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<body id="JAP_MH20150128160130_-Karimi-et-al" lang="en-GB">
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Type-of-Article">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
	</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Blood Parasites of Camels from Central Regions of Iran: Comparative Evaluation of Various Detection Techniques and Serum Protein Components</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-2">Alisina Karimi</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Sadegh Rahbari</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Ali Yousefi</span><span class="CharOverride-3">3</span></p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span>Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary, Tehran Science and Research Branch; <span class="CharOverride-4">2</span>Department of Pathobiology, Science and Research Branch; <span class="CharOverride-4">3</span>Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.</p>
		</div>
		<div>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Abstract</span> | The 227 blood samples of camels (male: 130, female: 97) were examined from different regions of central areas of Iran between March 2011 and April 2012. Of the examined samples, 4.85% were found to be infected by two species of blood parasites (<span class="CharOverride-6">Trypanosoma evansi</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">,&#160;</span><span class="CharOverride-6">Dipetalonema evansi</span>). Comparison of various techniques, <span class="CharOverride-6">viz., </span>formal gel, mercuric chloride, wet smears and thin smears for detection of<span class="CharOverride-6"> T. evansi</span> showed the sensitivity and specificity 44- 100%, 100- 93%, 88- 100%, 88- 100% respectively, where the hematocrit centrifuge test was used as a gold standard. The results of all techniques used for detection of microfilaria were similar. Statistical analysis did not show any significant relation between blood parasite infection and variables such as age, gender and season (<span class="CharOverride-6">p</span> &gt;0.05) but comparison of serum protein components in infected camels with <span class="CharOverride-6">T. evansi</span> showed significant difference except <span class="CharOverride-8">α</span>2-globulin and<span class="CharOverride-8"> β</span>-globulin (<span class="CharOverride-6">p</span> &lt;0.05). </p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Keywords </span>| Camel, Blood parasite,<span class="CharOverride-6"> Trypanosoma evansi</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">,&#160;</span><span class="CharOverride-6">Dipetalonema evansi</span>, Iran</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Editor</span> | Muhammad Imran Rashid, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Received</span> | January 28, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Revised</span> | March 22, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Accepted </span>| March 25, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Published</span> | March 30, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">*Correspondence</span> | Ali Yousefi, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; <span class="CharOverride-5">Email:</span> a.usefi@srbiau.ac.ir</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Citation</span> | Karimi A, Rahbari S, Yousefi A (2015). Blood parasites of camels from central regions of Iran: comparative evaluation of various detection techniques and serum protein components. J. Adv. Parasitol. 2(1): 1-4.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">DOI </span>| <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jap/2014/2.1.1.4"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jap/2014/2.1.1.4</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">ISSN</span> | 2311-4096 </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Copyright</span> © 2015 Karimi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
		</div>
		<div class="Basic-Text-Frame">
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">INTRODUCTION</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">C</span>amel is an important multipurpose animal and since the old times, it has been used for transportation and produce milk, wool and meat in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Nowadays, according to industry development and technology in all fields, this animal has lost its former importance and now the main target of camels breeding is for production of meat.</p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">They are exposed with various endo and ecto parasites which cause substantial economic losses and some of them have zoonotic importance such as <span class="CharOverride-6">Sarcoptes scabiei </span>(<a href="#Beesley-WN--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Beesley, 1998</span></a>) and<span class="CharOverride-6"> Linguatula serrata</span> (<a href="#Lloyd-S--1998"><span class="Hyperlink">Lloyd, 1998</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Several studies have been documented on the occurrence of blood parasites in camel from different regions of Iran, <span class="CharOverride-6">viz.,</span> Sistan and Balochestan, Fars, Hormozgan (<a href="#Rahbari-S--Bazargani-TT--1995-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rahbari and Bazargani, 1995</span></a>), Semnan (<a href="#Hamedani-MA--Ghazvinian-KH--Darvishi-2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Hamedani et al., 2012</span></a>), Zabol (<a href="#Ranjbar-Bahadori-SH--Afshari-Moghadam-A--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Ranjbar-Bahadori and Afshari-Moghadam, 2009</span></a>) and Kerman (<a href="#Abd-Elmaleck-B--Abed-GH--Mandour-AM--2014"><span class="Hyperlink">Radfar et al., 2006</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">According to Iran Ministry of Agriculture statistics there are about 149600 camels in the country&#160;and due to the entry of imported camels and their role in the transmission of pathogens, importance of research in the field of factors affecting the production such as blood parasites in camel breeding areas will be felt.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The aims of our study were to determine the prevalence of blood parasites by using of different diagnostic techniques and evaluation of serum protein components changes in naturally infected camels with <span class="CharOverride-6">Trypanosoma evansi</span> in the camels from different regions of central areas of Iran. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">MATERIAL AND METHODS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Sample Collection</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">From March 2011 to April 2012, a total of 227 blood samples of camels (male: 130, female: 97) from different regions of central areas (Isfahan province and Yazd province) of Iran were collected (<a href="#Figure-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Figure 1</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-11">Two blood samples were collected from each camel through jugular vein. </span>First 5 ml sample was collected into a sterile test tube containing 5 ml of alsever’s solution and was stores at 4°C for later use. Subsequently,<span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span>10 ml of the blood sample was collected in another tube to separate serum<span class="Heading-1-Char CharOverride-12">.</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<div class="pt" > <a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150331232647.png" target="new"><img class="img_display" src="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150331232647.png" width="80" height="80"></a>
            
      <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Figure-1-"></a>Figure 1: </span><a href="http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/figures/20150331232647.png">Studied areas map (Isfahan and Yazd province)</a></p>
       </div>

		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Wet and Thin Smears Preparation </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The direct wet smears were prepared by placing the blood samples on a glass slide and cover with a cover-slip to spread blood as a monolayer of cells and the examined with the high dry objective (40 X). The blood thin smears were prepared, air-dry briefly, fixed in methyl alcohol and stained with Geimsa and examined for parasites using an oil immersion objective (100 X).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Hematocrit Centrifuge Technique</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Sample of blood is introduced into a capillary tube (coated with heparin) the end sealed with a putty, and the tube centrifuged at 10,000 RPM<span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span>for five minutes to sediment the cells then looking for directly at the buffy coat layer in<span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span>under the 4X lens objective<span class="CharOverride-5">.</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Formal Gel Test</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">It is carried out by adding&#160;</span><span class="hvr CharOverride-7">two</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span><span class="hvr CharOverride-7">drop</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span><span class="hvr CharOverride-7">of</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span><span class="hvr CharOverride-7">formalin</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;solution 40% to </span><span class="hvr CharOverride-7">1</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span><span class="hvr CharOverride-7">ml</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span><span class="hvr CharOverride-7">of</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;serum,</span> the test is positive if the serum coagulates immediately and turns white. In negative reactions, the serum remains unchanged or coagulation may take up to 30 minutes to appear.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Mercuric Chloride Test</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="hvr CharOverride-7">One drop</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span><span class="hvr CharOverride-7">of</span><span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span>serum added to 1ml diluted solution of mercuric chloride (1: 25000). If the serum turns to opalescent, the test is positive. If the result is negative, it will not change until 15 minutes.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Modified Knott Method</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">One ml blood was added into tube containing 9 ml of 2% formalin and mixed up. The tube was allowed to stand for 15 min to get complete hemolysis. The mixture was then centrifuged at 1,500 RPM for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded and sediment was stained with of methylene blue (1:1000) then the mixture was put on glass slide and examined. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Total Serum Protein and Electrophoresis</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Serum total protein level was estimated using the standard protein estimation kit (Zist Shimi Co., Iran) by the method of <a href="#Bradford-MM--1976"><span class="Hyperlink">Bradford (1976)</span></a>. Optical density of the test solutions was measured spectrophotometrically at 545 nm.  For serum protein components estimation, cellulose acetate electrophoresis method for the separation of serum proteins was used and levels were determined by densitometry.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Statistical Analysis</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">Data management was performed using SPSS V19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) statistical software. The Chi-square test was used for determining the significance of association between blood parasitic infections and variables such as; age, sex, season (A<span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-7">&#160;</span>p-value level of significance was 0.05). Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) was used for comparison of total serum protein mean and serum globulin mean in the infected and uninfected camels.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">RESULTS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Blood samples collected from 227 camels (<span class="CharOverride-6">Camelus dromedaries</span>) from different regions of central areas of Iran revealed two genera of parasites including T<span class="CharOverride-6">rypanosoma evansi</span> and <span class="CharOverride-6">Dipetalonema evansi</span> (<a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Considering hematocrit centrifuge test as a gold standard for detection of<span class="CharOverride-6"> T. evansi</span> and all other techniques showed the sensitivity and specificity respectively were as follows;  formal gel (44- 100%), mercuric chloride (100- 93%), wet smears (88- 100%) and thin smears (88- 100%). </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Table 1:</span> Prevalence of blood parasites of 227 camels from central areas of Iran by different diagnostic methods</p>
			<table width="657" height="186" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">&#9;&#9;</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Methods</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Trypanosoma evansi</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Dipetalonema evansi</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Number of infected</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">% </span><span class="CharOverride-18">Infection</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Number of infected</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">% Infection</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Hematocrit centrifuge</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.96</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Formal gel</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.76</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Mercuric chloride</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">10.57</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Wet smears</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.52</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.88</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Thin smears </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.52</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.88</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Modified Knott&apos;s</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.88</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">In the comparison of sensitivity and specificity of different techniques used for the detection of microfilaria of<span class="CharOverride-6"> Dipetalonema evansi</span>, modified Knott’s test was used as the gold standard. The results of all other techniques were similar. Data on the prevalence of blood parasites based on the age, sex and season are presented in <a href="#Table-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>. In general 4.85% of blood samples were infected with hemoparasite. The highest prevalence was observed at<span class="CharOverride-6"> T. evansi</span> (3.96%). According to the data in the <a href="#Table-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a> and the statistical analysis (the Chi-square test) did not show any significant relation between blood parasite infection and variables such as age, gender and season (<span class="CharOverride-6">p</span><span class="CharOverride-8"> </span>&gt;0.05).</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-2-"></a>Table 2:</span> Prevalence of blood parasites in camels from central areas of Iran based on age, sex and season</p>
			<table width="657" height="324" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Group</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Number</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Number of infected</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">% Infection</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Chi-Square</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">P- value</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="Subtle-Emphasis CharOverride-19" lang="en-US">Age</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.369</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.832</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1-5 years </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">32</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6.25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6-10 years</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">67</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.48</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">11-18 years</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">128</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.69</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Gender</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.006</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.316</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Male</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">130</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6.15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Female</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="Subtle-Emphasis CharOverride-20" lang="en-US">97</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.09</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">    -</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">    -</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Season</span></p>
						</td>
						<td />
						<td />
						<td />
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.035</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.071</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Spring</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">63</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Summer</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">67</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">7.46</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Autumn</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">43</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6.98</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Winter</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">54</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">5.56</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Total</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">227</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.85</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">-</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-2-"></a>Table 3:</span> The data of the mean<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>± standard error of the mean<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>for serum proteins components (μg/dl) in infected and non-infected camels with <span class="CharOverride-6">Trypanosoma evansi</span></p>
			<table width="657" height="209" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-16" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Parameter</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Infected</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Uninfected&#9;</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Total protein*</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6.62±0.05</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">6.36±0.06</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Albumin*</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">2.38±0.12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.08±0.14</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">Globulin*</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">4.23±0.16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">3.27±0.18</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-21">α</span><span class="CharOverride-18">1-globulin*</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.10±0.04</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.47±0.05</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-21">α</span><span class="CharOverride-18">2-globulin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.72±0.11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.84±0.12</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-21">β</span><span class="CharOverride-18">-globulin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.84±0.07</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.69±0.08</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-18">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-21">γ</span><span class="CharOverride-18">-globulin*</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">2.55±0.13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">1.16±0.15</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-17">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">A/G*</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.58±0.06</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-18">0.96±0.07</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-9">* -</span><span class="CharOverride-9"> </span><span class="CharOverride-9">This result is significant at the p=0.05 level</span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-15">The results of total protein value and estimation of serum protein components in serum samples from the two groups of animals (infected, uninfected) are shown in </span><a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a><span class="CharOverride-15">. There was significant difference in all serum protein components parameters of infected camels with </span><span class="CharOverride-22">T. evansi</span><span class="CharOverride-15"> except </span><span class="CharOverride-23">α</span><span class="CharOverride-15">2-globulin and </span><span class="CharOverride-23">β</span><span class="CharOverride-15">-globulin (</span><span class="CharOverride-22">p</span><span class="CharOverride-15"> &lt;0.05).</span></p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">DISCUSSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Several studies have been documented on blood parasites of camels in the world and among them <span class="CharOverride-6">Babesia</span> sp, <span class="CharOverride-6">Theileria</span> sp,<span class="CharOverride-6"> T. evansi</span> and microfilaria were reported. In our investigation, two species of hemoparasites, <span class="CharOverride-6">T. evansi</span> and <span class="CharOverride-6">D. evansi</span> were found in blood samples. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">T<span class="CharOverride-6">rypanosoma evansi</span><span class="CharOverride-5"> </span>causes a trypanosomiasis known as “surra”. It affects a large number of wild and domesticated animals in different parts of the world (<a href="#Singh-V--Singla-LD--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Singh and Singla 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Bal-MS--Sinla-LD--Kumar-H--Vasudev-A--Gupta-K--Juyal-PD--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bal et al., 2012</span></a>; <a href="#Mullen-BA--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Mullen, 2002</span></a>). There is extensive variation in the pathogenicity of various strains and the susceptibility of different host species (<a href="#Bal-MS--Sinla-LD--Kumar-H--Vasudev-A--Gupta-K--Juyal-PD--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bal et al., 2012</span></a>). The disease may reveal as an acute or chronic form, and in the latter case may persist for several months, possibly years (<a href="#Mullen-BA--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Mullen, 2002</span></a>). Hence surra causes a major constraint to camel’s productivity in decreasing of milk and meat yield, also premature births and abortions in pregnant females and treatment cost (<a href="#Elamin-EA--El-Bashir-MOA--Saheed-EMA--1999-."><span class="Hyperlink">Elamin et al., 1999</span></a>; <a href="#Boid-R--Jones-TW--Luckins-AG--1985"><span class="Hyperlink">Boid et al., 1985</span></a>; <a href="#Reid-SA--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Reid, 2002</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Outbreaks of <span class="CharOverride-6">T. evansi </span>infections have been reported in various areas of world in different species of animals (<a href="#Kumar-H--Gupta-MP--Sidhu-PK--Mahajan-V--Bal-MS--Kaur-K--Vasudev-A--Verma-S--Singla-LD--2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Kumar et al. 2012</span></a>).  As per the available information on the prevalence is concerned in Iran 19.47 and 1.6 per cent prevalence has been reported from Zabol (Ranjbar-Bahadori and Afshari-Moghadam, 2009) and Kerman provinces (<a href="#Radfar-MH--Ebrahimi-Mimand-A--Sharifi-Paghale-A--2006"><span class="Hyperlink">Radfar et al., 2006</span></a>), respectively. Different rates of occurrence has been seen in different countries from time to time viz., Nigeria (27%) (<a href="#Pacholek-X--Gamatic-D--Franek-SG--Tibayrene-R--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Pacholek et al., 2001</span></a>); Chad (30%) (<a href="#Losos-GJ--1980"><span class="Hyperlink">Losos, 1980</span></a>); Mauritania (24%) (<a href="#Dia--ML--Van-Meirvenne-N--Magnus-E--Luckins-AG--Diop-C--Thiam-A--Jacquiet-P---Harmers-D--1997-"><span class="Hyperlink">Dia et al., 1997</span></a>); Ethiopia (21%) (<a href="#Zeleke-M--Bekele-T--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Zeleke and Bekele, 2001</span></a>); Kenya (28%) (<a href="#Njiru-ZK--Ole-Mapeny-IM--Ouma-JO--Ndung-u-JM--Olaho-Mukanni-W--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Njiru et al., 2001</span></a>); Sudan (33%) (<a href="#Elamin-EA--El-Bashir-MOA--Saheed-EMA--1999-."><span class="Hyperlink">Elamin et al., 1999</span></a>); India (22%) (<a href="#Pathak-KML--Arora-JK--Kapoor-M--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">Pathak et al., 199</span></a><span class="Hyperlink">3</span>); Jordan (33%) (<a href="#Al-Rawashdeh-OF--Sharif-LA--Al-Qudah-KM--Al-Anif-K--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Al-Rawashdeh et al., 2000</span></a>) which are higher prevalences than our study.  Our results are close to the findings of <a href="#Rahbari-S--Bazargani-TT--1995-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rahbari and Bazargani (1995)</span></a>, <a href="#Hamedani-MA--Ghazvinian-KH--Darvishi-2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Hamedani et al (2012)</span></a> in Iran and<span class="CharOverride-5"> </span><a href="#Abd-Elmaleck-B--Abed-GH--Mandour-AM--2014"><span class="Hyperlink">Abd-Elmaleck et al (2014)</span></a> in Egypt who recorded 7.7%, 2.63% and 3.06% prevalence respectively.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-6">Dipetalonema evansi</span> is a filarial nematode which affects camels and occurs in the spermatic cord, pulmonary arteriole, right auricle, lymph nodes and mesentery. Clinical symptoms depend upon the location of adult worm but usually hypertrophic sclerosis and aneurysm are the common lesions in this infection (<a href="#Parsani-HR--Singh-V--Momin-RR--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Parsani et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Dakkak-A--Ouhelli-H--1987"><span class="Hyperlink">Dakkak and Ouhelli, 1987</span></a>; <a href="#Nagaty-HF--1947"><span class="Hyperlink">Nagaty, 1947</span></a>). Few studies have been carried out on filariasis of camels in world such as in Iran (<a href="#Rahbari-S--Bazargani-TT--1995-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rahbari and Bazargani, 1995</span></a>; <a href="#Sazmand-A-Tafti-MH--Hekmatimoghaddam-S--Mobedi-I--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Sazmand et al., 2013</span></a>), Sudan (<a href="#Elamin-EA--El-Bashir-MOA--Saheed-EMA--1999-."><span class="Hyperlink">Elamin et al., 1999</span></a>) while results of our study were similar to <a href="#Ranjbar-Bahadori-SH--Afshari-Moghadam-A--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Ranjbar-Bahadori and Afshari-Moghadam (2009)</span></a> in Zabol. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><a href="#Boid-R--Luckins-AG--Rae-PF--Gray-AR--Mahmoud-MM--Malik-KH--1980-."><span class="Hyperlink">Boid et al (1980)</span></a> in their study showed that significant increased levels of <span class="CharOverride-8">γ</span>-globulin on<span class="CharOverride-6"> </span>infected camels with <span class="CharOverride-6">T. evansi</span> which were similar to our study. On the other hand, formal gel and mercuric chloride tests were used by Luckins et al (1979) for detection of <span class="CharOverride-6">T. evansi</span> in 226 camels and showed the sensitivity and specificity; 77-100%, 63-100% respectively which results differ from our study.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">We would like to thank Dr. Hadi Miranzadeh for instrumental assistance on this project. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONFLICT OF INTEREST</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.  </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">REFERENCES</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		
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				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" lang="en-US"><a id="Al-Rawashdeh-OF--Sharif-LA--Al-Qudah-KM--Al-Anif-K--2000"></a>Al-Rawashdeh OF, Sharif LA, Al-Qudah KM, Al-Anif K (2000). <span class="CharOverride-6">Trypanosoma evansi </span>infection in camels in Jordan. Revue. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays. Trop. 20: 233-237.</li>
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