurti (1981, 1984, 1985); Kundu (1985);<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Narasimhamurti and Kalavati (1979, 1986)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>and Padma and Kalavati (1992) recorded and described numerous myxosporean species from marine as well as freshwater fishes.  </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Kalavati and Nandi (2007) gave significant details in a handbook on myxosporidian parasites of Indian fishes and reported<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>104 species of<span class="CharOverride-5"> Myxobolus </span>from Indian fishes in addition to<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>175 species belonging to 29 genera in total. Earlier also a check list of about 80 species of myxosporidians was given by<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Kalavati et al. (1981) which was the only compilation after Tripathi (1952). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Although reports of myxosporean species from other parts of India are few except some from freshwater fishes of Manipur (Hemananda et al., 2009, 2010) and Kerala (Sheeja and Janardanan, 2006).<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>Hemananda et al. (2006) during an investigation on the incidence of myxozoan parasites in <span class="CharOverride-5">Cirrhinus mrigala</span> recorded pathogenicity and mortality due to <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus haldi</span> infecting gill filaments. Eiras and D’Souza (2004) reported two species of <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus</span> from gills of <span class="CharOverride-5">Mugil cephalus </span>collected at Goa. Sarkar (2009) described a new genus <span class="CharOverride-5">Thelohanelloid bengalensis</span> from the gall bladder of a marine fish,<span class="CharOverride-5"> Arius sagor</span>. </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">MYXOZOAN PARASITES OF FRESHWATER FISHES IN PUNJAB </p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">In North India, Gupta and Khera (1987a, 1988a,b,c,d, 1989a,b, 1990, 1991) recorded 25 species belonging to genera <span class="CharOverride-5">Henneguya, Myxidium, Thelohanellus </span>and<span class="CharOverride-5"> Unicauda</span> infesting freshwater fishes. In addition, they also reported a new genus <span class="CharOverride-5">Lomosporus indicus</span> found infecting gills of freshwater fish <span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo calbasu</span>, however, Lom and Dykova (1992) later on synonymised it as the genus <span class="CharOverride-5">Neothelohanellus</span> Das and<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>Haldar (1986).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Gupta and Khera (1987b) reviewed the genus<span class="CharOverride-5"> Henneguya</span> to remove the existing confusion in the literature giving the basic differences between<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>genus <span class="CharOverride-5">Henneguya</span> and <span class="CharOverride-5">Unicauda.</span> Some of the species which were misplaced under the   genus <span class="CharOverride-5">Unicauda</span> were transferred to <span class="CharOverride-5">Henneguya.</span> Gupta and Khera (1988c) also transferred all the 18 species belonging to the <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxosoma</span> from Indian freshwater fishes to the genus <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus</span>. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"> Kaur and Singh (2008, 2008-2009, 2009a,b, 2010a,b, 2010/2011, 2011 a-g 2012a,b), Singh and Kaur (2012a,b,c, 2014a,b,c) and Singh (2011)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>recorded <span class="Strong CharOverride-6">45 species of myxozoans representing 4 genera, namely,</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-5">Myxobolus</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-6">(26 species), </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-5">Thelohanellus</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-6">(16 species),</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-5">Neothelohanellus</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-6">(1 species),</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-5">Triangula </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-6">(2 species). Recently, 6 species belonging to the genus </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-5">Henneguya</span><span class="Strong CharOverride-6">, 2 species of </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-5">Myxobolus</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-6">(Kaur et al. 2013a, b) 2 species of </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-5">Thellohanellus</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-6">(Kaur et al. 2014a, b) and one species of the genus</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-5">Unicauda</span><span class="Strong"> </span><span class="Strong CharOverride-6">(1 species) have been collected from wetlands and cultured carps. Plasmodia were detected in gills, operculum, buccal cavity, nasal chamber, eye ball, skin of snout, fins, scale, gall bladder and wall of the alimentary canal.</span><span class="Strong"> </span>Infection rate in three wetlands was 55.8%. <span class="CharOverride-5">T.</span> <span class="CharOverride-5">lamelliformis</span> Kaur and Singh, (2014b) and <span class="CharOverride-5">T. rohi</span> Kaur and Singh, (2014b) have been recently reported infecting primary gill lamellae of <span class="CharOverride-5">Catla catla </span>(Hamilton) and caudal fin of <span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo rohita </span>(Hamilton) respectively. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">In the three wetlands of Punjab viz. Kanjali, Harike and Ropar wetland, 12 species of carps (Table 2), 2 species of catfish (<span class="CharOverride-5">Wallago attu and Mystus seenghala</span>), 2 species of murrels (<span class="CharOverride-5">Ophiocephalus punctatus and O. marulius</span>) and 1 species each of gourami (<span class="CharOverride-5">Colisa lalia</span>), batchwas (<span class="CharOverride-5">Eutropiichthys murius</span>) and grey feather back (<span class="CharOverride-5">Notopterus notopterus</span>) (Table 1 and 2) were examined. A total of 1,158 carps were examined which comprised <span class="CharOverride-5">Amblypharyngodon mola</span> vern. mola carplet, <span class="CharOverride-5">Carassius carassius </span>vern.crucian carp, Catla catla vern. thail, <span class="CharOverride-5">Cirrhinus reba</span> vern. reba carp, <span class="CharOverride-5">Cirrhinus mrigala</span> vern., mrigal<span class="CharOverride-5">, Ctenopharyngodon idellus</span> vern. grass carp, <span class="CharOverride-5">Cyprinus carpio carpio </span>vern. mirror carp, <span class="CharOverride-5">Hypothalmichthys molitrix </span>vern. silver carp,<span class="CharOverride-5"> Labeo bata </span>vern. bata, <span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo calbasu </span>vern. Kalbans,<span class="CharOverride-5"> Labeo dero </span>vern. gid, <span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo rohita</span> vern. rohu and <span class="CharOverride-5">Puntius filamentosus</span> vern. blackspot barb. 402 carps (9 species) were infested (34.71%) with as many as 40 species of myxosporeans belonging to the genera <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus, Thelohanellus</span>, <span class="CharOverride-5">Neothelohanellus, Henneguya, Unicauda</span> and <span class="CharOverride-5">Triangula</span>- table 1<span class="CharOverride-5">. </span>In addition to this, a total of 245 other fishes and a catfish, <span class="CharOverride-5">Wallago attu</span> vern. boal were examined, 30 were found infested (12%) with 10 species of myxozoans belonging to genera <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus </span>(5 species)<span class="CharOverride-5">, Thelohanellus </span>(3 species)<span class="CharOverride-5">, Henneguya </span>(1 species)<span class="CharOverride-5"> and Unicauda </span>(1 species)-table 2. No infestion was found in <span class="CharOverride-5">Channa</span> <span class="CharOverride-5">striatus</span> vern. murrels, <span class="CharOverride-5">Trichogaster</span> sp vern. gourami, <span class="CharOverride-5">Eutropiichthys vacha</span> vern.batchwa, <span class="CharOverride-5">Chitala chitala</span> vern. grey feather back fish.</p>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
		  <p>&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-8">Table 1:</span><span class="CharOverride-6"> Myxozoan parasites of carps of Punjab.</span></p>
			<table width="657" height="1385" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">S. No.</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> </span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">Host examined</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> </span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">Myxozoan parasites recorded</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Amblypharyngodon  mola </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">vern.</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">mola carplet, molelia (Common name: makhani)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Myxobolus  moli </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Fomena et al. (1985) (revised diagnosis and new nomenclature </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> M</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">. sp. 4 Fomena et al., 1985</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Catla catla</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">  vern. thail </span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Common name: thail )</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. mahendrae </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Sarkar (1986a); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. gorhami</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1991); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M</span><span class="Title CharOverride-17">. </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">catli </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Kaur and Singh (2011b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. magauddi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> (Bajpai et al.</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">,</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> 1981) Gupta and Khera, 1988a; </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. parsi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Das (1996); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. sclerii</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2010a); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Thelohanellus boggoti</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Qadri (1962b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. qadrii </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Lalitha Kumari (1969); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. kanjalensis</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">  Singh and Kaur (2014a); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. mrigalae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Tripathi (1952); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. mucousalis</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">  Kaur and Singh (2011b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. thaili </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Singh and Kaur  (2012c), </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. lamelliformis</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Singh and Kaur (2014b)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-10"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Cirrhinus reba</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> vern. mori, kursa</span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-10"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Common name: mori, sunni)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. kalmani</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2011b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Triangula ludhianae </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Syn. </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. ludhianae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera, 1991) comb. n.; </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. harikensis </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Kaur and Singh (2011b) ; </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. kalavatae </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Singh and Kaur (2014a);</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> T.</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">haldari</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">  Singh and Kaur (2012b)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; T. globulosa </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Singh and Kaur (2012a); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Triangula cirrhini </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2011b)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Cirrhina  mrigala </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">vern. mrigal </span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Common name: naraini, marakh)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Myxobolus calbasui </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Chakravarty (1939); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. haldari </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Gupta and Khera (1989a)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; M. venkateshi </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Seenappa and Manohar (1981)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">;Thelohanellus calbasui </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Tripathi (1952); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Myxobolus bhadurius</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> (Sarkar, 1985b) Gupta and Khera, 1988a; </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. eirasi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2009a); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. kanjalii </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Kaur and Singh (2011b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. mehlhorni </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Kaur and Singh (2011a); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. naini</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2008); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. punjabensis </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Gupta and Khera (1989b);</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> M. roparae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2011b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. slendrii</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2009b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. venkateshi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Seenappa and Manohar (1981)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> M. basui</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur et al. (2013b)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Labeo  bata</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> vern. bata                       (Common name: bata )</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. calbasui </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Chakravarty (1943)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; M. catlae </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Chakravarty (1943); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. haldari </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1989a); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. rohitae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Haldar et al</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">.</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> (1983); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. venkateshi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Seenappa and Manohar (1981); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Thelohanellus calbasui</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Tripathi (1952); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T.</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">avijiti </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Basu and Haldar (2003a)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-11"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Labeo  calbasu </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">vern. kalbans</span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-11"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Common name: kalbasu) </span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. filamentosus </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Haldar et al</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">.,</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> 1981) Gupta and Khera, 1988a; </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. lalithae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1988d)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; M. rohitae </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Haldar</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">et al. (1983)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; M. saranae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1990)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; M. venkateshi </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Seenappa and Manohar (1981); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. calbasui</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Tripathi (1952); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. rohitae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> (Southwell and Prashad, 1918) Kudo, 1933; </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. caudatus</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Pagarkar and Das (1993); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. gangeticus</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Tripathi (1952); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. kalbensi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Singh and Kaur (2014a);</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> Neothelohanellus indicus </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Gupta and Khera,1988b) Lom and Dykova, 1992</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Labeo dero </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">vern. gid  (Common name: gid )</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Myxidium labeonis </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Gupta and Khera (1988c)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; Myxobolus calbasui </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Chakravarty (1943); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. catlae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Chakravarty (1939);</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> M. haldari</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1989a)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; M. ludhianae </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Gupta and Khera (1991)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; M. punjabensis </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1989b)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; M. rohitae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Haldar</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">et al</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">.</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> (1983);</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> M. venkateshi </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Seenappa and Manohar (1981); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. dyocheilus </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1987a)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">;  T. deri </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Singh and Kaur (2012b)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Labeo dyocheilus </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Common name: Brahmaputra  Labeo)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Myxidium </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">labeonis</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1988c)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; Myxobolus calbasui </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Chakravarty (1939); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. catlae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Chakravarty (1943); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. haldari</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1989a); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. ludhianae </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Gupta and Khera (1991); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. punjabensis</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1989b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. rohitae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Haldar et al</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">. </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(1983); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. venkateshi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Seenappa and Manohar (1981); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Thelohanellus dyocheili </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Gupta and Khera (1987a)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-12"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Labeo rohita</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">  vern. rohu </span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-12"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Common name: rohu)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Myxobolus calbasui </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Chakravarty (1939); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. haldari </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Gupta and Khera (1989a)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; M. rohitae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Haldar et al. (1983); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> M. venkateshi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Seenappa and Manohar (1981); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. patialensis </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Kaur and Singh (2010b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. punjabii</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2010c); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. saugati</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2011b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. saranae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1990); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. stomum</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Ali et al. (2003); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. sushmii</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur and Singh (2010c);</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> T. murtii</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Gupta and Khera (1987a)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">; T. rohi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Singh and Kaur (2014b);  </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. nanokiensis</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">et al</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">. (2013a)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> T. filli  </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur et al. (2014a)</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. dykovi </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Kaur </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">et al</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">. (2014b); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">T. bifurcata</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">  Basu and Haldar (1999); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. potularis </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Madhavan</span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> et al</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">. ( 2013); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16"> M. longisporous</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15"> Nie and Li (1992)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Puntius  sophore</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">  vern. chital, ticker barb (Common name: spot fin swamp barb)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. chittalii </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">Kaur and Singh (2010d)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Puntius sarana </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(common name: olive barb)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Myxobolus bhaduria </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(Sarkar, 1985) n. comb.; </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">M. saranae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">   Gupta and Khera (1990)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-14">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Hypophthalmichthys molitrix </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(common name: silver carp)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-15">4 species of </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Myxobolus</span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">, 1 species of </span><span class="Title CharOverride-16">Thelohanellus </span><span class="Title CharOverride-15">(unidentified)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-8">Table 2:  </span><span class="CharOverride-6">Myxozoan parasites of some catfishes and other fishes of north India</span></p>
			<table width="657" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">S.</span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">No.</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-13"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Host examined</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Myxozoan parasites recorded</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Wallago attu</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> (Common name: boal, borali, freshwater shark)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">M. duodenalis </span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Kaur and Singh (2010b).; </span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">M. szekeli </span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> Kaur and Singh (2011b); </span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">T.</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> </span><span class="Title CharOverride-22">batae</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> Lalitha Kumari (1969); </span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">T. wallagoi</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> Sarkar (1985b), </span></p>
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">T. rohi </span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Singh and Kaur  (2014b)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-14"><span class="Title CharOverride-23">  </span><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Channa punctatus </span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">(Common name: spotted snake head)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Myxobolus aligarhensis </span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> Bhatt and Siddiqui (1964)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-22">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Mastacembelus armatus</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> (Common name: spiny eel)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Myxobolus eeli</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> Mandal and Nair (1975); </span><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Unicauda armati </span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> Gupta and Khera (1987b)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Nandus nandus</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> (Common name: mottled nandus )</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Henneguya nandi </span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Gupta and Khera (1987b)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-22">
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Tor putitora</span><span class="Title CharOverride-23"> (Common name: golden mahaseer)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td class="CellOverride-1">
							<p class="Normal--Web- ParaOverride-9"><span class="Title CharOverride-22">Myxobolus gorhami </span><span class="Title CharOverride-23">Gupta and Khera (1991)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Infestion rate was found to be the highest in <span class="CharOverride-5">Cirrhinus mrigala</span> (57.1%), followed by <span class="CharOverride-5">Catla catla</span> (51.4%) and <span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo dero </span>(33.3%) from Ropar wetland. In Kanjali wetland, the infestion rate was also highest in <span class="CharOverride-5">C. mrigala </span>(49.6%)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>followed by <span class="CharOverride-5">L. calbasu </span>(41.6%)<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>and <span class="CharOverride-5">L. rohita </span>(38.8%). In Harike wetland, the infestion rate was highest in <span class="CharOverride-5">Puntius sophore </span>(80%)<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>followed by <span class="CharOverride-5">C. reba </span>(70%) and<span class="CharOverride-5"> Amblypharyngodon mola </span>(33.3%). Fishes of Kanjali wetland were found to be more infested (29.6%) in comparison to Harike wetland (24.4%) followed by Ropar wetland (20.4%). Two species belonging to the genus <span class="CharOverride-5">Myxobolus </span>i.e. <span class="CharOverride-5">M. moli </span>Fomena et al. (1985) and <span class="CharOverride-5">M. stomum </span><span class="CharOverride-4">Ali et al. (2003)</span> were recorded from gills and scales of <span class="CharOverride-5">A. mola </span>and <span class="CharOverride-5">L. rohita </span>respectively<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>for the first time in India.  </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Four major carps examined were<span class="CharOverride-5"> C. mrigala</span>, <span class="CharOverride-5">L. rohita</span>, <span class="CharOverride-5">Catla catla</span> and <span class="CharOverride-5">L. calbasu</span>. Among these <span class="CharOverride-5">L. rohita </span>was the most susceptible to myxozoans (18 species) followed by <span class="CharOverride-5">C. mrigala</span> (14 species), <span class="CharOverride-5">C. catla</span> (12 species),<span class="CharOverride-5"> L. calbasu </span>(11 species) and <span class="CharOverride-5">C. reba</span> (8 species).  Kalavati and Nandi (2007) also discussed that out of three major carps in India, the most susceptible was<span class="CharOverride-5"> L. rohita,</span> followed by <span class="CharOverride-5">C. mrigala</span> and <span class="CharOverride-5">Catla catla.</span> Furthermore they reported the parasite virulence was greater in <span class="CharOverride-5">Catla catla </span>with mortality up to 80-90%. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">The present study indicated that maximum mean intensity of the parasite species was shown by <span class="CharOverride-5">M. duodenalis</span> followed by <span class="CharOverride-5">Triangula cirrhini</span> and maximum abundance again by <span class="CharOverride-5">M. duodenalis</span> followed by <span class="CharOverride-5">M. szekeli</span>. The most infested organ was gills (45.6%) followed by caudal fin (29.4%), scales (16.1%) duodenum (5.12%), pectoral fin (1.92%), pelvic fin (1.67%), eyeball (1.4%), skin of snout (0.38%) and stomach (0.12%). However, no infestion was detected in swim bladder, muscles and skin. In the case of light infestion 10-20 small-sized plasmodia, in heavy infestion 50-70 small-sized and 3-4 large-sized plasmodia were detected on the gills. 4-6 plasmodia were found to be present per scale and 5-7 plasmodia were recorded per fin. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"> In aquaculture, 4 new species were recorded infesting gills of major carps – <span class="CharOverride-5">M. nanokiensis, M. basui, T. filli, T. dykovi</span> (Kaur. et al., 2013a, b, 2014a) along with their pathogenic effects. Large-sized plasmodia of <span class="CharOverride-5">T. bifurcata</span> Basu and Haldar, 1999 recorded on the gill lamellae of cultured Indian major carp <span class="CharOverride-5">Labeo rohita</span> in Punjab was recorded to be the most pathogenic with fish mortality rate of 20-30% (Kaur and Katoch, 2014)<span class="Strong">. </span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">CONCLUSIONS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Existing knowledge on the phylum Myxozoa- an enigmatic group of organisms is<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>fragmentary,<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>inadequate and incomplete in many parts of India especially in the state of Punjab having rich fish biodiversity. There is great need to identify, describe and satisfactorily classify these parasites both morphologically and at<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>the<span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>molecular level. It is evident that study on this group is also important in identification of the pathogenic species which can pose serious threat to fisheries in state of Punjab. This knowledge will help in diagnostics, management and treatment of the diseases caused by these parasites in freshwater fishes.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">REFERENCES</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			
			  <li class="References ParaOverride-15"><span class="CharOverride-25">Acharya S, Dutta T (2007). </span><span class="CharOverride-26">Thelohanellus habibpuri </span><span class="CharOverride-25">sp. n. (Myxozoa: Bivalvulida) from the tropical freshwater fish rohu, </span><span class="CharOverride-26">Labeo rohita</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> (Hamilton-Buchann, 1882) in West Bengal, India: Light and electron microscope observations.  Anim.  Biol. 57(3): 293-300. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075607781753119"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-25">http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075607781753119</span></a></li>
              <p>&nbsp;</p>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-15"><span class="CharOverride-25">Adriano EA, Arana S, Alves AL, Silva MR, Ceccarelli, PS, Henrique-Silva F, Maia AA (2009a).</span><span class="CharOverride-26"> Myxobolus cordeiroi </span><span class="CharOverride-25">n. sp., a parasite of </span><span class="CharOverride-26">Zungaro jahu </span><span class="CharOverride-25">(Siluriformes: Pimelodiade) from Brazilian Pan&#173;tanal: morphology, phylogeny and histopathology. Vet. Parasitol</span><span class="CharOverride-26">.</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> 162: 221-229. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.030"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-25">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.030</span></a></li>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-15"><span class="CharOverride-25">Adriano EA, Arana S, Carriero MM, Naldoni J, Ceccarelli PS, Maia AA (2009b). Light, electron microscopy and histopathology of </span><span class="CharOverride-26">Myxobolus salminus </span><span class="CharOverride-25">n. sp., a parasite of </span><span class="CharOverride-26">Salminus brasiliensis </span><span class="CharOverride-25">from the Brazilian Pantanal. Vet. Parasitol</span><span class="CharOverride-26">. </span><span class="CharOverride-25">165: 25-29. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.001"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-25">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.001</span></a></li>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-15"><span class="CharOverride-25">Adriano EA, Arana S, Cordeiro NS (2006). </span><span class="CharOverride-26">Myxobolus cuneus </span><span class="CharOverride-25">n. sp. (Myxosporea) infecting the connective tissue of </span><span class="CharOverride-26">Piaractus meso&#173;potamicus </span><span class="CharOverride-25">(Pisces: Characidae) in Brazil: histopathology and ul&#173;trastructure. Parasite, 13(2): 137-142. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2006132137"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-25">http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2006132137</span></a></li>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-15"><span class="CharOverride-25">Adriano EA, Carriero MM, Maia AAM, Silva MRM, Naldoni J (2012). Phylogenetic and host-parasite relationship analysis of </span><span class="CharOverride-26">Henneguya multiplasmodialis</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> n. sp infecting </span><span class="CharOverride-26">Pseudoplatystoma</span><span class="CharOverride-25"> spp. in Brazilian Pantanal wetland. Vet. Parasitol. 185: 110-120. </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.008"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-25">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.008</span></a></li>
                <p>&nbsp;</p>
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