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			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Major Causes of Organ Condemnation in Camels Slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</p>
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			<p class="Authors">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors"><span class="CharOverride-2">Mekuanent Tenaw</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Teka Feyera</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Bosenu Abera</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">*</span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">1</span>College of Veterinary Medicine; <span class="CharOverride-5">2</span>College of Dryland Agriculture, Jigjiga University, Ethiopia.</p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6">Abstract</span> | A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2014 to determine the major causes of carcass condemnation and rate of organs condemned in camels slaughtered at Akaki abattoir, Addis Ababa. For the study, meat inspection procedure involved both ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection was performed on a total of 385 camels and carcass. Upon ante-mortem inspection, disease conditions or abnormalities were found in 61 (72.62%) and 209 (69.44%) male and female camels, respectively. Out of total 385 camels slaughtered, 230 (59.74%) lungs, 34 (8.83%) livers, and 6 (1.55%) hearts were condemned. Among 84 male camels slaughtered, 52 (61.90%) lungs, 9 (10.71%) liver and 0 (0%) hearts were condemned; and out of 301 female camels slaughtered, 178 (59.13%) lungs, 25 (14.04%) livers and 6 (1.99%) hearts were condemned. Among disease conditions encountered during post mortem examination, hydatid cyst, emphysema and pneumonia were the major causes of lung condemnation whereas hydatid cyst was the major cause of liver condemnation. Result of the present work clearly revealed that considerable number of organs was condemned from camel slaughtered at Addis Ababa Akaki Abattoir mainly due to different pathological lesions on different organs. This warrants immediate need for the prevention of causes of organ condemnation and pathological abnormalities through development of animal health strategies, enforcement of slaughter policy and training of slaughterhouse personnel on standard slaughter operations.</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"> Keywords </span>| Abattoir, Addis Ababa, Camel, Condemnation, Inspection</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Editor</span> | Asghar Ali Kamboh, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Received</span> | December 13, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-6">Revised</span> | January 31, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-6">Accepted</span> | February 02, 2015;<span class="CharOverride-6"> Published </span>| February 16, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">*Correspondence </span>| Bosenu Abera, College of Dryland Agriculture, Jigjiga University, Ethiopia; <span class="CharOverride-6">Email:</span> boseabe@gmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Citation</span> | Tenaw M, Feyera T, Abera B (2015). Major causes of organ condemnation in camels slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J. Anim. Health Prod. 3(1): 14-20.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.1.14.20"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.1.14.20</span></a> </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-6">ISSN </span> | 2308–2801</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-6">Copyright</span> © 2015 Tenaw et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><span class="CharOverride-8" lang="en-GB"> </span></p>
			<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Normal ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><span class="CharOverride-9" lang="en-GB">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">T</span>he camel (<span class="CharOverride-10">Camelus dromedaries</span>) is an important livestock species uniquely adapted to hot arid environments. It is most numerous in the arid areas of Africa, particularly in the arid lowlands of Eastern Africa namely, Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti. Approximately, 11.5 million animals in this region represent over 80% of the African and two thirds of the world’s camel population (<a href="#Schwartz-HJ--1992-"><span class="Hyperlink">Schwartz, 1992</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Ethiopia is one of the largest camel populated countries in the world; in Africa, it ranks third next to Somalia and Sudan (<a href="#FAO-OIE-WHO--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">FAO-OIE-WHO, 1993</span></a>). Diseases in camels cause considerable economic losses due to condemnation of edible organs and decreased meat/milk production (<a href="#Romazanvoc-F--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Romazanvoc, 2001</span></a>). Meat of camel is one of the components of diet for the pastoralist and residences of Somali ethnic groups in Addis Ababa, capital of Ethiopia (<a href="#Muskin-S--Hailu-D--Moti-Y--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Muskin et al., 2011</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In developing countries, abattoir plays a major role in providing and serving as sources of information and reference centre for disease prevalence. Meat inspection is conducted in the abattoir for the purpose of screening animal products with abnormal pathological lesions that are unattractive and unsafe for human consumption (<a href="#Nurit-M--Zerihun-H--Serkalem-M--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Nurit et al., 2012</span></a>). Meat inspection assists to detect certain diseases of livestock and prevent the distribution of infected meat that could give rise to disease in animal and human being and to insure competitiveness of products in the local market (<a href="#Hinton-M--Green-L--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">Hinton and Green, 1993</span></a>). Abattoir meat inspection is essential to remove gross abnormalities from meat and its products, to prevent distribution of contaminated meat and to assist detecting and eradication of certain livestock diseases (<a href="#Alemayehu-R--Nebyou-M--Bekele-M--Desta-B--Dessie-S--Etana-D--Fufa-A--Eystein-S--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Alemayehu et al., 2013</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Monitoring and other conditions at slaughterhouse have been recognized as one way of assessing the disease status of camel and abattoirs played an important role in screening animal products with various abnormalities and diseases that are not fit for human consumption (<a href="#Alembrhan-A--Haylegebriel-T--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Alembrhan and Haylegebriel, 2013</span></a>). The results of meat inspection at slaughterhouses with appropriate trends indicate possible risks due to unsafe meat obtained from camel carcasses at the slaughterhouses. Such risks are eliminated by strict veterinary inspection of animals prior to slaughter as well as of meat and parenchymatous organs after slaughter. Slaughterhouses provide an excellent opportunity for detecting pathological lesions of both economic and public health importance (<a href="#Ahmed-AM--Ismail-SAS--Dessouki-AA--2013-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ahmed et al., 2013</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In Ethiopia, there is gap of information on causes of carcass condemnation and the status of camel diseases that put the public at risk of acquiring zoonotic food borne diseases. In this regards, as Ethiopian dromedaries are primarily reared by pastoralists, abnormalities of carcass and edible organs could have significant economic and public health consequences in the regions. However, abattoir based epidemiological studies are needed to show the real picture of abnormalities and lesions resulting in carcass and organ condemnation in camels so that this would suggest impact on economy and public health. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify the different causes of organ condemnation in camel slaughtered at Addis Ababa Akaki Abattoir and to gather information on the spectrum of diseases. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">MATERIALS AND METHODS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Study Area</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The study was conducted from January to April 2014 at Akaki abattoir, which is located in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, with a mean annual minimum and maximum temperature of about 21 to 27°C, respectively (<a href="#National-Meteorology-Service-Agency-of-Ethiopia--NMSAE---2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">NMSAE, 2012</span></a>). Although the camel meat is not popular in Addis Ababa, the only Somali community and some other Muslim communities who live in the city are the main consumers of camel meat from this abattoir. As a result the Akaki abattoir usually slaughters an average of seven camels per day. In addition, this abattoir also gives service to the hotels and restaurants of the Akaki town by slaughtering cattle, sheep and goats every day.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Study Population and Sampling Method</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The study animals were local camels (<span class="CharOverride-10">Camelus dromedaries</span>) slaughtered at the Addis Ababa Akaki abattoir. The camels slaughtered at the abattoir were both male and female that originated from pastoral areas of the country mainly from Borena and Bale zones, Fentale district of East Shoa zone and Meiso district of West Hararghe zone, Ethiopia. </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-1-"></a>Table 1</span>: Abnormalities encountered during ante-mortem examination </p>
			<table width="657" height="186" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Abnormality     </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">No. of animals with disease condition</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Proportion (%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Lameness </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">11.11%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Localized swelling</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">20.20%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Dirty wool</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">6.66%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Blindness</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">4.44%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Emaciation</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">31.11%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Rough hair coat</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">26.66%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">45</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">100%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-2-"></a>Table 2</span>: Distribution of number and sex of camel slaughtered and organ rejection rates</p>
			<table width="657" height="117" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Sex</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="4">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total number (%)  of organ condemned</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Camel Slaughtered</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Lung</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Liver</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Heart</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Male</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">84 (21.81%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">52 (61.90%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">9 (10.71%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0 (0%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Female</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">301 (78.18%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">178 (59.13%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">25 (14.04%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">6 (1.99%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">385</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">230 (59.74%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">34 (8.83%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">6 (1.55%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The purposive sampling method was used for sampling. All camels presented for slaughter during the investigation period were sampled for this epidemiological study. Accordingly, during the period of investigation averagely seven camels were slaughtered each day and a total of 385 camels were examined.</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Study Methodology </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Thorough meat inspection procedure involving both ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection was performed.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Ante-Mortem Examination</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Ante-mortem examination was conducted on individual animals, while the animals were entering into the lairage and in mass after they entered into the lairage. Both sides of the animals were inspected at rest and in motion. Moreover, the general behaviour of the animals, cleanness, and sign of diseases and abnormality of any type were recorded according to the standard ante-mortem inspection procedures (<a href="#Food-and-Agricultural-Originations--FAO---1994-"><span class="Hyperlink">FAO, 1994</span></a>).</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Post-Mortem Examination</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Post mortem examination was carried out by visual inspection, palpation and systematic incision on visceral organs, i.e., lung, liver, heart, kidney and spleen; according to procedures recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization (<a href="#Food-and-Agricultural-Originations--FAO---1994-"><span class="Hyperlink">FAO, 1994</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-"><span class="Heading-2-Char CharOverride-15" lang="en-US">Data Analysis</span></p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Data collected during the study were entered into Excel spread sheet (Microsoft Excel 2007) and analyzed by statistical methods using SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics such as percentage was used to determine the level of organs condemnation rate. The association of prevalence of lesions on different organs with sex and body condition of the animals was assessed by Pearson chi-square (X<span class="CharOverride-5">2</span>) and the <span class="CharOverride-10">p</span>-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">RESULTS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Ante-Mortem Examination</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Out of the 385 camels examined at ante-mortem, 45 (11.69%) camels were found to have the abnormalities (<a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a>). The most common abnormalities encountered during ante-mortem inspection were lameness (11.11%), localized swelling (20.20%), blindness (4.44%), emaciation (31.11%), dirty wool (6.66%) and rough hair coat (26.66%).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Rate of Organ Condemnation</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The post-mortem examination was performed for all the slaughtered camels (n=385). From the total organs examined 230 (59.74%) lung, 34 (8.83%) liver and 6 (1.55%) hearts were condemned or rejected as unfit for human consumption based on gross pathological findings (<a href="#Table-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-3-"></a>Table 3</span>: Causes of Lung condemnation and their percentage (%)</p>
			<table width="657" height="239" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-19" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-20">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Causes</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Number condemned</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Percent (%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Hydatid cyst</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-13">64</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">16.62%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Calcified cyst</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-13">29</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">7.53%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Emphysema</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-13">64</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">16.62%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Pneumonia</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-13">43</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">11.17%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-21">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Calcification </span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Abscess</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Discoloration</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-13">25</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-13">3</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph ParaOverride-4"><span class="CharOverride-13">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">6.49%</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.78%</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.52%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">                     230                   59.74%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-4-"></a>Table 4</span>: Causes of Liver and heart condemnation and their percentage (%)</p>
			<table width="657" height="270" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-4">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-22" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-23" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-24" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-25" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-26">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Organ</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Causes</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Number condemned</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Percent (%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Liver</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Hydatid cyst</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">3.90%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Calcified cyst</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.52%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Calcification</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">1.56%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Abscess</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.52%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-27">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Hepatitis</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Discoloration</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">5</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">1.30%</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">1.04%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">34</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">8.83%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Heart</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Calcified cyst</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">1.04%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Pericarditis</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.52%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">1.55%</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-5-"></a>Table 5:</span> Prevalence of hydatid cyst on lung of camels slaughtered at Addis Ababa Akaki Abattoir in relation to sex and body condition score</p>
			<table width="657" height="141" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-5">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-28" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-30" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-31" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-32" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-33" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-34" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Variable</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Observation</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Number of positive</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Chi-square value</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">P-value</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Sex</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Male</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">84</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">16(19.05%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.456</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.500</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">64 (16.62%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Female</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">301</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">48(15.95%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Body condition score</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Good</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">306</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">32(10.46%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">44.758</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.000*</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">64 (16.62%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Medium</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">57</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">26(45.64%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Poor</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">6(16.62%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading">*= p&lt;0.005 </p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-6-"></a>Table 6</span>: Prevalence of hydatid cyst on liver of camels slaughtered at Addis Ababa Akaki Abattoir in relation to sex and body condition score</p>
			<table width="657" height="140" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-6">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-35" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-36" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-37" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-38" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-39" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-40" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Variable</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Observation</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Number of positive</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Chi-square value</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">P-value</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Sex</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Male</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">84</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">3(3.57%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.030</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.862</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">15 (3.90%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Female</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">301</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">12(3.99%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Body condition score</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Good</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">306</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">9(2.94%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">4.389</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.111</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">15 (3.90%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Medium</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">57</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">5(8.77%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Poor</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">1(4.55%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-7-"></a>Table 7</span>: Prevalence of emphysema on lung of camels slaughtered at Addis Ababa Akaki Abattoir in relation to sex and body condition score</p>
			<table width="657" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-7">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-31" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-39" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-41" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Variable</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Observation</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Number of positive</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Chi-square value</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">P-value</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Sex</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Male</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">84</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">18(21.43%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">1.789</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.181</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">64</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">(16.62%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Female</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">301</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">46(15.28%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Body condition score</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Good</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">306</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">52(16.99%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.344</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.842</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">64</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">(16.62%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Medium</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">57</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">8(14.04%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Poor</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">4(18.18%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6"><a id="Table-8-"></a>Table 8</span>: Prevalence of pneumonia on lung of camels slaughtered at Addis Ababa Akaki Abattoir in relation to sex and body condition score</p>
			<table width="657" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-8">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-29" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-42" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-31" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-38" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-33" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-41" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Variable</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Observation</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Number of positive</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Chi-square value</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">P-value</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-12">Total</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Sex</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Male</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">84</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">9(10.71%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.022</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.881</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">43 (11.17%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Female</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">301</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">34(11.30%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Body condition score</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Good</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">306</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">28(9.15%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">6.554</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">0.038*</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">43 (11.17%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Medium</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">57</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">10(17.54%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">Poor</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-13">5(22.73%)</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading">*= p&lt;0.005</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Causes of Lung Rejection</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A total of 230 (59.74%) camel lungs were rejected for gross abnormalities (<a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>). Hydatid cyst (16.62%), emphysema (16.62%) and pneumonia (11.17%) were the major causes resulting in lung rejection.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Causes of Liver and Heart Rejection</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">From the total number of camel slaughtered 34 (8.83%) liver were rejected due to different pathological lesions. Hydatid cyst was the major cause resulting in liver rejection. A total of 6 (1.55%) camel heart were rejected for gross abnormalities (<a href="#Table-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 4</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Prevalence of Pathological Lesions on Different Organs</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The result also showed that distribution of lesions such as hydatid cyst (lung and liver), emphysema (lung) and pneumonia (lung) were differentially distributed in relation to body condition and sex of animals. Higher rate of hydatid cyst in lung was detected in male (19.05%) than female (15.95%); and camels with good (78.18%) body condition score were found to bear considerably higher (<span class="CharOverride-10">p</span>&lt;0.05) cysts in their lung as against those having poor (14.81%) and medium (5.71%) body condition score (<a href="#Table-5-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 5</span></a>). Whereas for the liver, both male (3.57%) and female (3.99%) were infested more or less with a similar rate, and medium body condition camels (8.77%) had higher rate of hydatid cyst infestation in their liver than poor (4.55%) and good body condition camels (0.94%) (<a href="#Table-6-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 6</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">There was no significant difference in the prevalence of both emphysema and pneumonia on the lung between sexes (<a href="#Table-7-"><span class="Hyperlink">Tables 7</span></a> and <a href="#Table-8-"><span class="Hyperlink">8</span></a>). However, lung of camels having poor body condition score was found to be highly affected (<span class="CharOverride-10">p</span>&lt;0.05) by pneumonia as compared to those with medium and good body condition score (<a href="#Table-8-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 8</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">DISCUSSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Meat Inspection</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">An important function of meat inspection is to assist in monitoring diseases in the national herd and flock by providing feedback information to the veterinary service to control or eradicate disease and to produce wholesome products and to protect the public from zoonotic hazards (<a href="#Gracey-TF--Collins-DJ--Huncy-RJ--1999-."><span class="Hyperlink">Gracey et al., 1999</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The most commonly encountered abnormalities during ante-mortem inspection, in the present study, were lameness, localized swelling, blindness, emaciation, dirty wool and rough hair coat, 11.11%, 20.20%, 4.445, 31.11%, 6.66% and 26.66% respectively. The present study revealed that the most commonly encountered abnormalities during post-mortem inspection were hydatid cyst and emphysema. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Major Causes of Organ Condemnation  </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Among the disease conditions encountered during the post mortem examination, hydatid cyst, emphysema and pneumonia were the major causes of lung condemnation, while hydatid cyst was the major cause of liver condemnation. However, the disease condition or abnormalities detected in the heart have approximately less contribution for the condemnation of the organs. From the total number of camels slaughtered, 64 (16.62%), 64 (16.62%) and 43 (11.17%) lungs were condemned due to hydatid cyst, emphysema and pneumonia respectively. Hydatid cyst condemned 15 (3.90%) camel liver during the study period.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The overall prevalence of hydatidosis at Addis Ababa Akaki abattoir was 16.62% and it has been observed that it occurred predominantly in the lung. This finding is closer to that reported by <a href="#Regassa-A--Abunna-F--Mulugeta-A--Megersa-B--2009-."><span class="Hyperlink">Regassa et al. (2009)</span></a> from Wolaita Sodo abattoir (15.4%). However, this finding lower than that of <a href="#Yifat-D--Gedefaw-D--Desie-S--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Yifat et al. (2011)</span></a>, <a href="#Jobre-Y--Lobago-F--Tiruneh-R--Abebe-G--Dorchies-PH--1996-."><span class="Hyperlink">Jobre et al. (1996)</span></a> and <a href="#Kebede-W--Hagos-A--Girma-Z--Lobago-F--2009b-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kebede et al. (2009)</span></a> from Gondar (24.2%), South Omo (25.7%) and Tigray (22.1%) regions respectively. This report is higher than the report of <a href="#Alembrhan-A--Haylegebriel-T--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Alembrhan and Haylegebriel (2013)</span></a> who reported 5.1% from Adigrat. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Factors like differences in culture, social activity, systems of animal husbandry, lack of proper removal of infected carcass and approach to dogs in various regions might have accounted for variation of the prevalence in different areas of a country (<a href="#Yifat-D--Gedefaw-D--Desie-S--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Yifat et al., 2011</span></a>). The lung is the most frequently having hydatidosis due to its size, blood supply and availability of oxygen supply (<a href="#Amene-F--Eskindir-L--Dawit-T--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Amene et al</span><span class="Hyperlink">., 2012</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Rate of Organ Condemnation</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The prevalence of emphysema and pneumonia were 16.625 and 11.17% respectively. This finding is higher than the rejection rate of 1.5% for emphysema and 1.8% for pneumonia as reported by <a href="#Yifat-D--Gedefaw-D--Desie-S--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Yifat et al. (2011)</span></a> and <a href="#Marta-T--2010-"><span class="Hyperlink">Marta (2010)</span></a> at Gondar and Sebeta abattoirs, respectively. Emphysema and pneumonia could be due to exposure of animal to bacterial or viral origin infections, stress factors including exposure to dust and starvation. Moreover, penetration of lung by foreign body, adverse weather condition or accidental inhalation of liquid may cause pneumonia (<a href="#Amene-F--Eskindir-L--Dawit-T--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Amene et al., 2012</span></a>). The prevalence of emphysema in the present study was lower than reported by <a href="#Kambarage-DM--Kimera-SI--Kazwala-RR--Mafwere-BM--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kambarage et al. (2000)</span></a><span class="CharOverride-10"> </span>with 22% in Tanzania and <a href="#Seboka-F--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Seboka (2008)</span></a> with 43.75% in Addis Ababa Municipal Abattoir. But, this finding is closer to the figure (16.53%) reported by <a href="#Abayneh-L--1999-"><span class="Hyperlink">Abayneh (1999)</span></a> in Assela Municipal Abattoir. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Pneumonia which was another pathological condition attributed to 11.17% of rejection rate. A lower rejection rate of 31.02% was reported by <a href="#Cadamus-SIB--Adesokan-A--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Cadamus and Adesokan (2010)</span></a> from Nigeria. Whereas, a higher rejection rate of 3.33%, 1.8%, 1.07% and 11.11% were reported by <a href="#Kambarage-DM--Kimera-SI--Kazwala-RR--Mafwere-BM--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kambarage et al. (2000)</span></a>, <a href="#Yifat-D--Gedefaw-D--Desie-S--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Yifat et al. (2011)</span></a>, <a href="#Alembrhan-A--Haylegebriel-T--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Alembrhan and Haylegebriel (2013)</span></a> and <a href="#Amene-F--Eskindir-L--Dawit-T--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Amene et al. (2012</span></a><span class="Hyperlink">)</span> in Tanzania, Gondar, Adigrat and Jimma abattoir, respectively. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The rate of liver condemnation in this study was 8.83% which is lower than the report of <a href="#Denbarga-Y--Demewez-G--Sheferaw-D--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Denberga et al. (2011)</span></a> in Gondar ELFORA abattoir (31.1%), <a href="#Yifat-D--Gedefaw-D--Desie-S--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Yifat et al. (2011)</span></a> in Gondar ELFORA abattoir (31.1%) and <a href="#Alembrhan-A--Haylegebriel-T--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Alembrhan and Haylegebriel (2013)</span></a> in Adigrat abattoir (17.58%). Liver condemnation due to hydatid cyst (3.90%) in the present study was lower than studies conducted by <a href="#Gebretsadik-B--2009-."><span class="Hyperlink">Gebretsadik (2009)</span></a> who reported 12.56% from Tigray, by <a href="#Miheret-M--Biruk-M--Habtamu-T--Ashwani-K--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Miheret et al. (2013)</span></a> 33.33% from Dire Dawa, by <a href="#Zelalem-F--Tadele-T--Zelalem-N--Chanda-M--Nigatu-Kebede--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Zelalem et al. (2012)</span></a> 31.7 % from Addis Ababa and <a href="#Asmare-A--Biniyam-A--Mersha-C--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Asmare et al. (2012)</span></a> 10.2% from Bahir Dar municipal abattoirs. Prevalence of hydatid cyst on liver was higher than studies conducted by <a href="#Yifat-D--Gedefaw-D--Desie-S--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Yifat et al. (2011)</span></a> in Gondar ELFORA abattoir which was 1.2% and although the present study was closer to the figure reported by <a href="#Alembrhan-A--Haylegebriel-T--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Alembrhan and Haylegebriel (2013)</span></a> in Adigrat abattoir (3.62%).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The rate of heart condemnation in this study was 1.55% which is closer to <a href="#Yifat-D--Gedefaw-D--Desie-S--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Yifat et al. (2011)</span></a> in Gondar ELFORA abattoir (1.0%) and higher than studies conducted by <a href="#Amene-F--Eskindir-L--Dawit-T--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Amene et al. (2012</span></a><span class="Hyperlink">)</span> in Jimma abattoir (0.44%). However, a lower rejection rate of Pericarditis (36.0%) was reported by <a href="#Kambarage-DM--Kimera-SI--Kazwala-RR--Mafwere-BM--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kambarage et al. (2000)</span></a> from cattle slaughtered in Tanzania.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONCLUSIONS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A considerable number of organs were condemned from camels slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Addis Ababa mainly due to different pathological lesions on different organs such as hydatid cyst, emphysema and pneumonia during the present study. Affected meat were condemned and rendered unfit for human consumption. Some of the limitations, however, encountered in this study including the use of only gross pathology in the diagnosis of the diseases, thus only those diseases with gross pathological lesions that are pathognomonic were likely to be diagnosed. Taken as a whole, the public health implication of the quality of infected organs condemned at this abattoir on the customers and the role which post-mortem inspection plays in safeguarding the health of the public cannot be overemphasized. In conclusion, therefore, there is a need for adequate meat inspection in the abattoirs in order to identify diseases and thereby minimize associated public health risks. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Acknowledgements</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The authors would like to acknowledge Addis Ababa Akaki Abattoir center office for their critical support during data and sample collection.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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