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			<p class="Type-of-Article"><span class="CharOverride-1">Research Article</span></p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Immunomodulatory and Therapeutic Prospective of a Protein Supplement with Vitamins and Selenium (Multimune) against Chicken Infectious Anaemia in Broiler Chicks</p>
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			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-2">Gopal Krishan</span><span class="CharOverride-3">1</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Santosh Kumar Shukla</span><span class="CharOverride-3">2</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Prakash Bhatt</span><span class="CharOverride-3">3</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Rajesh Kumar</span><span class="CharOverride-3">4*</span><span class="CharOverride-2">,</span><span class="CharOverride-3"> </span><span class="CharOverride-2">Ruchi Tiwari</span><span class="CharOverride-3">5</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Yashpal Singh Malik</span><span class="CharOverride-3">6</span><span class="CharOverride-2">, Kuldeep Dhama</span><span class="CharOverride-3">7</span><span class="CharOverride-2"> </span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-2"><span class="CharOverride-4">1</span>Department of Animal Husbandry, Himachal Pradesh, India; <span class="CharOverride-4">2</span>Department of Veterinary Medicine; <span class="CharOverride-4">3</span>Veterinary Clinics; <span class="CharOverride-4">4</span>Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India; <span class="CharOverride-4">5</span>Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa&#160;Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh – 281001, India; <span class="CharOverride-4">6</span>Division of Biological Standardization; <span class="CharOverride-4">7</span>Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh – 243 122, India.  </p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Abstract</span> | Chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) is a well-established cause of generalized lymphoid atrophy accumulating severe immunosuppression subsequent to infection. In this study, we assessed the role of a protein supplement with vitamins and selenium (Multimune) against the CIAV infection in broiler chicks. Experiment was performed on 60 day-old broiler chicks grouped into 3 groups of 20 birds in each and all the birds were vaccinated against Newcastle Disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD). The chicks of group I served as healthy control and other 2 group chicks (group II and III) were exposed to CIAV (10<span class="CharOverride-6">4.5 </span>TCID<span class="CharOverride-7">50</span>/0.1 ml). The Multimune was fed for 3 weeks to chicks of group III @1 gm / 10 birds. Successively, all the birds were examined for ND antibody titres, various haematological and biochemical parameters, organ: body weight ratios, and mean live body weight at weekly interval until 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day of the study. The chicks of group II showed significant decline in the count of erythroid and myeloid cells, mean live body weight and organ: body weight ratios of lymphoid organs, and ND antibody titres, whereas upturn was observed in enzyme activities and uric acid values. In contrast, the immunosuppression was less severe in (group III in comparison to group II chicks. The haematological and biochemical parameters, mean live body weight and organ body weight ratios were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in Multimune supplemented chicks.  Present study highlights the use of <span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">Multimune as an effective immunomodulating agent in immune suppressed CIAV affected birds with reduced virus pathogenicity, enhanced immune responses and safeguards the virus prompted ill effects on bird’s growth performances.</span></p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5">Keywords </span>| Chicken infectious anemia virus, Immunosuppression, Immunomodulator, Multimune, Chicken</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-9">Editor</span> | Lakshmi Tulasi Sunkara (D.V.M, M.V.Sc, Ph.D), Research Assistant Professor, Animal Science Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK-74078, USA.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-9">Special Issue</span><span class="CharOverride-10"> </span>| 3(2015) “Poultry diseases and the strategies for their control and prevention”</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Received</span> | February 12, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Revised</span> | April 15, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Accepted</span> | April 16, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-5">Published</span> | April 30, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">*Correspondence</span> | Rajesh Kumar, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, India; <span class="CharOverride-5">Email:</span> rajeshvet@rediffmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-5">Citation</span> | Krishan G, Shukla SK, Bhatt P, Kumar R, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Dhama K (2015). Immunomodulatory and therapeutic prospective of a protein supplement with vitamins and selenium (Multimune) against chicken infectious anaemia in broiler chicks. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3(3s): 1-8.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-9">DOI</span><span class="CharOverride-10"></span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.3s.1.8"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.3s.1.8</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">(</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">Online</span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">)</span> | 2307-8316; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">ISSN </span><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-5" xml:lang="en-US">(Print) </span> | 2309-3331</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-9">Copyright </span><span class="CharOverride-10">© 2015 </span>Krishan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">INTRODUCTION</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">C</span><span>hicken </span>infectious anemia virus (CIAV), belongs to the genus <span class="CharOverride-12">Gyrovirus </span>under the family <span class="CharOverride-12">Circoviridae </span>(<a href="#Todd-D--McNulty-MS--Mankertz-A--Lukert-PD--Dale-JL--Randles-JW--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Todd et al., 2000</span></a>). It causes acute anemic condition (chicken infectious anaemia, CIA) in young chicks below 4-5 weeks of age. CIA is a worldwide problem and acclaimed as the most economically important viral diseases of poultry (<a href="#McNulty-MS--1991-"><span class="Hyperlink">McNulty, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#McIlroy-SG--McNulty-MS--Bruce-DW--Smyth-JA--Goodall-EA--Alcorn-MJ--1992-"><span class="Hyperlink">McIlroy et al., 1992</span></a>; <a href="#Bulow-V-Von--Schat-KA--1997-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bulow and Schat, 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Farkas-T--Maeda-K--Sugiura-H--Kai-K--Hirai-K--Otsuki-K--Hayashi-T--1998"><span class="Hyperlink">Farkas et al</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-12">.</span><span class="Hyperlink">, 1998</span></a>; <a href="#Rosenberger-JK--Cloud-SS--1989-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rosenberger and Cloud, 1998</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--Mahendran-M--Somvanshi-R--Chawak-MM--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Schat-KA--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Schat, 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Bhatt-P--Shukla-SK--Mahendran-M--Dhama-K--Chawak-MM--Kataria-JM--2011-"><span class="Hyperlink">Bhatt et al., 2011</span></a>; <a href="#Wani-MY--Dhama-K--Barathidasan-R--Gowthaman-V--Tiwari-R-2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Wani et al., 2013</span></a>). The birds exhibit symptoms of depression, severe anaemia, paleness, weakness, anorexia, ruffled feathers, poor weight gain, aplasia of the bone marrow, lymphoid atrophy, subcutaneous and muscular haemorrhages with increased case fatality (<a href="#McNulty-MS--1991-"><span class="Hyperlink">McNulty, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Bulow-V-Von--Schat-KA--1997-."><span class="Hyperlink">Bulow and Schat, 1997</span></a>; <a href="#Hagood-LT--Kelly-TF--Wright-JC--Hoerr-FJ--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Hagood et al., 2000</span></a>). The prominent sign of anaemia, prevails during the end of 2<span class="CharOverride-6">nd</span> weeks post infection (PI) and manifest mainly the non-feathered areas that may extend to internal organs (<a href="#Pope-CR--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Pope, 1991</span></a>). There is marked damage of haematopoietic and lymphopoietic tissues viz. stem cells in bone marrow and precursor T-lymphocytes in thymus. The bursa, spleen and other lymphoid organs are also depleted of lymphoid cells though less severely (<a href="#Goryo-M--Suwa-T--Umeura-T--Itakura-C--Yamashiro-S--1989"><span class="Hyperlink">Goryo et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-12"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">1989</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama, 2002</span></a>). Repopulation of the bone marrow with proerythroblasts and promyelocytes, and recovery of haematopoietic activity (erythropoiesis) and lymphocyte repopulation occur during convalescent phase (<a href="#Taniguchi-T--Yuasa-N--Maeda-M--Horiuchi-T--1982-."><span class="Hyperlink">Taniguchi et al., 1982</span></a>; <a href="#Liu-ZG--Zhou-ZY--Xu-YB--Wang-XR--Zheng-SM--Yang-LP--1997"><span class="Hyperlink">Liu et al., 1997</span></a>). CIAV is a potent immunosuppressive agent for very young unprotected chicks thereby increasing their susceptibility to secondary infections (<a href="#Van-Den-Berg-TP--1996-."><span class="Hyperlink">Van Den Berg, 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Adair-BM--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">Adair, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#De-Herdt-P--Van-Den-Bosch-G--Ducatelle-R--Uyttebroek-E--Schrier-C--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">De Herdt et al., 2001</span></a>). The CIAV infection makes birds prone to several other diseases like haemorrhagic syndrome, haemorrhagic anaemia syndrome, infectious/aplastic anaemia, anaemia-dermatitis syndrome, gangrenous dermatitis and blue wing diseases (<a href="#Pope-CR--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Pope, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Hagood-LT--Kelly-TF--Wright-JC--Hoerr-FJ--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Hagood et al., 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Toro-H--Gonzalez-C--Creda-L--Hess-M--Reyes-E--Geisse-C--2000"><span class="Hyperlink">Toro et al., 2000</span></a>). CIAV infections have been associated with a number of vaccination failures, vaccination reactions or aggravation of the residual pathogenicity of attenuated vaccine viruses viz. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Marek’s disease virus (MDV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and fowl pox virus (FPV) (<a href="#Box-PG--Holmes-HC--Bushell-AC--Finney-PM--1988-"><span class="Hyperlink">Box et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-12"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">1988</span></a>; <a href="#Otaki-Y--Nunoya-T--Tajima-M--Kato-A--Nomura-Y--1988"><span class="Hyperlink">Otaki et al., 1988</span></a>; <a href="#Rosenberger-JK--Cloud-SS--1989-"><span class="Hyperlink">Rosenberger and Cloud, 1989</span></a>; <a href="#De-Boer-GF--Van-Roozelaar-DJ--Moormann-RJ--Jeurissen-1994"><span class="Hyperlink">De Boer et al.,</span><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-12"> </span><span class="Hyperlink">1994</span></a>; <a href="#Zheng-SM--Liu-ZG--1996-."><span class="Hyperlink">Zheng and Liu, 1996</span></a>; <a href="#Liu-ZG--Zheng-SM--Yang-LP--Xu-YB--Zhou-ZY--2001-."><span class="Hyperlink">Liu et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama, 2002</span></a>). The notable characteristics such as vertical transmission, highly contagious, hardy and ubiquitous nature, and the potential for inducing marked immunosuppression have attracted the global scientific community towards the potential threat of CIAV infection in poultry industry (<a href="#Todd-D--2000-."><span class="Hyperlink">Todd, 2000</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--Mahendran-M--Somvanshi-R--Chawak-MM--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Basaraddi-MS--Dhama-K--Wani-MY--Sawant-PM--Tiwari-R--Kumar-D--Singh-SD--Singh-R--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Basaraddi et al., 2013</span></a>). Alike other viral infections there is no specific treatment option for CIA and vaccination strategies of live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines are available with some limitations, also advanced vaccines like DNA vaccine and others have been developed but need to be applied yet (<a href="#McNulty-MS--1991-"><span class="Hyperlink">McNulty, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Schat-KA--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Schat, 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--Mahendran-M--Somvanshi-R--Chawak-MM--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Sawant-PM--Dhama-K--Rawool-DB--Wani-MY--Tiwari-R--Singh-SD--Singh-RK--2015"><span class="Hyperlink">Sawant et al., 2015</span></a>; <a href="#Zhang-X--Wu-B--Liu-Y--Chen-W--Dai-Z--Bi-Y--Xie-Q--2015-"><span class="Hyperlink">Zhang et al., 2015</span></a>). In such a case there is a need to evaluate other effective therapeutic regimens to subside the massive immunosuppression produced by the CIA virus. As an alternative approach birds can be supplemented with haematinics and immunostimulants to arrest anaemic stage and enhance the immune system (<a href="#Bhatt-P--Shukla-SK--Wani-MY--Tiwari-R--Dhama-K--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Bhatt et al., 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Latheef-SK--Dhama-K--Wani-MY--Samad-HA--Tiwari-R--Singh-SD--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Latheef et al., 2013</span></a>). With this aim, the present study was carried out to assess the immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential of a protein supplement containing essential vitamins and selenium (Multimune) in CIAV infected chicks.</p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">MATERIALS AND METHODS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Virus</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The cell culture (MDCC-MSB1 cells) adapted chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV), maintained in the Avian Disease Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, UP (India) was used to infect the chicks in the present study. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Immunomodulator (Multimune)</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Multimune (<span class="apple-style-span CharOverride-8">Interface Pharmaceuticals, New Delhi, India),</span> a protein supplement containing essential vitamins and selenium, was used as an immunomodulator in the study.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Experimental Chicks </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Sixty day-old age broiler chicks were procured from Instructional poultry farm of the university. Chicks were reared in deep litter system under hygienic conditions and given normal basal ration and water <span class="CharOverride-12">ad libitum</span>. The experiment on chicks was performed following the recommendations and approval of the Institute Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) under the guidelines set forth by the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). Prior to experiment all birds were checked for presence of CIAV by using IDEXX FlockChek CAV test kit (IDEXX Laboratories, USA) and were found free of infection.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Experimental Design </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Sixty day-old broiler chicks were distributed in three equal groups (Group I-III).  Chicks of all three groups were vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) by live attenuated ‘F’ strain (NDV-F) and Georgia strain of infectious bursal disease (IBD), respectively as per manufacturer’s instructions. Group I chicks served as healthy control while chicks of group II and III were inoculated with 1 ml of CIAV infected cell culture supernatant (10<span class="CharOverride-6">4.5 </span>TCID<span class="CharOverride-7">50</span>/0.1 ml) per bird intramuscularly. Group II chicks served as virus positive control and group III chicks were supplemented with Multimune at the dose of 6.0 gm / 60 birds in drinking water for 21 days. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">Sampling for haematology and biochemical parameters was based on pooled blood samples (5 ml) collected from 3 birds of each group weekly up to 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day of experiment (i.e. 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span>, 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th </span>and 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day). One part of aseptically collected blood was separated in heparinised vials (10-20 IU heparin / ml) for haematological estimations and another part for serum analysis (biochemical and immunological studies). The mean live body weight was studied in experimental chicks of all the groups at regular intervals at weekly intervals up to 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day of experiment after scarification of birds. At weekly intervals, three birds from each group were sacrificed to calculate ratio of lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen and liver) to body weight.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Haematological Parameters</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) (<a href="#Jain-NC--1986"><span class="Hyperlink">Jain, 1986</span></a>), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC) (<a href="#Natt-MP--Herrick-CA--1952-."><span class="Hyperlink">Natt and Herrick, 1952</span></a>) and differential leukocyte count (DLC) (<a href="#Lucas-AM--Jamroz-C--1961"><span class="Hyperlink">Lucas and Jamroz, 1961</span></a>) were estimated with pooled blood samples (5 ml from 3 birds) from each group at weekly intervals up to 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day (i.e. 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span>, 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th </span>and 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>) of experiment. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Biochemical Parameters </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and uric acid (UA) were estimated with sera samples from 3 birds from each group at weekly intervals up to 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day of experiment using reagent kits (IFCC Kinetic Method, Erba, Mannheim Ltd., Germany; Uricase PAP Method, Span Diagnostics Ltd., Surat, Gujarat, India).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Nd HI Titer</p>
			<p class="Body-Text">For determining the antibody titer against ND vaccination, Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was carried out on the sera samples obtained from 3 birds from each group on 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span>, 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th </span>and 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day of experiment following method of <a href="#Allan-WH--Gough-RE--1974"><span class="Hyperlink">Allan </span><span class="Hyperlink">and Gough </span><span class="Hyperlink">(1974)</span></a>. The mean HI titre (log<span class="CharOverride-7">2</span>) for different experimental groups was calculated for comparison. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Mean Live Body Weight </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">To assess the immunomodulatory effect of ‘Multimune’ on growth performance of the CIAV infected chicks (group II and group III), the average live body weight of 5 chicks each from the three groups was recorded at weekly interval (day 0, 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span>, 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> and 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>) of the study for comparison.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Organ: Body (O: B) Weight Ratio </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">To assess the protective effect of ‘Multimune’ on lymphoid organs of the virus infected birds, the Organ: body weight ratios of the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen and liver were calculated from the 5 chicks each, from all three groups. Assessment was done on day 0, 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span>, 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> and 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> of the study for comparison. This ratio was calculated by dividing respective organ weight with body weight (gm) and multiplying with 100.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Statistical Analysis </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The statistical analysis was performed by analysis&#160;of&#160;variance ( two way ANOVA) (<a href="#Snedecor-GW--Cochran-WG--2004-"><span class="Hyperlink">Snedecor and Cochran, 2004</span></a>) by using <a href="#SPSS--2007-."><span class="Hyperlink">SPSS (2007)</span></a> version 16. All&#160;the&#160;values&#160;obtained&#160;in&#160;the&#160;study&#160;are represented as&#160;mean&#160;±&#160;SE. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Haematological Parameters </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">As shown in <a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a> a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in the values of Hb, PCV and TEC was noticed in the chicks of CIAV infected group (group II) from 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day PI where lowest values were seen at 21 day PI in comparison to the chicks of healthy group (group I). The normal value of Hb concentration of healthy group (116-121 g/L) was reduced to 52.67±0.29<span class="CharOverride-6"> </span>in CIAV infected chicks on 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span> day, and the improvement in Hb concentration was recorded in the immunomodulator treated (70.00±0.20 g/L) chicks (group III) on 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st </span>day PI. The normal value of PCV was found to be 0.34-0.35 (v/v) in healthy chicks. CIAV infection was found to decrease normal PCV values on 7, 14, 21 and 28 DPI. Similar observations were  recorded in the myeloid lineages with significant (P&lt;0.05) decline in the TLC, percent lymphocyte count and percent eosinophil and basophil count (PE+BC) in group II birds from 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day PI and lowest count was seen on 21 DPI. Immunomodulator treatment was found to signiﬁcantly reduce the effect of CIAV induced reduction in PCV.  Similar to the values of Hb and PCV, TEC also showed a significant reduction in CIAV challenged groups with maximum reduction on 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span> day (1.52×10<span class="CharOverride-6">12</span>/L), whereas the Multimune supplemented group showed significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved values of TEC (2.09×10<span class="CharOverride-6">12</span>/L) on the 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span> day. The TLC value of healthy group was found to be 20-22×10<span class="CharOverride-6">9</span>/L, and CIAV infection was found to be reduced on days 7 (18.47±0.40), 14 (17.00±0.20), 21 (14.67±0.57), 28 (17.33±0.29) and 35 (17.97±0.12) PI, respectively. But immunomodulator group showed significantly (P&lt;0.05) better values of TLC on day 7 (19.23±0.14), 14 (19.03±0.05), 21 (17.60±0.35), 28 (19.00±0.29) and 35 (19.43±0.27) PI, respectively. Similarly, the mean PLC and PE+BC values were signiﬁcantly decreased while the PHC values showed an increasing trend in all the CIAV inoculated chicks. Our results are in agreement with earlier reports (<a href="#Dhama-K--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama, 2002</span></a>;<span class="Hyperlink"> </span><a href="#Schat-KA--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Schat, 2003</span></a>;  <a href="#Bhatt-P--Shukla-SK--Wani-MY--Tiwari-R--Dhama-K--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Bhatt et al., 2013</span></a>). It is hypothesized that this decrease in the Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC levels in CIAV infected chicks might be due to destructive effect of CIAV on erythroid and myeloid tissues of bone marrow where it causes suppression of differentiation and proliferation of haemopoietic precursor cells, affecting erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis leading to anaemia and panleukopenia (<a href="#Pope-CR--1991"><span class="Hyperlink">Pope, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Schat-KA--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Schat, 2003</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--Mahendran-M--Somvanshi-R--Chawak-MM--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama et al., 2008</span></a>; <a href="#Bhatt-P--Shukla-SK--Wani-MY--Tiwari-R--Dhama-K--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Bhatt et al., 2013</span></a>).</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp; </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The levels of haematological parameters in comparison to group II (virus positive control) were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in chicks of group III which were supplemented with Multimune for 21 days in drinking water. The reason for this could be that the protein and other ingredients of ‘Multimmune’ which possess immunostimulant properties and thus limited the progression of panleukopenia and immunosuppression during CIAV infection.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Biochemical Parameters</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The biochemical analysis results of the chicks of all the three groups are summarized in <a href="#Table-1-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 1</span></a>. Assessment of activities of ALT, AST and ALP enzymes, and uric acid was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in the CIAV inoculated birds (group II), which could be associated with the damage to the organs like liver, kidneys and muscles due to CIAV infection (<a href="#McNulty-MS--1991-"><span class="Hyperlink">McNulty, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--Mahendran-M--Somvanshi-R--Chawak-MM--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama et al., 2008</span></a>). AST, ALT and ALP are found in the liver and additionally ALP is also found in the kidney (<a href="#Kaneko-JJ--Harvey-JW--Bruss-ML--1997-"><span class="Hyperlink">Kaneko et al., 1997</span></a>). CIAV infections are known to result in damage and focal necrosis of liver, kidney and spleen (<a href="#McNulty-MS--1991-"><span class="Hyperlink">McNulty, 1991</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--Mahendran-M--Somvanshi-R--Chawak-MM--2008"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama et al., 2008</span></a>). The AST value of healthy group was found to be 172-175 IU/L, and CIAV infection was found to elevate it on 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (228.10±5.13), 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (291.83±3.77), 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span> (322.00±4.44), 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (296.50±2.84) and 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (190.87±4.12) days post infection (DPI), respectively. But immunomodulator (Multimune) group showed significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved values of AST on 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (186.77±2.13), 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (204.77±3.25), 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span> (221.43±2.19), 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th </span>(206.17±2.05) and 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (172.83±1.92) DPI, respectively. The normal value of ALT (33-34 IU/L) in healthy chicks was increased to 71.06 IU/L in CIAV infected chicks, and the improvement was found in Multimune treated group (46.97 IU/L) on 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span> DPI. Similar to above mentioned enzymes, ALP value was also found to be significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in group II (606.83 IU/L) as compared to the normal healthy group (489.40 IU/L) and immunomodulator supplemented group (534.67 IU/L) on the day of peak infection. The normal value of uric acid (UA) was found to be 5-6 mg/dl in healthy chicks. CIAV inoculation was found to increase the uric acid values on 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (7.08 mg/dl), 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (7.91 mg/dl), 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span> (8.98 mg/dl) and 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> (8.37 mg/dl) DPI. Immunomodulator treatment was found to signiﬁcantly reduce the effect of CIAV induced increase in the value of uric acid. </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-1-"></a>Table 1:</span> Haematological and biochemical parameters of healthy, CIAV challenged and ‘Multimune’ treated groups of chicks (Mean±SE) </p>
			<table width="657" height="876" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-1">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Parameters</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Groups</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="5">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Days of observation</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">14</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">21</span><span class="CharOverride-18">st</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">28</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">35</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Hb</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(g/L)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">116.67±0.18</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">118.00±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">120.67±0.07</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">121.33±0.07</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">118.67±0.18</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">100.33±0.30</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ca</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">86.33±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">52.67±0.29</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">88.33±0.18</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">102.67±0.29</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">103.67±0.24</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">94.67±0.47</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">70.00±0.20</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">103.33±0.48</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">104.67±0.30</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">PCV</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(L/L)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.34±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.34±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.35±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.35±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.34±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.28±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ca</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.26±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.18±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.25±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.29±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.31±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.29±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.26±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.29±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.31±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">TEC</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(x10</span><span class="CharOverride-18">12</span><span class="CharOverride-17">/L)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.29±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.37±0.02</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.39±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.40±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.39±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.97±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.43±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">1.52±0.07</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.60±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.99±0.10</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.00±.012</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.49±0.13</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.09±0.09</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.08±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.18±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">TLC</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(x10</span><span class="CharOverride-18">9</span><span class="CharOverride-17">/L)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">20.60±0.42</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">21.20±0.70</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">21.53±0.37</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">21.50±0.32</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">21.50±0.32</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">18.47±0.40</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">17.00±0.20</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">14.67±0.57</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">17.33±0.29</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">17.97±0.12</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bab</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">19.23±0.14</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">19.03±0.35</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">17.60±0.35</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">19.00±0.29</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">19.43±0.27</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">PLC</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">60.67±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">59.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">59.34±0.67</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">59.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">59.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">52.67±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">49.67±0.88</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">48.33±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">49.67±0.88</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">50.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">53.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">53.67±1.20</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">53.67±1.20</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">54.67±0.88</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">55.67±2.18</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">PHC</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">33.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">34.67±0.88</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">32.67±0.34</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">33.00±1.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">32.67±0.88</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">40.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">43.33±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">47.33±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">44.33±0.88</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">43.67±0.67</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">39.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">39.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">39.67±1.20</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">38.67±0.67</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">38.00±1.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">PMC</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.67±0.34</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.00±0.58</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.33±0.34</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.67±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.33±0.34</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.33±0.88</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.67±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.67±0.34</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.67±1.20</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.00±1.20</span><span class="CharOverride-18">AB</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">5.00±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.67±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">P (B+E)</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(%)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.67±0.33</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.33±0.33</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.67±0.33</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.00±0.58</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.67±0.33</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">1.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.33±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">2.67±0.33</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.33±0.33</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.33±0.33</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.33±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.33±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">AB</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.33±0.33</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">AST</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(IU/L)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">172.50±3.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">174.80±2.30</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">174.33±1.96</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">174.33±1.42</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">175.30±1.85</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">228.10±5.13</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">291.83±3.77</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">322.00±4.44</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">296.50±2.84</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">190.87±4.12</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ad</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">186.77±2.13</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">204.77±3.25</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">221.43±2.19</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">206.17±2.05</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">172.83±1.92</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bd</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">ALT</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(IU/L)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">33.35±0.43</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">33.51±0.34</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">33.58±0.31</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">33.62±0.32</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">33.50±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">47.64±0.63</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">60.03±0.66</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">71.06±1.08</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">59.47±0.32</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">36.23±0.62</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ad</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">38.07±0.42</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">42.89±0.31</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">46.97±0.88</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">43.56±0.53</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">33.63±0.27</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bd</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">ALP</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(IU/L)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">485.33±4.15</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">487.00±3.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">489.40±2.46</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">492.23±1.52</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">491.07±2.69</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">527.33±4.87</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">571.83±3.65</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">606.83±3.17</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">561.50±2.77</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">502.33±1.30</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ad</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">503.73±2.15</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">515.00±1.32</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">534.67±1.32</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">523.67±3.17</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">490.17±3.21</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bd</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">UA</span></p>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">(mg/dl)</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">5.89±0.13</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">5.92±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">5.94±0.08</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">5.93±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">6.01±0.04</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7.08±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ad</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7.91±0.09</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">8.98±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">8.37±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">6.29±0.05</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ae</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">6.23±0.04</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bd</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">6.74±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7.18±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">6.52±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">6.09±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Be</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-19">The values (Mean±SE) having atleast one common superscript (Capital letters in columns and small letters in rows) does not differ significantly (P&lt;0.05) for a parameter.</span></p>
			
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-2-"></a>Table 2:</span> ND HI titre (log<span class="CharOverride-7">2</span>) in healthy, CIAV challenged and ‘Multimune’ treated groups of chicks (Mean±SE)</p>
			<table width="657" height="117" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-2">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Groups</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="5">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">                                                                        Days of observation</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">14</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">21</span><span class="CharOverride-18">st</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">28</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">35</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">1.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ad</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">9.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">8.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Abc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">6.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">1.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ad</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">6.33±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ca</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">5.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bbc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.33±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">1.33±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">8.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7.67±0.33</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7.00±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">6.00±0.58</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-19">The values (Mean±SE) having atleast one common superscript (Capital letters in columns and small letters in rows) does not differ significantly (P&lt;0.05)</span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-3-"></a>Table 3:</span> Mean live body weight (g) of healthy, CIAV challenged and ‘Multimune’ treated groups of chicks (Mean±SE)</p>
			<table width="658" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-3">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Groups</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="6">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">                                                                                           Days of observation</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0 day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">14</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">21</span><span class="CharOverride-18">st</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">28</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">35</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">39.80±0.51</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ae</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">84.40±4.48</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ae</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">153.20±6.51</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ad</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">256.32±9.77</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">366.75±9.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">730.00±19.64</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">39.70±0.51</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ae</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">66.85±2.13</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ce</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">121.20±4.97</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cd</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">194.38±8.75</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">252.50±5.32</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">443.00±18.83</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ca</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">39.50±0.75</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ae</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">72.90±3.68</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Be</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">133.20±4.68</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bd</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">223.65±8.86</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">324.50±7.32</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">578.00±17.56</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-19">The values (Mean±SE) having atleast one common superscript (Capital letters in columns and small letters in rows) does not differ significantly (P&lt;0.05)</span></p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-5"><a id="Table-4-"></a>Table 4:</span> Organ: body weight ratios of all lymphoid organs in healthy, CIAV challenged and ‘Multimune’ treated groups of chicks (Mean±SE) </p>
			<table width="657" height="324" class="Table-Style-1" id="table-4">
				<colgroup>
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
					<col />
				</colgroup>
				<tbody>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Organs</span></p>
						</td>
						<td rowspan="2">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">Groups</span></p>
						</td>
						<td colspan="5">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-16">                                                           Days of observation</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">7</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">14</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">21</span><span class="CharOverride-18">st</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">28</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">35</span><span class="CharOverride-18">th</span><span class="CharOverride-17"> day</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Thymus</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.21±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.21±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.20±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.20±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.19±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.13±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.10±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.09±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.09±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.11±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Cb</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.14±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.12±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.13±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bbc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.13±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bbc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.15±0.02</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Bursa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.18±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.17±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.17±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.18±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.18±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.12±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.10±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.09±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.10±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.14±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.14±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.13±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.14±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.16±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.17±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Spleen</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.18±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.18±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.18±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.17±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.19±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">A</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.12±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.11±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.11±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.12±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ca</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.12±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.13±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.13±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.13±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.13±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">BCb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">0.14±0.00</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td rowspan="3">
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">Liver</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">I</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.66±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.64±0.07</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.63±0.07</span><span class="CharOverride-18">C</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.68±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.69±0.06</span><span class="CharOverride-18">B</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-1">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">II</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.92±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.13±0.04</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">5.02±0.10</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Aa</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.28±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ab</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.90±0.04</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ac</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
					<tr class="_idGenTableRowColumn-2">
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">III</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.68±0.02</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.88±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bb</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">4.04±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.99±0.01</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Ba</span></p>
						</td>
						<td>
							<p class="Basic-Paragraph"><span class="CharOverride-17">3.60±0.03</span><span class="CharOverride-18">Bc</span></p>
						</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-19">The values (Mean±SE) having at least one common superscript (Capital letters in columns and small letters in rows) does not differ significantly (P&lt;0.05) for a parameter</span></p>
		  <p class="Figure--and-Table-Heading ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">ND Antibody  Titre (HI Test)</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The humoral immune response (HIR) to ND vaccination in chicks of the three groups of birds was measured by Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test at weekly intervals, i.e. day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. The mean HI antibody titers in chicks of all three groups obtained at different days post vaccination, expressed as HI titre (log<span class="CharOverride-7">2</span>) are presented in <a href="#Table-2-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 2</span></a>. A significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in the mean HI ND antibody titre was seen on 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span>, 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> and 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> days post vaccination in chicks of group II challenged with CIAV, while statistically no significant difference was observed in the mean HI antibody titres in all chicks on 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day of the experiment. The group III chicks supplemented with ‘Multimune’ showed significantly higher values of HI titres as compared to group II CIAV challenged birds only which might be due to immunomodulatory potential of protein and immunoglobulins present in the immunomodulator used. This effect could be due to suppression of the population of both helper (CD4<span class="CharOverride-6">+</span>) and cytotoxic (CD8<span class="CharOverride-6">+</span>) T-Lymphocytes in the thymus due to CIAV infection, as suggested by <a href="#Hu-LB--Lucio-B--Schat-KA--1993"><span class="Hyperlink">Hu et al. (1993)</span></a> and <a href="#Adair-BM--2000-"><span class="Hyperlink">Adair (2000)</span></a>. Herbal and protein supplementation has been reported to have ameliorative effects against immunosuppression induced by CIAV (<a href="#Bhatt-P--Shukla-SK--Wani-MY--Tiwari-R--Dhama-K--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Bhatt et al., 2013</span></a>; <a href="#Latheef-SK--Dhama-K--Wani-MY--Samad-HA--Tiwari-R--Singh-SD--2013"><span class="Hyperlink">Latheef et al., 2013</span></a>).</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Mean Live Body Weight </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The observations of mean body weights recorded in all three groups of chicks are presented in <a href="#Table-3-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 3</span></a>. The healthy group I chicks showed highest weight gain in comparison to CIAV infected groups II and III. The findings show that chicks of CIAV affected group II revealed minimum weight gain, while the immunomodulator supplemented group III showed significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher weight gains from group II chicks on all the experimental days, which may be due to growth stimulation with the immunomodulator used. The mean live body weights of all the groups on 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span> day were in the range of 194.38±8.75 and 256.32±9.77 g and on 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day were in the range of 443.00±18.83 and 730.00±19.64 g. The healthy group showed maximum weight gain as compared to CIAV infected group, whereas group III showed significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher weight gain than group II. The mean live body weight of the chicks of group II challenged with CIAV showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) decline as compared to the control group I which is in accordance with the findings of <a href="#Dhama-K--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama (2002)</span></a>.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-2--History-in-MM-">Organ: Body (O: B) Weight Ratios </p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The mean percent ratios of the lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa, spleen and liver) determined in chicks of all 3 groups are summarized in <a href="#Table-4-"><span class="Hyperlink">Table 4</span></a>. The group II chicks revealed a significant (P&lt;0.05) decline in their mean percent ratios of thymus, bursa and spleen to body weight on 7<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 14<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span>, 21<span class="CharOverride-6">st</span>, 28<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> and 35<span class="CharOverride-6">th</span> day PI, with the maximum decline on day 21. The CIAV challenged group showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) elevation in their mean percent ratio of liver to body weight as compared to control group I on all the days intervals studied. These observations are in accordance with the experimental CIAV infection studies as documented by <a href="#Dhama-K--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama (2002)</span></a> in day old chicks. The ‘Multimune’ supplemented group III of chicks showed minimal alterations in mean percent ratios of lymphoid organs as compared to group II chicks, and had significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved ratios for lymphoid organs. These findings of the organ: body weight ratios in the present investigation are in accordance that CIAV causes atrophy of the thymus, bursa and spleen, and increases the size of liver (<a href="#Goryo-M--Shibata-Y--Suwa-T--Umemura-T--Itakura-C--1987"><span class="Hyperlink">Goryo et al., 1987</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama, 2002</span></a>; <a href="#Sommer-F--Cardona-C--2003"><span class="Hyperlink">Sommer and Cardona, 2003</span></a>). <a href="#Dhama-K--2002"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama (2002)</span></a> and <a href="#Vachhani-KV--2005-."><span class="Hyperlink">Vachhani (2005)</span></a> also reported similar findings in accordance with the present observations. The ‘Multimune’ supplemented group III of chicks exhibited minimal alterations in mean percent ratios of lymphoid organs as compared to CIAV inoculated group II chicks which can be attributed to the presence of proteins in the immunomodulatory agent used. </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Immunomodulatory, growth performance enhancing and protective effects of the components of ‘Multimune’ <span class="CharOverride-12">viz.</span> proteins like lactalbumins, betaglobulins, serum albumin, immunoglobulins and lactoferrins, vitamins (A, D<span class="CharOverride-7">3</span>, E, C, B) and selenium are well known ingredients which enhance the immunity and act as immunomodulator in livestock and poultry (<a href="#Sahin-N--Sahin-K--Kucuk-O--2001"><span class="Hyperlink">Sahin et al., 2001</span></a>; <a href="#Konjufca-VK--Bottje-WG--Bersi-TK-and--Erf-GF--2004-."><span class="Hyperlink">Konjufca et al., 2004</span></a>; <a href="#Wintergerst-ES--Maggini-S--Hornig-DH--2007"><span class="Hyperlink">Wintergerst et al., 2007</span></a>; <a href="#Baker-DH--2009"><span class="Hyperlink">Baker, 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Peric-L--Zikic-D--Lukic-M--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Peric et al., 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Saad-MB--Gertner-LR--Bona-TD--Santin-E--2009-"><span class="Hyperlink">Saad et al., 2009</span></a>; <a href="#Dhama-K--Tiwari-R--Khan-RU--Chakraborty-S--Gopi-M--Karthik--2014a"><span class="Hyperlink">Dhama et al., 2014a</span></a>, <a href="#Dhama-K--Chakraborty-S--Tiwari-R--Verma-AK--Saminathan-2014b"><span class="Hyperlink">2014b</span></a>). Therefore, ‘Multimune’ was selected to explore its immunomodulatory and ameliorative potential in CIA affected birds. CIAV infection suppresses the immunity and reduces the size of lymphoid organs in young birds with stunted growth performance, and in this situation the results of the present trial indicate that ‘Multimune’ could serve as a useful immunomodulatory and treatment formulation to ameliorate CIAV infection in broiler chicks.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONCLUSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Overall, our results revealed the immunomodulatory effects of “<span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">Multimune” during immunosuppressive condition (CIA) reducing the pathogenicity of CIAV and up surging the depressed immune response. Furthermore, there is need to assess the impact of </span>“<span class="apple-converted-space CharOverride-8">Multimune” supplementation on growth performance of the virus affected birds. Adoption of such alternative approach along with use of available effective vaccines is the most attractive way of minimizing economic losses being suffered by poultry producers due to CIAV infection. In view of the preliminary findings, we propose that supplementation of immunomodulators could be adopted to minimize the pathological effects and immunosuppressive potential of CIAV and other similar diseases in young chicks. </span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Authors acknowledge the Director, Experiment Station, Dean, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Dean, Post Graduate Studies, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand and Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, for providing basic services to complete the present work. This research work is partially funded by a research grant of Directorate of Experiment Station, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CONFLICT OF INTEREST </p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Authors declare no conflict of interest.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
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