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			<p class="Type-of-Article">Case Report</p>
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			<p class="title- ParaOverride-1">Lahore Canine Fever in a Racing Greyhound</p>
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			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Authors ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-1">Ghazanfar Abbas</span><span class="CharOverride-2">*</span><span class="CharOverride-1">, Mudassar Niaz Mughal, Arsal Munir, Waqar Azeem</span></p>
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			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Affiliations ParaOverride-1">Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040-Pakistan.</p>
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			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-3">Abstract</span> | Lahore canine fever (LCF) is tick-born parasitic disease caused by a mixed infection of <span class="CharOverride-4">Ehrlichia</span> and <span class="CharOverride-4">Babesia</span>. A female racing greyhound was brought with anorexia, fever, red urine, bilateral blood tinged nasal discharge, haemorrhagic streaks on gum and echymosis on soft palate. Microscopic examination of peripheral and buffy coat stained smears revealed <span class="CharOverride-4">Babesia canis</span> and <span class="CharOverride-4">Ehrlichia canis</span> morale in mononuclear cells, respectively. Treatment with imidocarb dipropionate and doxycycline resulted in both clinical and parasitological cure. This seems to be the first case reported of LCF in a racing greyhound. </p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Abstract ParaOverride-1"><span class="CharOverride-3">Keywords</span> | Lahore canine fever, Grey hound, Imidocarb dipropionate, <span class="CharOverride-4">Babesia canis, Ehrlichia canis</span></p>
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			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-3">Editor</span> | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-3">Received</span> | March 06, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-3">Revised</span> | May 03, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-3">Accepted</span> | May 05, 2015; <span class="CharOverride-3">Published</span> | May 07, 2015&#9;&#9;</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-3">*Correspondence</span> | Ghazanfar Abbas, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; <span class="CharOverride-3">Email:</span> ghazanfarabbas3479@gmail.com</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-3">Citation</span> | Abbas G, Mughal MN, Munir A, Azeem W (2015). Lahore canine fever in a racing greyhound. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3(6): 332-333.  </p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-3">DOI</span> | <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.6.332.333"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.6.332.333</span></a></p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-3">ISSN (Online)</span> | 2307-8316; <span class="Editor---Citation CharOverride-3">ISSN (Print)</span> | 2309-3331</p>
			<p class="Editor----Citation"><span class="CharOverride-3">Copyright</span> © 2015 Abbas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">INTRODUCTION</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1"><span class="_idGenDropcap-1">T</span><span>he </span>natural mixed infection of ehrlichia (<span class="CharOverride-4">E. canis</span>) and babesia (<span class="CharOverride-4">B. gibsoni</span>) has been well described under name of Lahore Canine Fever (LCF) dating back to 1938 (<a href="#Shirlaw-JF--1938-"><span class="Hyperlink">Shirlaw, 1938</span></a>). In Pakistan, both ehrlichial and babesial infections are common in imported greyhounds; however, simultaneous infection (LCF) has not been noted in this breed. The disease is transmitted by brown dog ticks, <span class="CharOverride-4">Rhipicephalus sanguineus</span> (<a href="#Adam-B--Pedro-D--2011"><span class="Hyperlink">Adam and Pedro, 2011</span></a>). Lahore canine fever causes variety of clinico-pathological abnormalities in affected dogs, nonetheless, there are no pathognomonic clinical signs/or laboratory findings that can be used to differentiate single <span class="CharOverride-4">E. Canis</span> and concurrent infection of <span class="CharOverride-4">B. gibsoni</span><span class="CharOverride-7"> and/or </span><span class="CharOverride-4">B. canis</span> (<a href="#Mathewman-LA--Kelly-JP--Bobade-PA--1993"><span class="Hyperlink">Mathewman et al., 1993</span></a>). The present report describes clinical and haemato-biochemical alterations seen in a dog affected with LCF.  </p>
		  <p class="Caps-on-First-Para ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">CASE DESCRIPTION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">A 3-year-old female racing greyhound was presented to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Agriculture, with complaint of anorexia, fever and red urine for the past 3 days. The dog was imported from Australia 2 months before illness and had proper vaccination status. The owner had noted 1 episode of bilateral epistaxis 2 days before checkup. On clinical examination, depression, fever (104.8 F), bilateral blood tinged nasal discharge, hemorrhagic streaks on gums at their dental margins, vibices (diffuse type echymosis) on soft palate, and right popleteal lymphadenopathy were seen. Ticks (both adult and nymph) were noted in theneck area and identified as <span class="CharOverride-4">Rhipicephalus sanguineus</span> (<a href="#Domenico-O--Jean-Bernad-H--Alessio-G--Cecile-C--Filipe-D--2014-"><span class="Hyperlink">Domenico et al., 2014</span></a>). Microscopic examination of peripheral and buffy coat stained smears revealed <span class="CharOverride-4">babesia canis</span> (measuring approximately 3µm × 5 µm) and <span class="CharOverride-4">ehrlichia canis </span>morulae in the cytoplasm of mononuclear cells, respectively. Haematobiochemical values on comparing with the reference values for greyhounds (<a href="#Sullivan-PS--Evan-HL--McDonald-TP--1994"><span class="Hyperlink">Sullivan et al., 1994</span></a>) revealed mild anemia (RBCs, 4.12×10<span class="CharOverride-8">6</span>/µL; PCV, 35 percent, haemoglobin12.9g/dL) with severe leucopenia (2.4×10<span class="CharOverride-8">3</span>/µL), elevated bilirubin (13mg/dL), alanine transaminase (212 U/L) and hypoprotenamia (3.9g/dL). Coagulation determinants showed marked thrombocytopenia (43×10<span class="CharOverride-8">3</span>/µL) with increased prothrombin (17 seconds) and partial thromboplastin (43 seconds) time. Urinalysis demonstrated haemoglobinuria, proteinuria, pyuria and a specific gravity of 1.025. Fecal examination was negative for both ova and oocysts of parasites.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">The combined clinical and hematobiochemicals findings confirmed a diagnosis of LCF (mixed <span class="CharOverride-4">E. canis</span> and <span class="CharOverride-4">B. canis</span> infection). The patient was treated with imidocarb dipropionate @ 5mg/kg b.wt. S.C (Inj. Imizole, ICI, Pakistan) and doxycycline @ 5mg/kg b.wt. twice a day (Tab. Korcin, San-Deo, Korea) for 3 weeks. A remarkable recovery was seen with 48 hours of treatment as suggested by normal rectal temperature, urine and reappearance of appetite. On 15-day of treatment, peripheral and buffy coat stained smear become negative both for ehrlichia and babesia. The dog was found clinically healthy on reexamination 5-month after completion of the treatment.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">DISCUSSION</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Both natural and experimental concomitant <span class="CharOverride-4">Ehrlichia canis</span> and <span class="CharOverride-4">Babesia gibsoni</span> infections have been reported with fatal outcome (<a href="#Harikrishnan-TJ--Pazhanivel-N--Chellappa-J--2005"><span class="Hyperlink">Harikrishnan et al., 2005</span></a>; <a href="#Assarasakorn-S--Niwetpathomwat-A--2007"><span class="Hyperlink">Asssarasakorn and Niwetpathomwat, 2007</span></a>) because <span class="CharOverride-4">Babesia gibsoni</span> is more pathogenic than <span class="CharOverride-4">Babesia canis </span>(<a href="#Irrizarry-Rovira-AM--Stephen-J--Chrisian-J--K"><span class="Hyperlink">Irrizarry-Rovira et al., 2001</span></a>). The moderate severity of clinical signs of the present case might be due to the involvement of less pathogenic Babesia (<span class="CharOverride-4">B. canis vogeli</span>), and short duration of illness. Increased prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time could have been the result of hepatocellular damage that was indicated by increased liver enzymes. Imidocarb dipropionate alone or in combination with doxycycline has been used to treat concurrent infection of canine ehrlichiosis and babesiosis (<a href="#Adeyanju-BJ--Aliu-Y--1992"><span class="Hyperlink">Adeyanju and Aliu, 1992</span></a>). </p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1"><span class="Body-text">The clinical manifestation and haemato-biochemical alterations noted in the subject of present report are seen frequently in canine ehrlichiosis with co-infection of Babesia (</span><a href="#Mathewman-LA--Kelly-JP--Bobade-PA--1993"><span class="Hyperlink">Mathewman et al., 1993</span></a><span class="Body-text">; </span><a href="#Harikrishnan-TJ--Pazhanivel-N--Chellappa-J--2005"><span class="Hyperlink">Harikrishnan et al., 2005</span></a><span class="Body-text">).</span></p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">Keeping in view the existence of this concurrent infection in Pakistan, reports of novel cases of these parasites should be incessantly encouraged to achieve further information regarding prevalence, endemic areas, epidemic and zoonosis nationwide. This first communication is projected to seek attention of health surveillance authorities regarding the establishment of supplementary effectual control measures for parasitic diseases of companion animals not reported hitherto in this region.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">Conflict of Interest</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">There is no conflict of interest.</p>
		  <p class="Body-Text ParaOverride-1">&nbsp;</p>
			<p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">REFERENCES</p>
		  <p class="Heading-1--Introduction----">&nbsp;</p>
			
			  <li class="References ParaOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US"><a id="Adam-B--Pedro-D--2011"></a>Adam B, Pedro D (2011). Ehrlichiosis, Canine monocytic, in: Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs and Cats, Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis Missouri, USA, Volume 2.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US"><a id="Adeyanju-BJ--Aliu-Y--1992"></a>Adeyanju BJ, Aliu Y (1992). Chemotherapy of canine ehrichiosis and babesiosis with imidocarb diproppionate. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 18: 827-830.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US"><a id="Assarasakorn-S--Niwetpathomwat-A--2007"></a>Assarasakorn S, Niwetpathomwat A (2007). A complicated case of concurrent canine babesiosis and canine ehrlichiosis. Comp. Clin. Path. 4: 281-284. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-007-0665-3"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-007-0665-3</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US"><a id="Domenico-O--Jean-Bernad-H--Alessio-G--Cecile-C--Filipe-D--2014-"></a>Domenico O, Jean-Bernad H, Alessio G, Cecile C, Filipe D (2014). The enigma of dog mummy from ancient Egypt and the origin of Rhipicephalus Sanguineus. Par &amp; Vec. 2. </li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US"><a id="Harikrishnan-TJ--Pazhanivel-N--Chellappa-J--2005"></a>Harikrishnan TJ, Pazhanivel N, Chellappa J (2005). Concomitant Babesia gibsoni and Ehrlichia canis infection in a dog. Vet. Arh. 75: 513-520.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US"><a id="Irrizarry-Rovira-AM--Stephen-J--Chrisian-J--K"></a>Irrizarry-Rovira AM, Stephen J, Chrisian J, Kjemtrup A, DeNicola DB, Widmer WR, Conrad PA (2001). Babesia gibsoni infection in a dog from Indiana. Vet. Clin. Path. 30: 180-188. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2001.tb00429.x"><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2001.tb00429.x</span></a></li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US"><a id="Mathewman-LA--Kelly-JP--Bobade-PA--1993"></a>Mathewman LA, Kelly JP, Bobade PA (1993). Infections with <span class="CharOverride-4">Babesia canis</span> and <span class="CharOverride-4">Ehrlichia canis</span> in dogs in Zimbabwe. Vet. Rec. 133: 344-346. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.133.14.344 "><span class="Hyperlink">http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.133.14.344</span></a></li>
		  <li class="References ParaOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US"><a id="Shirlaw-JF--1938-"></a>Shirlaw JF (1938). On the relationship between Lahore Canine fever and Tick fever of dogs due to B. gebsoni infection with observation on their pathology and haematology. Ind. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 8: 293-316.</li>
				<li class="References ParaOverride-2" xml:lang="en-US"><a id="Sullivan-PS--Evan-HL--McDonald-TP--1994"></a>Sullivan PS, Evan HL, McDonald TP (1994). Platelet concentration and hemoglobin function in greyhounds. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 205: 838-841.</li>
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