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		  <p class="Type-of-Article" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-1">Review Article</span></p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Ecotoxicology: A Review of Pesticides Induced Toxicity in Fish</p>
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			<p class="Authors" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-2">Sana Ullah</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span>Fisheries and Aquaculture Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; <span class="CharOverride-4">2</span>Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases Dept., Iranian Fisheries Research Organization (IFRO), Tehran, Iran.</p>
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			<p class="Abstract" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Abstract" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">Abstract</span> | <span lang="en-US">Throughout the world pesticides are widely employed in agriculture sector in order to elevate crops’ yield with low labour and efforts. Pesticides exposure leads to toxicity in many non-target organisms, fish being one of the most prominent among these. Most of the time acute concentration of these pesticides leads to mortality while sub lethal concentration of these pesticides result in different lethal changes. These changes may be in behaviour of the exposed fish such as change in feeding behaviour, attack or avoiding behaviour and reproductive behaviour, or other types of alterations such as changes in histology (liver, kidneys, gills, muscles, brain, intestine), haematology (RBCs, WBCs or Plasma), anti-oxidant defence system (Glutathione reductase, Peroxidase, Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione-S-transferase etc.), changes in nutrient profile (Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Moisture content and Ash etc.) and worth of the fish, hormonal or enzymatic alterations, oxygen consumption, and DNA damage or damage at genes level (genotoxicity). Different environmental agencies are working on this aspect and that’s why there are a large number of banned chemicals. Still these chemicals are available in markets. Certain newly synthesized pesticides (insecticides or fungicides etc.) and extensive use of these chemicals are always there to maximize the problem for aquatic organisms especially fish. This article focuses on the same aspect of ecotoxicology and reviews some major induced toxicological aspects of pesticides in fish including behavioural changes, histopathological damages, haematological alterations, biochemical changes, fluctuations in acetylcholinesterase activity, vicissitudes in protein contents, induced genotoxicity, alterations in feeding biology, oxygen consumption and oxygen stress all across the world. </span></p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">Keywords </span>| <span lang="en-US">Pesticides, Toxicity, Fish, Behavioural changes,</span><span class="CharOverride-5" lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="en-US">Biochemical changes, Histopathological changes, Haematological changes, Molecular changes.</span><span class="CharOverride-7" lang="en-US"> </span></p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-9">Editor</span><span class="CharOverride-10"> | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian</span> Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">Received</span> | December 01, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Revised</span> | December 15, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Accepted</span> | December 16, 2014; <span class="CharOverride-5">Published</span> | December 18, 2014&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">*Correspondence</span> | Sana Ullah, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; <span class="CharOverride-5">Email: </span>sunyuop@gmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-5">Citation </span>| Ullah S, Zorriehzahra MJ (2015). Ecotoxicology: a review of pesticides induced toxicity in fish. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3(1): 40-57.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-9">DOI</span><span class="CharOverride-10"> | </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.1.40.57"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.1.40.57</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">(</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">Online</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">)</span><span class="Editor---Citation" lang="en-US"> | </span><span class="Editor---Citation" lang="en-US">2307-8316; </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" lang="en-US">(Print)  | </span><span lang="en-US">2309-3331</span></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-9">Copyright </span><span class="CharOverride-10">© 2015 </span>Ullah and Zorriehzahra.<span class="CharOverride-10"> This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</span></p>
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			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">Introduction</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">I</span>n present era of green revolution the human population is being increasing swiftly. Forests have been utilized for abode construction, deteriorating environmental balance on one hand (<a href="#Ullah-S--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah, 2014</span></a>). On the other hand we are faced with the emerging and increasing problem of pollutants (<a href="#AusAID--1996"><span class="Hyperlink">AusAID, 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Jacinto-GS--1997-.-P"><span class="Hyperlink">Jacinto, 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Klumpp-DW--Huasheng-H--Humphrey-C--Xinhong-W--Codi-S--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Klumpp et al., 2002</span></a>). These pollutants are domestic wastes, untreated or semi treated effluents from industries and different chemicals such as pesticides used in agriculture sector or safety measures (<a href="#Gagnaire-B--Thomas-Guyon-H--Renault-T--2004-.-In"><span class="Hyperlink">Gagnaire et al., 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Jain-P--Sharma-JD--Sohu-D--Sharma-P--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Jain et al., 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Mustapha-MK--2008-."><span class="Hyperlink">Mustapha, 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Naeem-M--Salam-A--Tahir-SS--Rauf-N--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Naeem et al., 2010</span></a>; <a href="#Abu-Darwish-MS--Al-Fraihat-AH--Al-Dalain-SYA--Afifi-FU--Al-Tabbal-JA--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Abu-Darwish</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2011</span></a>). These pollutants are supplemented with different chemicals, pesticides, organic compounds and heavy metals etc. (<a href="#Meitei-NS--Bhargava-V--Patil-PM--2004"><span class="Hyperlink">Meitei et al., 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Jabeen-G--Javed-M--Azmat-H--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Jabeen et al., 2011</span></a>). These substances change water quality, which is home to many aquatic organisms (<a href="#Donohue-I--Style-D--Coxon-C--Irvine-K--2006-."><span class="Hyperlink">Donohue et al., 2006</span></a>). The changed water quality adversely affects these organisms and even leads to their mortalities in acute concentrations and severe exposure (<a href="#Sarwar-S--Ahmad-F-and-Khan-J--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Sarwar et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Sabae-SZ--El-Sheekh-MM--Khalil-MA--Elshouny-WAE--Badr-HM--2014"><span class="Hyperlink">Sabae et al., 2014</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">The potential harmful chemicals or substances such as heavy metals, pesticides and hydrocarbons are dumped either or released into the water bodies (<a href="#Ullah-S--Ullah-N--Rahman-K--Khan-TM--Jadoon-MA--Ahmad-T--2014a"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014a</span></a>). When these pollutants flow into water bodies in higher concentration than permissible limits then these result in the form of heavy mortalities of all life form residing in those aquatic systems such as fish and shell fish etc. while in lower concentration these lead to bio accumulation of these pollutants and ultimately go through the food web to human beings (<a href="#Xie-P--Zhuge-Y--Dai-M--1996-."><span class="Hyperlink">Xie et al., 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Morel-FMM--Kraepiel-AML--Amyot-M--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Morel et al., 1998</span></a>; <a href="#Abedi-Z--Hasantabar-F--Khalesi-MK--Babaei-S--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Abedi et al., 2013</span></a>). This issue is attention seeking and should be treated and focused properly and attentively in order to ensure safer fish consumption on priority basis (<a href="#Yousaf-S--Zada-A--Owais-M--2013-."><span class="Hyperlink">Yousaf et al., 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Ullah-S--Akmal-M--Aziz-F--Ullah-S--Khan-KJ--2014b-.-Hand-Pumps--Water-Quality-Analysis-for-Drinking"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014b</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">Occurrence of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Presence of pesticides in aquatic systems may be by different ways, but is assessed by identifying three major routes, due to which it leads to water bodies (<a href="#Kosygin-L--Dhamendra-H--Gyaneshwari-R--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kosygin</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Sarkar-SK--Bhattacharya-BD--Bhattacharya-A--Chatterjee-M--Alam-A--Satpathy-KK--Jonathan-MP.-2008."><span class="Hyperlink">Sarkar et al., 2008</span></a>). These routes are water column, organic substrates such as mosses, algae, leaf litter, vascular hydrophytes and branches, and inorganic substrate including materials from sediments varying in size (<a href="#Murthy-KS--Kiran-BR--Venkateshwarlu-M--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Murthy et al., 2013</span></a>). Standing water has higher concentration than lithic biotopes and water column while its quantity is negligible in sediments (<a href="#Kingsbury-PD--Kreutzweiser-DP--1980-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kingsbury and Kreutzweiser, 1980</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">Determining Pesticide Contents</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">For finding pesticide contents in sediments, organic substrate, water and most important in animal or plants tissues is done chemically (<a href="#APHA--1998-"><span class="Hyperlink">APHA, 1998</span></a>; <a href="#Shuhong-W--Huasheng-H--Xinhong-W--2005-."><span class="Hyperlink">Shuhong et al., 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Ishaq-Z--Khan-A--2013-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ishaq and Khan, 2013</span></a>). The solid tissue of animals or plants and other solid materials are first homogenized and then extraction is done through acetone or hexane, then evaporated to a small volume, followed by cleaning and drying, and then finally analysed (<a href="#Peterson-RE--Theobald-HM--Kimmel-GL--1993-."><span class="Hyperlink">Peterson and Batley, 1993</span></a>; <a href="#USGS--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">USGS, 1995</span></a>; <a href="#Hong-SH--Yim-UH--Shim-WJ--Oh-JR--Lee-IS--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Hong et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Hong-SH--Yim-UH--Shim-WJ--Li-DH--Oh-JR--2006-."><span class="Hyperlink">Hong et al., 2006</span></a>; <a href="#Zhou-R--Zhu-L--Kong-Q--2007-.-P"><span class="Hyperlink">Zhou et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Hong-SH--Yim-UH--Shim-WJ--Oh-JR--Viet-PH--Park-PS--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Hong </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2008</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">For determining the effects of pesticides such as acute toxic effect of these chemicals on aquatic organism biological methods are used, <span class="CharOverride-15">in situ</span> bioassays (<a href="#Akcha-F--Vincent-Hubert-F--Pfhol-Leszkowicz-A--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Akcha et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Buschini-A--Martino-A--Gustavino-B--Monfrinotti-M--Poli-P---...2004"><span class="Hyperlink">Buschini</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Cavas-T--Ergene-Gozukara-S--2005-."><span class="Hyperlink">Cavas</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Ergene-Gozukara, 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Pandey-AK--Nagpure-NS--Trivedi-SP--Kumar-R--Kushwaha-B--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Pandey et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Kushwaha-B--Pandey-S--Sharma-S--Srivastava-R--Kumar-R--Nagpure-NS--Dabas-A--Srivastava-SK--2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Kushwaha et al., 2012</span></a>). This assay is based on exposing the test animals to the field without disturbing the polluted sediments. After exposure survival percentage is determined. Sometimes when the water column is too deep or too fast, water cages are used for holding the fish in water column (<a href="#Dey-C--Saha-SK--2014-.-A"><span class="Hyperlink">Dey and Saha, 2014</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Indirect Effects of Pesticides to Fish			</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Pesticides greatly reduce food organisms’ abundance in aquatic bodies and eco system which is necessary for fish survival (<a href="#Helfrich-LA--2009-.-Pes"><span class="Hyperlink">Helfrich, 2009</span></a>). By this mean it indirectly interrupts the fish food supply and change the habitat of water bodies (<a href="#Maskaoui-K--Zhou-JL--Zhen-TL--Hong-H--Yu-Z--2005-."><span class="Hyperlink">Maskaoui et al., 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Chau-KW--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Chau, 2005</span></a>). Besides this it can also make the fish more susceptible to predators by decreasing habitat suitability and changing their behaviour as well, which is a direct effect as a consequence of indirect effect (<a href="#Holden-AV--1973-."><span class="Hyperlink">Holden, 1973</span></a>; <a href="#Parashar-RS--Banerjee-TK--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Prashanth et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Gill-RJ--Raine-NE--2014"><span class="Hyperlink">Gill</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Raine, 2014</span></a>). Results have shown that these indirect effects can be much more vital than the direct ones (<a href="#Murthy-KS--Kiran-BR--Venkateshwarlu-M--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Murthy et al., 2013</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Direct Effects of Pesticides to Fish			</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Fish is directly affected by different pesticides (<a href="#Rao-AS--Pillala-RR--2001-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rao and Pillala, 2001</span></a>). Pesticides induce different types of toxicity in fish, which these pesticides lead to, such as changes in fish behaviour (<a href="#Scott-GR--Sloman-KA--2004-."><span class="Hyperlink">Scott and Sloman, 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Krian-A--Jha-AK--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Krian and Jha, 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Satyavardhan-K--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Satyavardhan, 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Marigoudar-SR--Ahmed-RN--David-M--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Marigoudar</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Ilavazhahan-M--Tamil-SR--Jayaraj-SS--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ilavazhahan et al., 2010</span></a>; <a href="#Nwani-CD--Lakra-WS--Nagpure-NS--Kumar-R--Kushwaha-B--Srivastra-SK--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">Nwani et al., 2010</span></a>; <a href="#Nagaraju-B--Sudhakar-P--Anitha-A--Haribabu-G--Rathnamma-VV--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Nagaraju et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">2011</span></a>; <a href="#Prashanth-MS--Sayeswara-HA--Goudar-MA.-2011."><span class="Hyperlink">Prashanth </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#David-M--Haragi-SB--Chebbi-SG--Patil-VK--Halappa-R--Chittaragi-JB--Marigoudar-SR--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">David et al., 201</span></a><span class="Hyperlink">0</span>; <a href="#Ullah-R--Zuberi-A--Ullah-S--Ullah-I--Dawar-FU--2014c"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014c</span></a>; <a href="#Rani-GI--Kumaraguru-AK--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rani and Kumaraguru, 2014</span></a>), haematological changes (<a href="#Joshi-PK--Pandey-AK--Nagar-RK--1988-.-El"><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi et al., 1988</span></a>; <a href="#Agrawal-VP--Tyagi-M--1988"><span class="Hyperlink">Agrawal and Tyagi, 1988</span></a>; <a href="#Bhatkar-NV--Dhande-RR--2000-.-F"><span class="Hyperlink">Bhatkar and Dhande, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Svoboda-M--Luskova-V--Drastichova-J--Zlabek-V--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Svoboda et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Joshi-P--Harish-D--Bose-M--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Johal-MS--Grewal-H--2004-.-T"><span class="Hyperlink">Johal and Grewal, 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Gautam-RK--Kumar-S--2008-.-Alteration-in-haematology-of-Channa-punctatu"><span class="Hyperlink">Gautam and Kumar, 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Devi-P--Baruah-D--Baruah-BK--Borkotoki-A--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Devi et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Saeedi-FM--Roodsari-HV--Zamini-A--Mirrasooli-E--Kazemi-R."><span class="Hyperlink">Saeedi et al., 2012</span></a>; <a href="#Ullah-R--Zuberi-A--Tariq-M--Ullah-S--2014d-.-Ac"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014d</span></a>), histopathological disturbances (<a href="#Anees-MA--1976-."><span class="Hyperlink">Anees, 1976</span></a>; <a href="#Kumaraguru-AK--Beamish-FWH--Ferguson-HW--1982-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kumaraguru et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 1982</span></a>; <a href="#Arora-N--Kulshrestha-SK--1984-"><span class="Hyperlink">Arora and Kulreshta, 1984</span></a>; <a href="#Bakthavathsalam-R--Ramalingam-R--Ramaswamy-A--1984"><span class="Hyperlink">Bakthavathsalam et al., 1984</span></a>; <a href="#Karlsson-Norrgren-L--Runn-P--Haux-C--Forlin-L--1985-."><span class="Hyperlink">Karlsson-Norrgren et al., 1985</span></a>; <a href="#Dutta-HM--Nath-A--Adhikari-S--Roy-PK--Singh-NK--Munshi-JSD--1994-.-Sub"><span class="Hyperlink">Dutta</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1994</span></a>; <a href="#Anitakumari-S--Ramkumar-SN--1995-."><span class="Hyperlink">Anitakumari and Ramkumar, 1995</span></a>; <a href="#Vijaylakshmi-VS--Tilak-KS--1996-"><span class="Hyperlink">Vijaylakshmi and Tilak, 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Chatterjee-S--Dutta-AB--Ghosh-R--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Chatterjee et al., 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Das-BK--Mukherjee-SC--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Das</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Mukerjee, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Mohan-RM--2000-.-Mala"><span class="Hyperlink">Mohan, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Cengiz-EI--Unlu-E--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Cengiz and Unlu, 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Parashar-RS--Banerjee-TK--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Parashar and Banerjee, 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Dutta-HM--Meijer-HJM--2003-.-Sub"><span class="Hyperlink">Dutta et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Johal-MS--Sharma-ML--Ravneet--2007-"><span class="Hyperlink">Johal et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Kunjamma-AKP--Philip-B--Bhanu-SV--Jose-J--2008-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kunjamma et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Velmurugan-G--Selvanayagam-M--Cergiz-EI--Unlu-E--2009-."><span class="Hyperlink">Velmurugan </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Ba-Omar-TA--A1-Jardani-S--Victor-R--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Ba-Omar et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Rani-S--Venkataramana-GV--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rani and Venkataramana, 2012</span></a>; <a href="#Deka-S--Mahanta-R--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Deka and Mahanta, 2012</span></a>; <a href="#David-M--Kartheek-RM--2014-.-S"><span class="Hyperlink">David and Kartheek, 2014</span></a>), enzymes alteration, genotoxicity (<a href="#Stahl-RGJ--1991-."><span class="Hyperlink">Stahl, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Helma-C--Mersch-Sundermann-V--Houk-1996"><span class="Hyperlink">Helma et al., 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Mitchelmore-CL--Chipman-JK--1998-"><span class="Hyperlink">Mitchelmore and Chipman, 1998</span></a>; <a href="#White-PA--Rasmussen-JB--Blaise-C--1998a-"><span class="Hyperlink">White et al., 1998a</span></a>; <a href="#White-PA--Rasmussen-JB--Blaise-C--1998b-."><span class="Hyperlink">White et al., 1998b</span></a>; <a href="#Hose-JE--Brown-ED--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Hose</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">Brown</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15">,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 1998</span></a>; <a href="#Hartmann-A--Golet-EM--Gartiser-S--Alder-AC--Koller-T--Widmer-RM--1999"><span class="Hyperlink">Hartmann</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1999</span></a>; <a href="#Gartiser-S--Stiene-G--Hartmann-A--Zipperle-J--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Gartiser et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Vargas-VM--Migliavacca-SB--de-Melo-AO--Horn-RC--Guidobono-RR--de-Sa-Ferreira--Pestana-MH--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Vargas et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#x-avas-T--K-nen-S--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Çavas and Könen, 2007</span></a>), biochemical modifications, endocrine system disruption (<a href="#Dunier-M--Siwicki-AK--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">Dunier and Siwicki, 1993</span></a>; <a href="#Magare-SR--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Magare, 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Gupta-AK--Anand-M--Rajana-KR--1997-."><span class="Hyperlink">Gupta et al., 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Steenland-K--Cedillo-L--Tucker-J--Hines-C--Sorenson-K--Deddens-J--Cruz-V--1997-"><span class="Hyperlink">Steenland et al., 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Waring-CP--Brown-JA--1997-."><span class="Hyperlink">Waring et al., 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Halloran-KO--Ahokas-JT--Wright-PFA--1998"><span class="Hyperlink">Halloran</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1998</span></a>; <a href="#Kamble-GB--Muley-DV--Deshpandey-VY--1999-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kamble</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1999</span></a>; <a href="#Bols-NC--Brubacher-JL--Ganassin-RC--Lee-LEJ--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bols et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Hoeger-B--Hitzfeld-B--K-ollner-B--Dietrich-DR--van-den-Heuvel-MR--2005"><span class="Hyperlink">Hoeger et al., 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Maskaoui-K--Zhou-JL--Zhen-TL--Hong-H--Yu-Z--2005-."><span class="Hyperlink">Maskaoui </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Murthy-KS--Kiran-BR--Venkateshwarlu-M--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Murthy et al., 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Dey-C--Saha-SK--2014-.-A"><span class="Hyperlink">Dey and Saha, 2014</span></a>), nutrient profile disturbance (<a href="#Palanisamy-S--Bhaskaran-P--1995-"><span class="Hyperlink">Palanisamy and Bhaskaran, 1995</span></a>; <a href="#Jha-BS--Verma-BP--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Jha</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Verma, 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Aguigwo-JN--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Aguigwo, 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Jenkins-F--Smith-J--Rajanna-B--Shameem-U--Umadevi-K--Sandhya-V--Mahadevi-R--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Jenkins et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Borah-S--2005-.-Eff"><span class="Hyperlink">Borah, 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Zorriehzahra-MJ--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Zorriehzahra, 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Singh-SK--Singh-SK--Yadav-RP--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Singh et al., 2010</span></a>; <a href="#Thenmozhi-C--Vignesh-V--Thirumurugan-R--Arun-S--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Thenmozhi</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Bose-S--Nath-S--Sahana-SS--2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bose</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Muthukumaravel-K--Sivakumar-B--Kumarasamy-P--Govindarajan-M--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Muthukumaravel et al., 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Bibi-N--Zuberi-A--Naeem-M--Ullah-I--Sarwar-H--Atika-B--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bibi </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2014</span></a>), variation in feeding biology (<a href="#Roger-PA--Bhuiyan-SI---1990-."><span class="Hyperlink">Roger and Bhuiyan, 1990</span></a>; <a href="#Chandra-G--Bhattacharjee-I--Chatterjee-SN--Ghosh-A--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Chandra et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Bhandare-RY--Pathan-TS--Shinde-SE--More-PR--Sonawane-DL---2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bhandare et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Ravindran-JK--Daniel-R--Kumari-S--George-S--Eapen-A--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Ravindran et al., 2012</span></a>), changes in antioxidant defence system (<a href="#Joshi-UM--Desai-AK--1981-."><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi et al., 1981</span></a>; <a href="#Swetharanysm-D--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Swetharanysm, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Silvia-BM--Barros-SB--Pimente-R--Simizu-K--Azzalis-LA--Costa-IS--Junqueira-VB--1994-.-D"><span class="Hyperlink">Silvia et al., 1994</span></a>; <a href="#Anusha-A--Arunkumar-IC--Jayanthi-FE--Selvanayagam-M--1996"><span class="Hyperlink">Anusha et al., 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Cookson-MR--Pentreath-VW--1996-"><span class="Hyperlink">Cookson and Pentreath, 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Geetha-N--Manavalaramanujam-R--Ramesh-M--Chezhian-A--1999-.-Influence-of-methonyl-carbamate-pesticid"><span class="Hyperlink">Geetha et al., 1999</span></a>; <a href="#Luther-DV--Jeewaprada-PN--Veeraiah-K--1999-."><span class="Hyperlink">Luther et al., 1999</span></a>; <a href="#Kamble-GB--Muley-DV--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kamble and Muley, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Jiraungkoorskul-W--Upatham-ES--Kruatrachue-M--Sahaphong-S--Vichasri-Grams-S--Pokethitiyook-P--2003-"><span class="Hyperlink">Jiraungkoorskul </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Shanker-G--Syversen-T--Aschner-JL--Aschner-M--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shanker et al., 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Milaeva-ER--2006"><span class="Hyperlink">Milaeva, 2006</span></a>; <a href="#Neto-FF--Zanata-SM--de-Assis-HCS--Nakao-LS--Randi-MAF--Ribeiro-CAO--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Neto et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Nwani-CD--Lakra-WS--Nagpure-NS--Kumar-R--Kushwaha-B--Srivastra-SK--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">Nwani</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2010</span></a>; <a href="#Muthukumaravel-K--Sivakumar-B--Kumarasamy-P--Govindarajan-M--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Muthukumaravel et al., 2013</span></a>) and alteration of acetylcholinesterase activity (<a href="#Minier-C--Levy-F--Rabel-D--Bocquene-G--Godefroy-D--Burgeot-T--Leboulenger-F--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Minier et al., 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Lionetto-MG--Caricato-R--Giordano-ME--Pascariello-MF--Marinosci-L--Schettino-T--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Lionetto et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Chandrasekara-HU--Pathiratne-A---2005-."><span class="Hyperlink">Chandrasekara and Pathiratne, 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Glusczak-L--dos-Santos-MD--Crestani-M--da-Fonseca-MB--de-Ara-jo-PF--Duarte-MF--Vieira-VL--2006-"><span class="Hyperlink">Glusczak et al., 2006</span></a>; <a href="#Rao-JV--2006-.-Su"><span class="Hyperlink">Rao, 2006</span></a>; <a href="#Glusczak-L--Miron-DS--Morch-BS--Simoes-RR--Schetinger-MRC--Morsch-VM--Loro.-VL--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Glusczak et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Rao-JV--Kavitha-P--Jakka-NM--Sridhar-V--Usman-P--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rao </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Marigoudar-SR--Ahmed-RN--David-M--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Marigoudar et al., 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Singh-SK--Singh-SK--Yadav-RP--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Singh et al., 2010</span></a>; <a href="#Marigoudar-SR--Ahmed-RN--David-M--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Marigoudar et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">2010</span></a>; <a href="#Joseph-B--Raj-JS--2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">Joseph and Raj, 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Bibi-N--Zuberi-A--Naeem-M--Ullah-I--Sarwar-H--Atika-B--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bibi et al., 2014</span></a>). Different fish species are susceptible to these pesticides at different concentration. The changes in different body parts have been observed to be different than each other as well as in response to different pesticides. These effects have been observed in almost all parts of the fish body and systems. Some of these changes have been summarised under different subheadings in the following in order to make it more comprehensive.</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Lethal Effects of Pesticides</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Studies have shown that sub lethal amount of certain chemicals induced abortions (<a href="#Boyd-CE--1964-."><span class="Hyperlink">Boyd, 1964</span></a>). DDT (dose of 2 mg kg1 per seven days for five months) resulted in production of more mature ova than control group while mortality in sac fries was higher, when the gametes were from DDT treated parents as compared to control fish group. In 1996 the disastrous event of mortalities in various fish species such as deaths of 92,000 steel head, 19 resident rainbow trout, 114 juvenile coho salmon and thousands of non-game fish species in a branch of Rogue River by the name of Bear Creek (<a href="#Ewing-RD--1999-.-Di"><span class="Hyperlink">Ewing, 1999</span></a>) was attributed to aquatic pollution mainly from chemicals such as pesticides. Methyl parathion caused 50%, 80% and 100% mortality of <span class="CharOverride-15">Catla catla</span> even at the minor concentrations of 4.8ppm, 8ppm and 10ppm respectively (<a href="#Ilavazhahan-M--Tamil-SR--Jayaraj-SS--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ilavazhahan et al., 2010</span></a>). Dimethoate and Lambda-cyhalothrin showed to be lethal for <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita </span>(<a href="#Dey-C--Saha-SK--2014-.-A"><span class="Hyperlink">Dey and Saha, 2014</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><a href="#Table-1--LC50-value-of-some-pesticides-for-different-specie"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a> is depicting a list of common pesticides along with their lethal concentrations for different fish species. However for further details handbook of <a href="#Johnson-WW--Finley-MT--1980-"><span class="Hyperlink">Johnson and Finley (1980)</span></a> can be consulted.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">In contrast to lethality and mortalities of fish on account of lethal concentration, sublethal concentrations of these pesticides lead to subtle changes in biology of different fish and consequently effect their survival (<a href="#Scott-GR--Sloman-KA--2004-."><span class="Hyperlink">Scott and Sloman, 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Rani-GI--Kumaraguru-AK--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rani and Kumaraguru, 2014</span></a>). Laboratory experiments have shown different effect of these pesticides on different biological aspects of these fish species. DDT has shown a disastrous effect of disturbing the reproduction of certain species while some species such as cutthroat goldfish have shown no change (<a href="#Allison-D--Kallman-BJ--Cope-OB--Van-Valin-CC--1964"><span class="Hyperlink">Allison et al., 1964</span></a>). The altered physiology and other changes that take place due to sublethal concentration of pesticides are divided into behavioural, histopathological, haematological and such other subheadings in the following. </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticide Induced Behavioural Changes in Fish</p>
			<p class="Body-Text" lang="en-GB">Pesticides have shown different alteration in behaviour of various fish species such as rendering fish sluggish and alter their swimming ability making them more susceptible to be preyed, reduce their ability to feed, maintain their position and defend their territories (<a href="#Prashanth-MS--Sayeswara-HA--Goudar-MA.-2011."><span class="Hyperlink">Prashanth et al., 2011</span></a>). Pesticides have also shown interrupting the schooling behaviour (<a href="#Gill-RJ--Raine-NE--2014"><span class="Hyperlink">Gill</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Raine, 2014</span></a>) of fish due to dangling, erratic and irreg ular movements and disturbed swimming (<a href="#Nagaraju-B--Sudhakar-P--Anitha-A--Haribabu-G--Rathnamma-VV--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Nagaraju</span></a> <a href="#Nagaraju-B--Sudhakar-P--Anitha-A--Haribabu-G--Rathnamma-VV--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">2011</span></a>). Disruption of schooling behaviour also renders the fish more susceptible and easily preyed. On account of stress due to pesticides, fish became stressed and immunocompromised, which make them more susceptible and vulnerable to diseases, secondary infections and pathogens (<a href="#Satyavardhan-K--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Satyavardhan, 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Nwani-CD--Lakra-WS--Nagpure-NS--Kumar-R--Kushwaha-B--Srivastra-SK--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">Nwani et al., 2010</span></a>). Methyl parathion resulted in increased movements of opercula, rapid jerk movement, equilibrium loss, body colour alterations, frequent surfacing, and elevated mucus secretion in <span class="CharOverride-15">Catla catla</span> (<a href="#Ilavazhahan-M--Tamil-SR--Jayaraj-SS--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ilavazhahan et al., 2010</span></a>). Cypermethrin caused darting, erratic and irregular swimming movements, equilibrium loss, hyper excitability and sinking to bottom in <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Marigoudar-SR--Ahmed-RN--David-M--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Marigoudar </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2009</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB"><span class="CharOverride-16"><a id="Table-1--LC50-value-of-some-pesticides-for-different-specie"></a>Table 1: </span><span class="CharOverride-17">LC</span><span class="CharOverride-18">50</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> value of some pesticides for different specie</span></p>
			<table width="657" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-3" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-4" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-5" />
					<col class="_idGenTableRowColumn-6" />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-7">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-2"><span class="Title CharOverride-19"><a id="x.30667"></a>S. No.</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-19">Name of the pesticides</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-3"><span class="Title CharOverride-19">Test organism</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-4"><span class="Title CharOverride-19">Duration  of exposure</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-5"><span class="Title CharOverride-19">LC50 value</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-3"><span class="Title CharOverride-19">Reference</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">1</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Acephate </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Pimephales promelas</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">&gt;1000 mg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Johnson and Finley, 1980</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">2</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Alaclor </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Salmo gairdneri </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">2.4 mg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Johnson and Finley, 1980 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-8">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">3</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Akton </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Channel catfish </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">400 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Johnson and Finley, 1980 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">4</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">BHC </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Carassius auratus </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">348 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Johnson and Finley, 1980</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">5</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Carbaryl </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Salvelinus namaycush </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">690 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Johnson and Finley, 1980 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-11">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">6</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Carbofuran </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Perca flavescens</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">147 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Johnson and Finley, 1980</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-10">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">7</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">DDT </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Salmo gairdneri </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">8.7 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Johnson and Finley, 1980</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-9">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">8</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Endosulfan </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Ictalarus punctatus</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">1.5 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Johnson and Finley, 1980</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">9</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Diazinon</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Channa punctatus</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">3.09 ppm</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Rahman et al., 2002</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">10</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Diazinon</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Anabas testudineus</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">6.55 ppm</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Rahman et al., 2002</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">11</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Diazinon</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Barbodes gonionotus</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">2.72 ppm</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Rahman et al., 2002</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">12</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Elsan </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Channa punctatus </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">48 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">0.43 ppm</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Rao et al, 1985</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">13</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Permethrin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Cyprinus carpio</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">24 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">35 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Sial et al., 2009</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">14</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Biosal</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Cyprinus carpio</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">24 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">4.21 mg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Sial et al., 2009</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">15</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Cypermethrin </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Labeo rohita </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">4.0µ/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Marigoudar et al., 2009 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">16</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Dimethoate </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Heteropneustes fossilis </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">2.98mg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Pandey et al., 2009 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">17</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Methyl parathin </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Catla catla </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">4.8ppm</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Illyazhanan et al., 2010 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">18</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-7" lang="ar-SA">λ</span><span class="Title CharOverride-20" lang="ar-SA">Cyhalothrin</span><span class="Title CharOverride-20"> </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Danio rerio </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">0.119µ/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Ansari and Ahmad, 2010 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">19</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Cypermethrin </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Colisa fasciatus </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">0.02mg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Singh et al., </span><span class="Title CharOverride-20">2010 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Metasystox </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Nemacheilus botia </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">7.018 ppm</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Nikam et al., 2011</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">21</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Malathion </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Labeo rohita </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">15mg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Thenmozhi et al., 2011</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">22</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Rogor </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Puntius stigma </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">7.1ppm</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Bhandare et al., 2011 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">23</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Endosulfan </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Channa striatus </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">0.0035ppm</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Ganeshwade et al., 2012 </span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">24</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Malathion </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Heteropneustes fossilis </span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">0.98ppm</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Deka and Mahanta, 2012</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-12">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">25</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Termifos</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Clarias gariepinus</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">0.86 mg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Nwani et al., 2013</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">26</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Endosulfan</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Catla catla</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">0.98 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Ilyas and Javed, 2013</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">27</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Endosulfan</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Cirrhinus mrigala</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">1.06 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Ilyas and Javed, 2013</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-15">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">28</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Endosulfan</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Labeo rohita</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">2.15 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Ilyas and Javed, 2013</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">29</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Dimethoate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Labeo rohita</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">24.55 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Dey and Saha, 2014</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-13">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">30</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-7" lang="ar-SA">λ</span><span class="Title CharOverride-20" lang="ar-SA"> </span><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Cyhalothrin</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Labeo rohita</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">0.7 µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Dey and Saha, 2014</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-14">
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-8"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">31</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Karate</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-21">Cyprinus carpio</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-6"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">96 hrs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">0.160  µg/L</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Normal ParaOverride-7"><span class="Title CharOverride-20">Bibi et al.,</span><span class="Title CharOverride-20"> 2014</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Body-Text" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Pesticides also alter the migratory behaviour of migratory fish (<a href="#Nagaraju-B--Sudhakar-P--Anitha-A--Haribabu-G--Rathnamma-VV--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Nagaraju et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">2011</span></a>), thus result in disturbing their life cycle such as it can disturb the ability of salmonid fish to transit from fresh water to sea water. However this phenomenon is seeking further researchers to place particular emphasis on critical period of transition, which occurs in estuaries. Yet studies have shown that adult salmon use to circumvent pollutants and contaminated areas during their migration, altering their migratory pattern, which result in postponement of spawning (<a href="#Satyavardhan-K--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Satyavardhan, 2013</span></a>). Cypermethrin resulted in jumping, increased surface activity, balance loss, increased air gulping, equilibrium loss, abrupt swimming, sluggishness, motionlessness, adopting vertical positions and internal haemorrhage in <span class="CharOverride-15">Tor putitora</span> (<a href="#Ullah-R--Zuberi-A--Ullah-S--Ullah-I--Dawar-FU--2014c"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014c</span></a>).  Sodium cyanide induced certain behavioural changes such as hypexcitability, darting and erratic movements, and imbalance swimming, in <span class="CharOverride-15">Oreochromis mossambicus, Catla catla</span>, <span class="CharOverride-15">Cirrhinus mrigala</span>, <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span>, and<span class="CharOverride-15"> Cyprinus carpio </span>(<a href="#David-M--Haragi-SB--Chebbi-SG--Patil-VK--Halappa-R--Chittaragi-JB--Marigoudar-SR--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">David et al., 201</span></a><span class="Hyperlink">0</span>). There are many other studies confirming behavioural changes in fish due to pesticides (<a href="#Scott-GR--Sloman-KA--2004-."><span class="Hyperlink">Scott and Sloman, 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Krian-A--Jha-AK--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Krian and Jha, 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Prashanth-MS--Sayeswara-HA--Goudar-MA.-2011."><span class="Hyperlink">Prashant </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Rani-GI--Kumaraguru-AK--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rani and Kumaraguru, 2014</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticide Induced Histopathological Changes in Fish</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Histopathological changes due to various pesticides have been extensively studied in different fish species. These changes have been traced in liver, gills, blood vessels, brain, kidneys and muscles of the studied fishes. The changes documented are quite various such as partial loss of liver plate radial orientation, cytoplasmic granularity and shrinkage of liver cell mass in liver cells; pycnotic alteration of cell nuclei, atrophy and cytoplasm vocalization in kidneys; gill lamellae and filaments have shown precipitated masses that plugged to the central capillaries and in large blood vessels various changes have also been observed such as alteration in morphology, haematocrit levels and blood cells’ quantity (<a href="#Kennedy-HD--Eller-LL--Walsh-DF--1970-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kennedy</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1970</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Histopathological changes were also observed in ovary when expose to Malathion altered ovigerous lamellae, follicular cell degeneration, atrectic oocytes increment, clumping of cytoplasm, ruptured follicular epithelial lining and nuclear materials’ shrinkage, which was attributed to endocrine and hormonal imbalance, while carofuran caused degeneration of connective tissues, follicular walls and vacuolization in the ooplasm during stage second and third (<a href="#Mohan-RM--2000-.-Mala"><span class="Hyperlink">Mohan, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Chatterjee-S--Dutta-AB--Ghosh-R--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Chatterjee et al., 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Dutta-HM--Nath-A--Adhikari-S--Roy-PK--Singh-NK--Munshi-JSD--1994-.-Sub"><span class="Hyperlink">Dutta et al., 1994</span></a>) and diazinon exposure resulted in different alterations in ovaries such as primary follicles adhesion, atretic oocytes increment, cytoplasmic retraction in oocyte II, damages to oocyte IV, vitellogenic membrane destruction, increased intrafollicular spaces, cytoplasmic degeneration, cytoplasmic necrosis, karyoplasm extrusion and vacuolated cytoplasm (<a href="#Dutta-HM--Meijer-HJM--2003-.-Sub"><span class="Hyperlink">Dutta et al., 2003</span></a>). Malathion also resulted in changes in histology of liver, ovary and kidney in <span class="CharOverride-15">Heteropneustes fossilis</span> (<a href="#Deka-S--Mahanta-R--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Deka and Mahanta, 2012</span></a>). Sodium cyanide also resulted in histopathological changes such as variation in histoarchitecture of kidneys including necrosis, degeneration of glomerulus, lymphocytes infilteration, cytoplasmic vacuolation, blood congestion, damage to collecting duct and size change of tubular lumen, in <span class="CharOverride-15">Cyprinus carpio </span>after exposure to sub lethal concentration (<a href="#David-M--Kartheek-RM--2014-.-S"><span class="Hyperlink">David and Kartheek, 2014</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Certain other studies also support the toxic effects of pesticides in various tissues and organs of different fish, such as atrazine to <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Jayachandran-K--Pugazhendy-K--2009-."><span class="Hyperlink">Jayachandran and Pugazhendy, 2009</span></a>), Cypermethrin to <span class="CharOverride-15">Tor putitora</span> (<a href="#Ullah-R--Zuberi-A--Tariq-M--Ullah-S--2014d-.-Ac"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014d</span></a>), <span class="CharOverride-15">Corydoras melanistius</span> (<a href="#Santos-RFB--Dias-HM--Fujimoto-RY--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Santos et al., 2012</span></a>), dimethoate to <span class="CharOverride-15">Putius ticto </span>(<a href="#Marutirao-GR--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Marutirao, 2012</span></a>), hostathion to <span class="CharOverride-15">Channa gachua</span> (<a href="#Jha-JK--Ranjana--Kumar-P--Mishra-AP--2014"><span class="Hyperlink">Jha et al., 2014</span></a>), malathion to <span class="CharOverride-15">Heteropnuestes fossilis</span> (<a href="#Adhikari-S--Sinha-AK--Munshi-JSD--1998-"><span class="Hyperlink">Adhikari et al., 1998</span></a>) and many other such studies support these histopathological changes (<a href="#Anees-MA--1976-."><span class="Hyperlink">Anees, 1976</span></a>; <a href="#Kumaraguru-AK--Beamish-FWH--Ferguson-HW--1982-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kumaraguru et al., 1982</span></a>; <a href="#Arora-N--Kulshrestha-SK--1984-"><span class="Hyperlink">Arora and Kulreshta, 1984</span></a>; <a href="#Bakthavathsalam-R--Ramalingam-R--Ramaswamy-A--1984"><span class="Hyperlink">Bakthavathsalam et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 1984</span></a>; <a href="#Karlsson-Norrgren-L--Runn-P--Haux-C--Forlin-L--1985-."><span class="Hyperlink">Karlsson-Norrgren et al., 1985</span></a>; <a href="#Anitakumari-S--Ramkumar-SN--1995-."><span class="Hyperlink">Anitakumari and Ramkumar, 1995</span></a>; <a href="#Vijaylakshmi-VS--Tilak-KS--1996-"><span class="Hyperlink">Vijaylakshmi and Tilak, 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Das-BK--Mukherjee-SC--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Das</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Mukerjee, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Cengiz-EI--Unlu-E--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Cengiz</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Unlu, 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Parashar-RS--Banerjee-TK--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Parashar</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Banerjee, 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Johal-MS--Sharma-ML--Ravneet--2007-"><span class="Hyperlink">Johal</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Kunjamma-AKP--Philip-B--Bhanu-SV--Jose-J--2008-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kunjamma et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Velmurugan-G--Selvanayagam-M--Cergiz-EI--Unlu-E--2009-."><span class="Hyperlink">Velmurugan et al., 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Ba-Omar-TA--A1-Jardani-S--Victor-R--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Ba-Omar et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Rani-S--Venkataramana-GV--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rani and Venkataramana, 2012</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticide Induced Haematological Changes in Fish</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Different conducted studies showed lethal effect of various pesticides including Aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, BHC, chlordane, cypermethrin, permethrin, sulfane, endosulfane, karate, delmethrin etc. on haematology such as characteristics of blood and histological changes in WBCs and RBCs, haemoglobin contents and packed cell volume of different fish species such as <span class="CharOverride-15">Cyprinus carpio</span> and <span class="CharOverride-15">Puntius ticto</span> (<a href="#Satyanarayan-S--Bejankiwar-RS--Chaudhari-PR--Kotangale-JP--Satyanarayan-A--2004-.-I"><span class="Hyperlink">Satyanarayan et al., 2004</span></a>), <span class="CharOverride-15">Tor putitora</span> (<a href="#Ullah-R--Zuberi-A--Tariq-M--Ullah-S--2014d-.-Ac"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014d</span></a>), <span class="CharOverride-15">Oreochromis mossambicus</span> due to potassium chlorate and potassium dichromate (<a href="#Sivanatarajan-P--Sivaramakishnan--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Sivanatarajan and Sivaramakrishnan, 2013</span></a>) and lead (<a href="#James-R--Alagurathinam-S--Sampath-K--1993-."><span class="Hyperlink">James et al., 1993</span></a>), <span class="CharOverride-15">Onchorhynchus mykiss</span> (<a href="#Saeedi-FM--Roodsari-HV--Zamini-A--Mirrasooli-E--Kazemi-R."><span class="Hyperlink">Saeedi et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 2012</span></a>) and <span class="CharOverride-15">Cyprinus carpio</span> (<a href="#Svoboda-M--Luskova-V--Drastichova-J--Zlabek-V--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Svoboda et al., 2001</span></a>) in response to Diazinon, <span class="CharOverride-15">Mystus keletius</span> to methyl parathion (<a href="#Sampath-K--James-R--Velammal-S--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Sampath et al., 2003</span></a>), <span class="CharOverride-15">Channa punctatus </span>(<a href="#Abidi-R--Srivastava-US--1980-"><span class="Hyperlink">Abidi</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Shrivastava, 1980</span></a>) and <span class="CharOverride-15">Ophiocephalus punctatus</span> (<a href="#Agrawal-VP--Tyagi-M--1988"><span class="Hyperlink">Agrawal</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Tyagi, 1988</span></a>) to endosulfan, <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> to Cypermethrin (<a href="#Adhikari-S--Sarkar-B--Chatterjee-A--Mahapatra-CT--Ayyappan-S--2004"><span class="Hyperlink">Adhikar</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5">i </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2004</span></a>), chlordane caused chronic disfunction of hemopoietic system in <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Bansal-SK--Verma-SR--Gupta-AK--Dalela-RC--1979-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bansal</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1979</span></a>), and dimecron (<a href="#Anandkuma-A--Tripathy-AP--and-Tripathy-NK--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Anandkumar et al., 2001</span></a>) and endosulfan (<a href="#Bhatia-NP--Sandhu-GS--Johal-MS--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Bhatia et al., 2002</span></a>, <a href="#Bhatia-NP--Sandhu-CS--Johal-MS--2004-."><span class="Hyperlink">2004</span></a>) to <span class="CharOverride-15">Heteropneustes fossilis </span>and <span class="CharOverride-15">Channa punctatus</span> (<a href="#Devi-P--Baruah-D--Baruah-BK--Borkotoki-A--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Devi</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2008</span></a>) and<span class="CharOverride-15"> </span>furadon to <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Bhatkar-NV--Dhande-RR--2000-.-F"><span class="Hyperlink">Bhatkar</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Dhande, 2000</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">There are many other studies conducted showing haematological changes taken place due to different pesticides (<a href="#Joshi-PK--Pandey-AK--Nagar-RK--1988-.-El"><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi et al., 1988</span></a>; <a href="#Joshi-P--Harish-D--Bose-M--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi et al., 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Johal-MS--Grewal-H--2004-.-T"><span class="Hyperlink">Johal and Grewal, 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Gautam-RK--Kumar-S--2008-.-Alteration-in-haematology-of-Channa-punctatu"><span class="Hyperlink">Gautam and Kumar, 2008</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticide Induced Toxic Effects in Acetylcholinesterase of Fish</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">AChE (AChE) activity is very much sensitive for carbamate pesticides and organo phosphates as compare to other types of pesticides and contaminants (<a href="#Murthy-KS--Kiran-BR--Venkateshwarlu-M--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Murthy et al., 2013</span></a>). Various studies have been shown that inhibition of this enzyme has been associated with the effects and exposure of fish with other contaminants such as crude oil addition to brain homogenate inhibited AchE activity (<a href="#Rodriguez-Fuentes-G--Gold-Bouchot-G--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rodriguez-Fuentes, 2000</span></a>). AChE activity was inhibited by 40% in muscles of flounder on account of abode in polluted sites (<a href="#Minier-C--Levy-F--Rabel-D--Bocquene-G--Godefroy-D--Burgeot-T--Leboulenger-F--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Minier et al., 2000</span></a>); heavy metals and pesticides also reduced AChE activity in brain by 40% in three polluted sites in Italy (<a href="#Lionetto-MG--Caricato-R--Giordano-ME--Pascariello-MF--Marinosci-L--Schettino-T--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Lionetto et al., 2003</span></a>). AChE activity in <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> was inhibited by Cypermethrin significantly, brain being the most altered followed by muscles, gills and liver tissues (<a href="#Marigoudar-SR--Ahmed-RN--David-M--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Marigoudar et al., 2010</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">By affecting the AChE activity in fish, the swimming capability and performance of fish is ultimately reduced and disturbed which can attribute to more harmful consequences (<a href="#Rao-JV--2006-.-Su"><span class="Hyperlink">Rao, 2006</span></a>; <a href="#Rao-JV--Kavitha-P--Jakka-NM--Sridhar-V--Usman-P--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Rao </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2007</span></a>). Significant change in AChE activity has been observed in different tissue of different species after exposure to single and multiple expositions such as tilapia to chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan (<a href="#Chandrasekara-HU--Pathiratne-A---2005-."><span class="Hyperlink">Chandrasekara and Pathiratne, 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Joseph-B--Raj-JS--2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">Joseph and Raj, 2011</span></a>). Cypermethrin resulted in AChE inactivation which led to accumulation of acetylcholine within the cholinergic synapses, which ultimately led to hyperstimulation in <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Marigoudar-SR--Ahmed-RN--David-M--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Marigoudar et al., 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Marigoudar-SR--Ahmed-RN--David-M--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Marigoudar et al., 2010</span></a>). Cypermethrin induced alterations in AChE, succinic dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase activities in nervous tissue of <span class="CharOverride-15">Colisa fasciatus</span> (<a href="#Singh-SK--Singh-SK--Yadav-RP--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Singh et al., 2010</span></a>). Glyposate induced AChE change in <span class="CharOverride-15">Leporinus obtusidens</span> (<a href="#Glusczak-L--dos-Santos-MD--Crestani-M--da-Fonseca-MB--de-Ara-jo-PF--Duarte-MF--Vieira-VL--2006-"><span class="Hyperlink">Glusczak et al., 2006</span></a>) and <span class="CharOverride-15">Rhamdia quelen</span> (<a href="#Glusczak-L--Miron-DS--Morch-BS--Simoes-RR--Schetinger-MRC--Morsch-VM--Loro.-VL--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Glusczak et al., 2007</span></a>) while karate decreased AChE activity in <span class="CharOverride-15">Cyprinus carpio</span> (<a href="#Bibi-N--Zuberi-A--Naeem-M--Ullah-I--Sarwar-H--Atika-B--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bibi et al., 2014</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticide Induced Biochemical Changes/ Oxidative Stress in Fish</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Various studies have shown devastating effects of pesticides in various biochemical activities (<a href="#Ullah-R--Zuberi-A--Ullah-S--Ullah-I--Dawar-FU--2014c"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014c</span></a>). These changes in antioxidants systems of fish are often tissue specific such as these changes have been traced in brain, gills, muscles, kidneys, lungs and viscera of different fish and have shown varying results in different organs and different fish species such as peroxidase activities was found higher in brain, viscera, gills, and muscles of tilapia but gills was the organ received highest disturbance in peroxidase (<a href="#Ahmad-S--Scopes-RK--Rees-GN--Patel-BKC--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ahmad et al., 2000</span></a>). Similarly changes in lipid peroxidase have been observed on account of different pesticides as well as environmental pollutants.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Studies on <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> by applying organophosphates in sub-lethal concentration led to disturbance in various enzymes such as glutaminases including phosphate activated glutaminase and L-Keto acid activated glutaminase in brain tissue, which were associated with the involvement of these brain regions with metabolism (<a href="#Mastan-S--Shaffi-S--2010-.-Sub-l"><span class="Hyperlink">Mastan</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Shaffi, 2010</span></a>). Endosulfan led to reduction in the activities of citrate synthase and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase in skeletal muscle, liver and brain, while lactate dehydrogenase activity in brain of <span class="CharOverride-15">Clarius batrachus</span> (<a href="#Tripathi-G--Verma-P--2004-.-E"><span class="Hyperlink">Tripathi and Verma, 2004</span></a>). Malathion resulted in disturbed Catalase and Glutathione-S-transferase activities in gills, liver and muscles of <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Thenmozhi-C--Vignesh-V--Thirumurugan-R--Arun-S--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Thenmozhi et al., 2011</span></a>) and also induced biochemical changes in <span class="CharOverride-15">Clarias batrachus</span> (<a href="#Khare-A--Singh-S--Shrivastava-K--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">Khare et al., 2000</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Cypermethrin induced very much change in Catalase, Glutathion Reductase, Peroxidase, and Lipid peroxidase in brain, liver, gills and muscle tissues of <span class="CharOverride-15">Tor putitora</span> (<a href="#Ullah-R--Zuberi-A--Ullah-S--Ullah-I--Dawar-FU--2014c"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014c</span></a>) while catalase, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls and free amino acid in liver of <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Marigoudar-SR--Ahmed-RN--David-M--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Marigoudar et al., 2012</span></a>). Sodium cyanide caused steady decreased with time in different enzymatic activities such as succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acid phosphates and alkaline phosphatase in different tissues such as liver, gills and muscles of <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Dube-PN--Alavandi-S--Hosetti-BB--2013-.-E"><span class="Hyperlink">Dube et al., 2013</span></a>) and catalase in <span class="CharOverride-15">Cyprinus carpio</span> (<a href="#David-M--Munaswamy-V--Halappa-R--Marigoudar-SR--2008-."><span class="Hyperlink">David et al., 2008</span></a>). Many other studies are depicting pesticides as inducer of anomalous biochemical changes in fish (<a href="#Joshi-UM--Desai-AK--1981-."><span class="Hyperlink">Joshi </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1981</span></a>; <a href="#Swetharanysm-D--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Swetharanysm, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Silvia-BM--Barros-SB--Pimente-R--Simizu-K--Azzalis-LA--Costa-IS--Junqueira-VB--1994-.-D"><span class="Hyperlink">Silvia et al., 1994</span></a>; <a href="#Anusha-A--Arunkumar-IC--Jayanthi-FE--Selvanayagam-M--1996"><span class="Hyperlink">Anusha et al., 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Cookson-MR--Pentreath-VW--1996-"><span class="Hyperlink">Cookson and Pentreath, 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Geetha-N--Manavalaramanujam-R--Ramesh-M--Chezhian-A--1999-.-Influence-of-methonyl-carbamate-pesticid"><span class="Hyperlink">Geetha et al., 1999</span></a>; <a href="#Luther-DV--Jeewaprada-PN--Veeraiah-K--1999-."><span class="Hyperlink">Luther et al., 1999</span></a>; <a href="#Kamble-GB--Muley-DV--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kamble</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Muley, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Jiraungkoorskul-W--Upatham-ES--Kruatrachue-M--Sahaphong-S--Vichasri-Grams-S--Pokethitiyook-P--2003-"><span class="Hyperlink">Jiraungkoorskul</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Shanker-G--Syversen-T--Aschner-JL--Aschner-M--2005-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shankar et al., 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Milaeva-ER--2006"><span class="Hyperlink">Milaeva, 2006</span></a>; <a href="#Neto-FF--Zanata-SM--de-Assis-HCS--Nakao-LS--Randi-MAF--Ribeiro-CAO--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Neto et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Nwani-CD--Lakra-WS--Nagpure-NS--Kumar-R--Kushwaha-B--Srivastra-SK--2010"><span class="Hyperlink">Nwani et al., 2010</span></a>; <a href="#Muthukumaravel-K--Sivakumar-B--Kumarasamy-P--Govindarajan-M--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Muthukumaravel</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2013</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticide Induced Molecular Changes in Fish (Genotoxicity) </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Chromosomal aberrations have been observed after exposure of fish species to different chemicals. Exposure of <span class="CharOverride-15">Channa punctatus</span> to Dichlorvos (0.01 ppm chromosome) caused chromatid gaps, centromeric gaps, attenuation, chromatid breaks, pycnosis, extra fragments, and stubbed arm in kidney cells (<a href="#Rishi-KK--Grewal-S--1995-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rishi and Grewal, 1995</span></a>) while exposure of the same species to fenvalerate caused chromatid separation, chromatid break, deletion, fragments, gaps, and ring type chromosomes (<a href="#Saxena-KK--Chaudhari-R--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Saxena</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Chaudhari, 2010</span></a>). The toxicity of different pesticides has been associated with changes in replication of DNA and DNA aberration that leads to mutation (<a href="#Gilot-Delhalle-J--Colizzi-A--Moutshen-J--Moutshen-Dahmen-M--1983"><span class="Hyperlink">Gilot-Delhalle et al., 1983</span></a>), and hyperproliferation of cells due to local irritation (<a href="#Mirsalis-JC--Tyson-CK--Steinmetz-KL--Loh-EK--Hamilton-CM--Bakke-JP--Spalding-JW--1989-."><span class="Hyperlink">Mirsalis et al., 1989</span></a>; <a href="#Oshiro-Y--Piper-CE--Balwierz-PS--Soelter-SG--1991-."><span class="Hyperlink">Oshiro et al., 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Benford-DJ--Price-SC--Lawrence-JN--Grasso-P--Bremmer-JN--1994"><span class="Hyperlink">Benford et al., 1994</span></a>). Interestingly longer exposure was associated with lower frequency of DNA aberrations. Cypermethrin caused changes in nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) in gonadal tissue of <span class="CharOverride-15">Colisa fasciatus</span> (<a href="#Singh-SK--Singh-SK--Yadav-RP--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Singh et al., 2010</span></a>). Profenofos caused significant change in tail of marine fish, <span class="CharOverride-15">Therpon jarbua</span> (<a href="#Devi-VJ--Nagarani-N--Babu-MY--Vijaylakshimi-N--Kumaraguru-AK--2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">Devi et al., 2011</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">In fish DNA repairing took place at a much lower speed than in mammals (<a href="#Walton-DG--Acton-AB--Stich-HF--1984-"><span class="Hyperlink">Walton et al., 1984</span></a>; <a href="#Espina-NG--Wesis-P--1995-."><span class="Hyperlink">Espina and Wesis, 1995</span></a>), which render fish as sentinel organism as for as bio-monitoring studies are concern (<a href="#Landolt-ML--Kocan-RM--1983-."><span class="Hyperlink">Landolt and Kocan, 1983</span></a>; <a href="#Gernhofer-M--Pawert-M--Schramm-M--Muller-E--Triebskorn-R--2001-"><span class="Hyperlink">Gernhofer et al., 2001</span></a>). Different species of fish have been employed for analysing erukaryotic gentoxicity as well as for mutagenicity tests. These included comet assay (<a href="#Sumathi-M--Kaliselvi-K--Palanivel-M--Rajaguru-P--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Sumathi et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Kushwaha-B--Pandey-S--Sharma-S--Srivastava-R--Kumar-R--Nagpure-NS--Dabas-A--Srivastava-SK--2012"><span class="Hyperlink">Kushwaha et al., 2012</span></a>), chromosal aberration test (<a href="#Al-Sabti-K--1985-."><span class="Hyperlink">Al-Sabti, 1985</span></a>; <a href="#Rishi-KK--Grewal-S--1995-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rishi and Grewal, 1995</span></a>), micronucleus assay (<a href="#De-Flora-S--Vigario-LD---Agostini-F--Camoirano-1993"><span class="Hyperlink">De Flora et al., 1993</span></a>; <a href="#Saotome-K--Hayashi-M--2003-"><span class="Hyperlink">Saotome and Hayashi, 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Pantaleao-SM--Alcantara-AV--Alves-JP--Spano-MA--2006"><span class="Hyperlink">Pantaleao et al., 2006</span></a>), DNA repair synthesis (<a href="#Grummt-T--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Grummt, 2000</span></a>), and sister chromatid exchange test (<a href="#Kligerman-AD--Bishop-WE--Valentine-LC--1984-."><span class="Hyperlink">Kligerman </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1984</span></a>; <a href="#Sahoo-PK--Barat-A--Ponniah-AG--1998"><span class="Hyperlink">Sahoo et al., 1998</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Various studies conducted have shown that pollutants cause carcinogenesis (<a href="#Dunn-BP--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Dunn, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Weishburger-JH--Willaims-GM--1991-"><span class="Hyperlink">Weishburger and Williams, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#El-Adlouni-C--Tremblay-J--Walsh-P--Lagueux-J--Bureau-J--Laliberte-D--Keith-G--Nadeau-D--Poirier--199"><span class="Hyperlink">El Adlouni et al., 1995</span></a>; <a href="#Erickson-G--Larsson-A--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">Erickson and Larsson, 2000</span></a>), teratogenesis, clastogenesis and mutation in fish (<a href="#Obiakor-MO--Okonkwo-JC--Nnabude-PC--Ezeonyejiaku-CD--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Obiakor et al., 2012</span></a>) which ultimately lead to reduced growth, malignancies, reduction in survival of fish in early life stages as well as adult stage, abnormal development and different deformities of body organs (<a href="#Akpoilih-BU--2012-."><span class="Hyperlink">Akpoilih, 2012</span></a>). There is rich documented literature witnessing research on molecular level of different fish species showing ill effects of pesticides on genes and DNA levels (<a href="#Stahl-RGJ--1991-."><span class="Hyperlink">Stahl, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Helma-C--Mersch-Sundermann-V--Houk-1996"><span class="Hyperlink">Helma et al., 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Mitchelmore-CL--Chipman-JK--1998-"><span class="Hyperlink">Mitchelmore and Chipman, 1998</span></a>; <a href="#White-PA--Rasmussen-JB--Blaise-C--1998a-"><span class="Hyperlink">White et al., 1998a</span></a>; <a href="#White-PA--Rasmussen-JB--Blaise-C--1998b-."><span class="Hyperlink">White et al., 1998b</span></a>; <a href="#Hose-JE--Brown-ED--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Hose and</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">Brown</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15">,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 1998</span></a>; <a href="#Hartmann-A--Golet-EM--Gartiser-S--Alder-AC--Koller-T--Widmer-RM--1999"><span class="Hyperlink">Hartmann et al., 1999</span></a>; <a href="#Gartiser-S--Stiene-G--Hartmann-A--Zipperle-J--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Gartiser</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Vargas-VM--Migliavacca-SB--de-Melo-AO--Horn-RC--Guidobono-RR--de-Sa-Ferreira--Pestana-MH--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Vargas et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#x-avas-T--K-nen-S--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">Çavas and Könen, 2007</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticide Induced Changes in Protein Contents of Fish</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Experiments have shown higher effect of pesticides in protein contents, in different tissue such as gills, liver, blood, intestine and muscle of various fish species, such as nickel caused decrease in protein level of <span class="CharOverride-15">Heteropneustes fossilis</span> (<a href="#Nanda-P--Panda-BN--Behera-MK--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Nanda et al., 2000</span></a>), nickel chloride caused appreciable decrease in gonads, liver and muscles of <span class="CharOverride-15">Anabus testudineus</span> (<a href="#Jha-BS--Jha-MM--1995-.-Bio"><span class="Hyperlink">Jha and Jha, 1995</span></a>), phenyl mercuric acetate caused reduction of protein level in muscles and liver of <span class="CharOverride-15">Channa punctatus</span> (<a href="#Karuppasamy-R--2000-.-Sh"><span class="Hyperlink">Karuppasamy, 2000</span></a>) while the same species showed low protein level when exposed to oleandrin (<a href="#Tiwari-S--Singh-A--2004-.-T"><span class="Hyperlink">Tiwari and Singh, 2004</span></a>) and arsenic (<a href="#Hota-J--1996-.-A"><span class="Hyperlink">Hota, 1996</span></a>). Nuwan decreaded protein contents in liver of <span class="CharOverride-15">Mystus vittatus</span> (<a href="#Thenmozhi-C--Vignesh-V--Thirumurugan-R--Arun-S--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Tazeen et al., 1996</span></a>), copper in <span class="CharOverride-15">Lepidocephalicthus thermails</span>, lead acetate in<span class="CharOverride-15"> Cirrhinus mrigala</span> (<a href="#Ramalingam-V--Vimaladevi-V--Naramadaraj-R--Prabharan-P--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Ramalingam et al., 2000</span></a>), endosulfan in <span class="CharOverride-15">Cyprinus carpio</span> (<a href="#Jenkins-F--Smith-J--Rajanna-B--Shameem-U--Umadevi-K--Sandhya-V--Mahadevi-R--2003-."><span class="Hyperlink">Jenkins et al., 2003</span></a>), cypermethrin in <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Veeraiah-K--Durga-Prasad-MK--1998-."><span class="Hyperlink">Veeraiah and Durga-Prasad, 1998</span></a>), petroleum oil in <span class="CharOverride-15">Heteropneustes fossilis</span> (<a href="#Borah-S--2005-.-Eff"><span class="Hyperlink">Borah, 2005</span></a>), and lead, mercury and cadmium in <span class="CharOverride-15">Channa straiatus</span> (<a href="#Palanisamy-S--Bhaskaran-P--1995-"><span class="Hyperlink">Palanisamy and Bhaskaran, 1995</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Cypermethrin exposure resulted in significant decrease in protein contents in <span class="CharOverride-15">Tor putitora</span> (<a href="#Ullah-R--Zuberi-A--Ullah-S--Ullah-I--Dawar-FU--2014c"><span class="Hyperlink">Ullah et al., 2014c</span></a>) and <span class="CharOverride-15">Colisa fasciatus</span> (<a href="#Singh-SK--Singh-SK--Yadav-RP--2010-."><span class="Hyperlink">Singh et al., 2010</span></a>). Malathion decreased protein contents in <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Thenmozhi-C--Vignesh-V--Thirumurugan-R--Arun-S--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Thenmozhi et al., 2011</span></a>) and <span class="CharOverride-15">Clarias batrachus</span> (<a href="#Khare-A--Singh-S--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Khare and Singh, 2002</span></a>). Thiamethoxan affected liver total protein of <span class="CharOverride-15">Oreochromis niloticus</span> (<a href="#Bose-S--Nath-S--Sahana-SS--2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bose et al., 2011</span></a>), thiodon significantly affected liver total protein in <span class="CharOverride-15">Clarias gariepinus</span> (<a href="#Aguigwo-JN--2002-."><span class="Hyperlink">Aguigwo, 2002</span></a>) while dichlorvos showed significant impact in total protein, tissue glycogen and albumen content in muscles, liver and kidneys of <span class="CharOverride-15">Oreochromis mossambicus</span> (<a href="#Lakshmanan-SA--Rajendran-C--Sivasubramaniyan--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Lakshmanan et al., 2013</span></a>). A pesticidal mixture used againat <span class="CharOverride-15">Clarias batrachus</span> induced changes in protein content (<a href="#Jha-BS--Verma-BP--2002-"><span class="Hyperlink">Jha and Verma, 2002</span></a>), karate decreased protein contents in <span class="CharOverride-15">Cyprinus carpio</span> (<a href="#Bibi-N--Zuberi-A--Naeem-M--Ullah-I--Sarwar-H--Atika-B--2014-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bibi et al., 2014</span></a>) while monocrotrophs decreased protein, lipid and carbohydrate content in various tissues of <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Muthukumaravel-K--Sivakumar-B--Kumarasamy-P--Govindarajan-M--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Muthukumaravel et al., 2013</span></a>). Also, in a complex pathway, dioxin interacts with DNA to alter how genes control protein synthesis, for example the protein called vitellogenin which is involved in egg development (<a href="#Zorriehzahra-MJ--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Zorriehzahra, 2008</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticides induced changes in Immune Systems and Endocrine Disruptors</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Pesticides have shown disruption of immune system in fish (<a href="#Bols-NC--Brubacher-JL--Ganassin-RC--Lee-LEJ--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bols et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Maskaoui-K--Zhou-JL--Zhen-TL--Hong-H--Yu-Z--2005-."><span class="Hyperlink">Maskaoui et al., 2005</span></a>). Studies have shown serious ill impact of pesticides on immune system, which results in disease initiation and eventually can lead to death (<a href="#Dunier-M--Siwicki-AK--1993-"><span class="Hyperlink">Dunier and Siwicki, 1993</span></a>; <a href="#Halloran-KO--Ahokas-JT--Wright-PFA--1998"><span class="Hyperlink">Halloran et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 1998</span></a>). Fish are also vulnerable to endocrine disrupting impacts during early life stages or stages of development (<a href="#Magare-SR--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Magare, 1997</span></a>;<a href="#Gupta-AK--Anand-M--Rajana-KR--1997-."><span class="Hyperlink"> Gupta et al., 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Kamble-GB--Muley-DV--Deshpandey-VY--1999-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kamble et al., 1999</span></a>). Pesticides also act as sex hormones’ blockers, which leads to anomalous and atypical sexual development, irregular sex ratios, males’ feminization and disturbed mating behaviour. Susceptible fish reproductive behaviour depicts its vulnerability by different pollutants such as pesticides (<a href="#Hoeger-B--Hitzfeld-B--K-ollner-B--Dietrich-DR--van-den-Heuvel-MR--2005"><span class="Hyperlink">Hoeger</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-5"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2005</span></a>). It can also alter other hormonal processes of fish like development of bones and proper thyroid functioning (<a href="#Murthy-KS--Kiran-BR--Venkateshwarlu-M--2013-"><span class="Hyperlink">Murthy et al., 2013</span></a>). Dimethoate and Lambda-cyhalothrin showed lethal effect on Thyroid hormone of <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Dey-C--Saha-SK--2014-.-A"><span class="Hyperlink">Dey and Saha, 2014</span></a>). Several studies have shown that environmental chemicals disturb levels plasma thyroid hormone (<a href="#Steenland-K--Cedillo-L--Tucker-J--Hines-C--Sorenson-K--Deddens-J--Cruz-V--1997-"><span class="Hyperlink">Steenland et al., 1997</span></a>). Disturb plasma thyroid hormone level leads to thyroid dysfunction in fishes (<a href="#Waring-CP--Brown-JA--1997-."><span class="Hyperlink">Waring and Brown, 1997</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticides Induced Changes in Oxygen Consumption</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Different studies conducted put forth the results of reduction or increase in oxygen consumption by various fish species when exposed to different pesticides. These fish showed these changes with different time and duration of exposure such as Dimethoate (<a href="#Shereena-KM--Logaswamy-S--Sunitha-P--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shereena et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink"> 2009</span></a>) and lead (<a href="#James-R--Alagurathinam-S--Sampath-K--1993-."><span class="Hyperlink">James et al., 1993</span></a>) induced toxic changes in oxygen consumption in <span class="CharOverride-15">Oreochromis mossambicus</span>. Dimethyl parathion disturbed the oxygen consumption in <span class="CharOverride-15">Labeo rohita</span> (<a href="#Bengeri-KV--Shivaraj-KM--Patil-HS--1984-.-T"><span class="Hyperlink">Bengeri et al., 1984</span></a>), DDT induced disturbance in <span class="CharOverride-15">Lepidocephalichthys thermalis</span> (<a href="#Gurusamy-K--Ramadoss-V--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Gurusamy and Ramadoss, 2000</span></a>), endrin in <span class="CharOverride-15">Lepomis machrochirus</span> (<a href="#Huner-JV--Bowdon-BF--Bennett-HJ--1967-"><span class="Hyperlink">Huner et al., 1967</span></a>) and different pesticides in <span class="CharOverride-15">Puntius ticto</span> (<a href="#Magare-SR--Patil-HT--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Magare and Patil, 2000</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Pesticides Induced Changes in Larvivorous Potential of Fish</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Organophosphorous pesticides, on account of high insecticidal property, lesser persistence, less toxic to mammals and rapidly biodegradable, are frequently used (<a href="#Bhandare-RY--Pathan-TS--Shinde-SE--More-PR--Sonawane-DL---2011-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bhandare </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 2011</span></a>) but unfortunately these also affects non-target life forms both indirectly as well as directly including larvivorous fish species (<a href="#Roger-PA--Bhuiyan-SI---1990-."><span class="Hyperlink">Roger and Bhuiyan, 1990</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Pesticides have been concluded as an agent of alteration in fish physiology. Different studies conducted have shown pesticides lowering the larvivorous potential of different fish species. Hostathion (Triazophos) and Kitazin (Iprobenfos) lowered down the larvivorous capability of <span class="CharOverride-15">Oryzias carnaticus</span>. The larvivorous potential of <span class="CharOverride-15">Oryzias carnaticus</span> decreased by 3.1 and 4.1 times on day first and day second respectively for Hostathion treated group than control while it lowered down 4.6 and 4.8 times for Kitazin treated group as compared to control group (<a href="#Ravindran-JK--Daniel-R--Kumari-S--George-S--Eapen-A--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Ravindran et al., 2012</span></a>). Instead of these pesticides, larvivorous fish can be used for biological control of vector mosquito (<a href="#Chandra-G--Bhattacharjee-I--Chatterjee-SN--Ghosh-A--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Chandra et al., 2008</span></a>). It is safer and environmental friendly approach instead of using these pesticides which often lead to higher mortalities and reduction of fish population (<a href="#Ravindran-JK--Daniel-R--Kumari-S--George-S--Eapen-A--2012-"><span class="Hyperlink">Ravindran et al., 2012</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-" lang="en-GB">Dioxin as typical model for side effects of Pesticides on Fish Health</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Fish show a wide range of sensitivity to some chemical substances such as dioxin. Trout are very sensitive to the effects of dioxin. These fish are not only being used to tell scientists about what is happening in the environment but as models of what may happen to humans exposed to these chemicals. In experimental study in University of Wisconsin, researchers have injected very small quantities of dioxin and dioxin-like chemicals into newly fertilized lake trout eggs. Dramatic changes in the development of the embryo have been observed in this fish (<a href="#Guiney-PD--Cook-PM--Casselman-JM--Fitzsimmons-JD--Simonin-HA--Zabel-EW.-Peterson-RE--1996-."><span class="Hyperlink">Guiney et al., 1996</span></a>). Very small amounts of dioxin into lake trout embryos causes a condition called “blue-sac disease” in which there is a disruption of both the yolk sac and blood vessels. Normal embryos of lake trout have large yolk sacs and good blood vessel formation.  Rate of mortality could be reached in 25% in affected farms (<a href="#Peterson-RE--Theobald-HM--Kimmel-GL--1993-."><span class="Hyperlink">Peterson et al., 1993</span></a>). But when fry mortality syndrome occurred after stage of yolk sac absorption, above mentioned disorder signs could not be observed.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Furthermore, Dioxins are highly toxic to both freshwater and marine fish, particularly to early life stage fish, although the saltwater fish species tested so far are more tolerant to TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) exposure than most freshwater species (<a href="#Walker-MK--Peterson-RE--1991-"><span class="Hyperlink">Walker</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Peterson,</span><span class="Hyperlink">1994</span></a>) Previously exposed saltwater fish are also more tolerant than un-adapted fish. Lake trout were the most sensitive to TCDD, the most toxic form of dioxin. (<a href="#Peterson-RE--Theobald-HM--Kimmel-GL--1993-."><span class="Hyperlink">Peterson</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">et al., 1993</span></a>) discovered that TCDD levels in lake trout eggs as low as 30 parts per trillion caused observable increases in yolk-sac fry mortality, and 100 percent mortality occurred at TCDD levels above 100 parts per trillion. The yolk-sac fry die from an accumulation of excess fluid in the yolk-sac (yolk sac edema) and around the heart (pericardial edema), obstructed blood flow (ischemia), hemorrhages, and a deformed skull (craniofacial malformations) conditions resembling blue sac disease. Typical toxic responses in early-stage fish following exposure to TCDD include yolk sac edema, hemorrhaging, arrested development, and head and spinal deformities, and in older fish include lesions, fin necrosis and death. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">Dioxin and dioxin-like chemicals such as PCBs and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are sometimes called xenoestrogens. This means that these chemicals can either mimic or disrupt the function of the sex hormone estrogen. They may also affect development and the immune system or cause cancer. Dioxin has its toxic effect at the level of the cell  (<a href="#Walker-MK--Peterson-RE--1991-"><span class="Hyperlink">Walker</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-15"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Peterson, 1991</span></a>). In a complex pathway, dioxin interacts with DNA to alter how genes control protein synthesis, for example the protein called vitellogenin which is involved in egg development (<a href="#Zorriehzahra-MJ--2008-"><span class="Hyperlink">Zorriehzahra, 2008</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">Conclusion</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">This article concluded that pesticides can create a great economic loss by fish mortalities on one hand and on the other hand rendering them unfit for human consumption. If consumed, these fish can cause health hazard situation for those who utilized these fish. From a health perspective this article depicts that one should take necessary precautionary measure when selecting fish. From a pesticides standpoint such pesticides should be avoided or should be used to minimum for protecting aquatic life. Researchers all across the globe have worked on the toxic effects of pesticides in fish such as behavioural change, Histopathological alterations, haematological and biochemical change, AChE activities inhibition, decrease in protein and lipid contents, change in life cycle, carcinogenesis, mutagenic changes, physiological changes and change in reproductive process. On account of differences in susceptibility of different fish species to various pesticides and other pollutants, fish that are less susceptible and vulnerable to these chemicals and pollutants should be stocked in water bodies. Beside this such species should be stocked that accumulate less quantity of pesticides, heavy metals and other pollutants. Further studies and research regarding new introduced pesticides and other chemicals should be carried out in both natural as well as laboratories. This will be helpful in documenting the toxic effects of these contaminants and on the basis of these experiments, nontoxic or less toxic as well as environmental friendly chemicals can be employed.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">References</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----" lang="en-GB">&nbsp;</p>
			
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				<li class="References ParaOverride-9"> <a id="Abu-Darwish-MS--Al-Fraihat-AH--Al-Dalain-SYA--Afifi-FU--Al-Tabbal-JA--2011"></a>Abu-Darwish MS, Al-Fraihat AH, Al-Dalain SYA, Afifi FU, Al-Tabbal JA (2011). Determination of essential oils and heavy metals accumulation in Salvia officinalis cultivated in three intra-raw spacing in ash-shoubak, Jordan. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 13(6): 981-985.</li>
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