Research Article
Epidemiological Assessment of Bovine Diseases in Madan Upazila of Netrokona District in Bangladesh
Afroja Yasmin1, Md. Robiul Karim2, Md. Abdullah Al Mahmud3, Fahima Khatun1*
1Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh; 2Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh; 3Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.
Abstract | The epidemiological study of clinical diseases in bovines was conducted based on the data presented at the Veterinary Hospital, Madan Upazila of Netrokona district. A total of 2205 clinically sick cattle were diagnosed based on comprehensive clinical history, owner complaints, thorough physical examinations, observable clinical manifestations, and several elementary laboratory methods. The documented clinical cases were classified into nine predominant categories. Parasitic diseases (29.89%), infectious diseases (30.25%), digestive disorders (14%), general systemic states (11.30%), dermatological cases (8.12%), surgical cases (3%), gynecological-obstetrical cases (1.41%), respiratory diseases (1.22%) and sensory organ diseases (0.68%). Among the nine classifications, the incidence of parasitic and infectious diseases was statistically significant (p<0.001). Furthermore, the diseases mentioned above exhibited a significant correlation (p<0.001) with age, sex, and seasonal factors of cattle. The prevalence of clinical diseases was notably highest (p<0.05) in cattle aged 0-12 months (34.97%), succeeded by the 13-24 months (28.93%), the 25-36 months (15.33%), the 37-48 months (12.38%), and the >48 months category (8.39%). Males demonstrated a greater incidence of diseases (57.05%) than females (42.95%). The prevalence of clinical diseases was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the rainy season (36.42%), followed by winter (33.65%) and summer (29.93%). In summary, a spectrum of cattle diseases with diverse prevalence rates and associated factors was identified in Madan Upazila. Therefore, the implementation of an effective control program could potentially mitigate the diseases prevalent in this study area, thereby reducing production losses for farmers.
Keywords | Clinical disease, Prevalence, Cattle, Netrokona, Bangladesh
Received | January 05, 2025; Accepted | April 18, 2025; Published | May 22, 2025
*Correspondence | Fahima Khatun, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh; Email: [email protected]
Citation | Yasmin A, Karim MR, Al-Mahmud MA, Khatun F (2025). Epidemiological assessment of bovine diseases in Madan Upazila of Netrokona District in Bangladesh. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 13(6): 1369-1377.
DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2025/13.6.1369.1377
ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316
Copyright: 2025 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is a developing country with limited resources and a high population density. Livestock farming is a vital component of the farming system in Bangladesh, significantly improving the livelihoods of farming households. It provides a source of income and employment, particularly for marginalized communities and women (Rana et al., 2022; Alam, 1997). Small-scale cattle-fattening enterprises are profitable ventures, especially around religious festivals, providing substantial income to rural farmers (Sarma and Ahmed, 2011). Currently, the total livestock population in Bangladesh is approximated to comprise 25 million cattle, 27.1 million goats, 3.9 million sheep, 1.5 million buffaloes, and 396 million poultry (DLS, 2023-24). The productivity of domestic cattle has been steadily increasing for decades through artificial insemination (AI) with exotic breeds. Hence, the number of crossbred cattle is constantly increasing. The livestock sector contributes about 1.80% of the national economy with a 3.15% GDP growth rate (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2023-24). Notably, 44% of our daily consumed animal protein comes from this sector. In addition, cattle contributed to the national GDP through the income from leather industries, as well as by selling horns, hoofs, and organic manure, and earning foreign remittance.
However, different types of diseases and disorders are the roadblocks to the advancement of the livestock sector in Bangladesh. This knowledge about diseases and disorders is very important to farmers for understanding sustainable losses in different ways. It increases the cost of production, reduces the level of production, lowers the quality and quantity of animal products, and ultimately causes significant harm to the producers. A study estimated that FMD outbreaks cost approximately US$2.22 billion per year (Giasuddin et al., 2021) in Bangladesh. Another study estimated that outbreaks such as Pesti des Petits ruminants (PPR) and Hemorrhagic septicemia could cost USD 24.56 million and USD 14.74 million per year, respectively. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is categorized as a notifiable disease due to its substantial economic impact and its transboundary spreading nature. The average economic loss due to LSD outbreak approximately in Mymensingh district US$ 59.97 million and in Gaibandha district US$31.37 million (Chouhan et al., 2022). Smallholder owners and non-farming households are at risk because of owners’ inability to afford the costs of better health management, as well as their lack of adequate knowledge and awareness about hygiene (Khan et al., 2010; Sarma and Ahmed, 2011). Clinical findings have often been used in monitoring trends in diseases of economic and public health importance to resolve the problems in the local area via clinical records of the veterinary hospital. Some studies have been conducted on clinical case records throughout the country (Sarker et al., 2011, 2013; Ali et al., 2011; Pallab et al., 2012; Rahman et al., 2012, 2017, 2020; Karim et al., 2014; Parvez et al., 2014; Badruzzaman et al., 2015; Siddiki et al., 2015, 2023; Juli et al., 2015; Islam et al., 2015a, b, 2019; Hossain et al., 2016; Mohammed et al., 2017; Khan et al., 2017; Sen et al., 2018; Alam et al., 2018; Mostari et al., 2020; Meher et al., 2021; Biswas et al., 2021; Majumder et al., 2022; Hossain et al., 2023).
Netrokona is a riverain area in Bangladesh, characterized by diversified ecosystems that are responsible for animal diseases outbreaks. The epidemiology of many parasitic, infectious, metabolic diseases and disorders of cattle in this region has not been thoroughly studied. The epidemiological studies of such diseases and disorders can be valuable in understanding the economic importance of cattle rearing in Netrokona. Taking this into consideration, the present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of infectious diseases and some non-infectious diseases and disorders in cattle that were presented at the Upazila Veterinary Hospital in Madan, located within the Netrokona district.
Materials and Methods
Study area and period
The study was conducted at the Veterinary Hospital situated in Madan Upazila, within the Netrokona district of Bangladesh, to assess the prevalence of clinical diseases and disorders affecting cattle throughout the timeframe of January 2023 to December 2023. The geographical expanse of Madan Upazila is 233.30 square kilometers, positioned between the latitudinal coordinates of 24°36’ and 24°45’ north, and the longitudinal coordinates of 90°51’ and 91°04’ east (Figure 1). The upazila is bordered to the north by Atpara and Mohanganj upazilas, to the south by Itna and Tarail upazilas, to the east by Khaliajuri upazila, and to the west by Kendua upazila. A cumulative total of 2205 clinical cases involving cattle of varying ages and sexes were identified. All affected cattle were presented to the hospital for medical intervention, and their admission was duly recorded in the official register.
Diagnosis of diseases
The diseases were diagnosed through a comprehensive physical examination of the animals, along with the assessment of clinical signs and symptoms, gross pathological findings, and rudimentary laboratory methodologies. During the comprehensive physical examination, various parameters such as the animal’s overall body condition, alterations in behavior, posture, gait, locomotor disturbances, pulse rate, respiratory patterns, body temperature, abdominal distension, and defecation habits were meticulously observed. Following the visual assessment, a detailed examination of various anatomical regions and physiological systems of the afflicted animals was carried out through techniques such as palpation, auscultation, percussion, needle puncture, and observation of the animal’s locomotion. Consideration was given to the disease history, the complaints raised by the owner, as well as the breed, sex, and age of the animal during the general physical examination. Specific bacterial, viral, and fungal infections were diagnosed by correlating particular clinical manifestations with gross pathological lesions (Khan, 2000). Parasitic infections were identified through the analysis of fecal samples using the direct smear technique as previously described (Soulsby, 1986). Blood smears were prepared and subsequently analyzed under a microscope after being subjected to Giemsa staining for the validation of the presence of hemoprotozoan parasites (Hendrix and Robinson, 2016).
Statistical analysis
For statistical evaluation, the documented clinical cases were classified into the following categories: (i) parasitic diseases, (ii) infectious diseases, (iii) respiratory diseases, (iv) digestive disorders, (v) general systemic states, (vi) sensory organ diseases, (vii) dermatological cases, (viii) gynaeco-obstetrical cases, and (ix) surgical cases for statistical analysis. The acquired data were subsequently imported into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and subjected to analysis utilizing SPSS software (SPSS version 25; IBM Corporation, USA), with descriptive statistics articulated as proportions accompanied by a 95% confidence interval (CI). The chi-square test was conducted to assess the relationships among age, sex, seasonality, and categorical disease classifications, as well as to evaluate the frequency disparities among the various disease categories. A significance threshold of P values less than 0.05 was employed to ascertain statistical significance (Mohammed et al., 2017).
Results
Overall prevalence
In this study of 2,205 cattle, we determined the disease prevalence across various factors such as sex, age, and season. From the obtained clinical case record, 95.51% were medical cases, 3.08% surgical cases, and 1.41% gynecological-obstetrical cases (Figure 2). Infectious diseases had the highest prevalence (30.25%, 95% CI 29.54-33.41), followed by Parasitic diseases (29.89%, 95% CI 27.98-31.80), digestive disorders (14%, 95% CI 12.61-15.51), general systemic states (11.30%, 95% CI 9.97-12.61), dermatological cases (8.12%, 95% CI 6.98-9.26), surgical cases (3%, 95% CI 2.36-3.81), gynecological-obstetrical cases (1.41%, 95% CI 0.91-1.90), respiratory disorders (1.22%, 95% CI 0.77-1.68) and sensory organ diseases (0.68%, 95% CI 0.34-1.02). Parasitic and infectious diseases were the most frequently diagnosed categories, with significant variations by age, sex, and season (p< 0.001) (Table 1).
Disease-wise prevalence
Among the infectious diseases, foot and mouth disease (FMD) (14.56%) was the most common, followed by lumpy skin disease (LSD) (11.11%), mastitis (2.09%), calf scour (2.04%), and black quarter (BQ) (0.45%) (Table 1). Under the parasitic cases, tapeworm infestation was the highest (17.46%) followed by liver fluke 11.20%. Disease prevalence rates of coccidiosis, babesiosis, and tick infestation were notably less (< 1%). Indigestion had the highest prevalence (7.85%) and bloat had the lowest (1.41%) of the digestive disorders (14%). Dermatitis was recorded in 8.12% of cattle under the dermatological case category. The pneumonia case was diagnosed in 1.22% in the respiratory case category. General systemic states included fever (5.62%), anorexia (4.90%), and malnutrition (0.77%). Among the surgical cases, navel-ill (2.27%), myiasis (0.45%), and hernia (0.36%) were recorded. Anestrous was reported (1.41%) under the gynecological-obstetrical cases (Table 1).
Age, sex, and season-wise prevalence of clinical disease
There were statistically significant (p<0.001) associations between the prevalence of clinical diseases and the age (χ2 = 255.40) and sex (χ2 = 143.75) of cattle, and seasons (χ2 = 78.80) of the year (Tables 2, 3, 4). By age, the occurrence of parasitic diseases (12.02%), infectious diseases (11.47%), digestive disorders (3.99%), sensory organ diseases (0.32%), and surgical cases (2.63%) were significantly (p< 0.05) higher in under 1-year age group. From 1 year to 2 years ages of cattle were more susceptible to general systemic states (4.94%), dermatological cases (3.45%), and respiratory disorders (0.41%). Cattle aged more than 2 years were found to have gynecological-obstetrical cases. Overall, cattle under 1 year (34.97%) were more susceptible
Table 1: Prevalence of diseases and disorders in cattle during the period from January 2023 to December 2023 recorded at Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Madan, Netrokona (N=2,205).
|
Disease category |
Name of disease |
No. of cases |
Prevalence (%) (95% CI) |
Prevalence (%) by category (95% CI) |
Total |
|
Parasitic diseases |
Tape Worm |
385 |
17.46 (15.876-19.045) |
659 |
|
|
Liver Fluke |
247 |
11.20 (9.885-12.518) |
|||
|
Babesiosis |
3 |
0.14 (-0.018-0.290) |
|||
|
Coccidiosis |
12 |
0.54 (0.237-0.851) |
|||
|
Tick |
12 |
0.54 (0.237-0.851) |
|||
|
Infectious diseases |
(Foot and mouth disease)(FMD) |
321 |
14.56 (13.086-16.030) |
30.25 (29.54-33.41)** |
667 |
|
245 |
|||||
|
Mastitis |
46 |
||||
|
Black Quarter (BQ) |
10 |
0.45 (0.173-0.734) |
|||
|
Calf Scours |
45 |
2.04 (1.451-2.631) |
|||
|
Pneumonia |
27 |
1.22 (0.765-1.684) |
27 |
||
|
Digestive disorders |
Diarrhoea |
106 |
4.81 (3.914-5.700) |
310 |
|
|
Indigestion |
173 |
7.85 (6.723-8.968) |
|||
|
Bloat |
31 |
1.41 (0.914-1.897) |
|||
|
Fever |
124 |
5.62 (4.662-6.585) |
249 |
||
|
Anorexia |
108 |
4.90 (3.997-5.799) |
|||
|
Malnutrition |
17 |
0.77 (0.406-1.136) |
|||
|
Pink eye (conjunctivitis) |
15 |
0.68 (0.337-1.023) |
15 |
||
|
Dermatological cases |
Dermatitis |
179 |
8.12 (6.978-9.258) |
179 |
|
|
Gynecological-obstetrical cases |
Anestrous |
31 |
1.41 (0.914-1.897) |
31 |
|
|
Surgical cases |
Myiasis |
10 |
0.45 (0.173-0.734) |
68 |
|
|
Hernia |
8 |
0.36 (0.112-0.614) |
|||
|
Navel ill |
50 |
2.27 (1.646-2.889) |
|||
|
Overall |
2,205 |
100 |
100 |
** Indicates (P<0.001) significant difference among the diseases of cattle.
Table 3: Prevalence of diseases and disorders in cattle according to sex (N=2,205).
|
Disease category |
Sex** |
|||
|
Male |
Prevalence (%) (95% CI) |
Female |
Prevalence (%) (95% CI) |
|
|
Parasitic diseases |
317 |
14.38 (12.91-15.84) |
342 |
15.51 (14.00-17.02) |
|
Infectious diseases |
460 |
20.86 (19.17-22.56) |
207 |
9.39 (8.17-10.61) |
|
Respiratory disorders |
17 |
0.77 (0.41-1.14) |
10 |
0.45 (0.17-0.73) |
|
Digestive disorders |
138 |
6.26 (5.25-7.27) |
172 |
7.80 (6.68-8.92) |
|
General systemic states |
142 |
6.44 (5.42-7.46) |
107 |
4.85 (3.96-5.75) |
|
Sensory organ diseases |
8 |
0.36 (0.11-0.61) |
7 |
0.32 (0.08-0.55) |
|
Dermatological cases |
123 |
5.58 (4.62-6.54) |
56 |
2.54 (1.88-3.20) |
|
Gynecological-obstetrical cases |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-0.00) |
31 |
1.41 (0.91-1.90 |
|
Surgical cases |
53 |
2.40 (1.76-3.04 |
15 |
0.68 (0.34-1.02) |
|
Total |
1258 |
57.05 (54.97-59.12) |
947 |
42.95 (40.88-45.01) |
*Significantly (P<0.05) higher in males; ** Indicates highly (P<0.001) significant relationship among the diseases and sexes of cattle.
Table 4: Prevalence of diseases and disorders in cattle according to season (N=2,205).
|
Disease category |
Season** |
|||||
|
Rainy |
Prevalence (%) (95% CI) |
Summer |
Prevalence (%) (95% CI) |
Winter |
Prevalence (%) (95% CI) |
|
|
Parasitic diseases |
231 |
10.48 (9.20-11.75) |
198 |
8.98 (7.79-10.17) |
230 |
10.43 (9.16-11.71) |
|
Infectious diseases |
251 |
11.38 (10.06-12.71) |
251 |
11.38 (10.06-12.71) |
165 |
7.48 (6.38-8.58) |
|
Respiratory disorders |
14 |
0.63 (0.30-0.97) |
7 |
0.32 (0.08-0.55) |
6 |
0.27 (0.05-0.49) |
|
Digestive disorders |
114 |
5.17 (4.25-6.09) |
80 |
3.63 (2.85-4.41) |
116 |
5.26 (4.33-6.19) |
|
General systemic states |
99 |
4.49 (3.63-5.35) |
51 |
2.31 (1.69-2.94) |
99 |
4.49 (3.63-5.35) |
|
Sensory organ diseases |
6 |
0.27 (0.05-0.49) |
1 |
0.05 (-0.04-0.13) |
8 |
0.36 (0.11-0.61) |
|
Dermatological cases |
61 |
2.77 (2.08-3.45) |
49 |
2.22 (1.61-2.84) |
69 |
3.13 (2.40-3.86) |
|
Gynecological-obstetrical cases |
9 |
0.41 (0.14-0.67) |
0 |
0.00 (0.00-0.00) |
22 |
1.00 (0.58-1.41) |
|
Surgical cases |
18 |
0.82 (0.44-1.19) |
23 |
1.04 (0.62-1.47) |
27 |
1.22 (0.77-1.68) |
|
Total |
803 |
36.42 (34.41-38.43) |
660 |
29.93 (28.02-31.84) |
742 |
33.65 (31.68-35.62) |
*Significantly (P<0.05) higher in males; ** Indicates highly (P<0.001) significant relationship among the diseases and seasons.
to diseases than other age group (p< 0.05) (Table 2, Figure 3). By sex, the occurrence of parasitic diseases (15.51%), digestive disorders (7.80%) and gynecological-obstetrical cases (1.41%) were significantly (p< 0.05) higher in female cattle than male cattle, whereas the prevalence of infectious diseases (20.86%), respiratory disorders (0.77%), general systemic states (6.44%), dermatological cases (5.58) and surgical cases (2.40%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in male cattle than female cattle. Overall, higher prevalence was found in male animals (57.05%) compared to female (42.95%) (p<0.05) (Table 3, Figure 4). By season, the occurrence of parasitic diseases (10.48%), infectious diseases (11.38%), and respiratory disorder (0.63%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the rainy season than the other seasons, whereas digestive disorders (5.26%), general systemic states (4.49%), dermatological cases (3.31%), surgical cases (1.22%), gynecological-obstetrical cases (1.00%) and sensory organ diseases (0.36%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the winter season than the other seasons. Infectious diseases (11.38%) were equally distributed both in the rainy and summer seasons. Overall, the diseases were more prevalent (p<0.05) in the rainy (36.42%) than in the winter (33.65%) and the summer (29.93%) seasons (Table 4, Figure 5).
DISCUSSION
The livestock sector is integral to the agricultural system, providing essential resources such as draft power, manure, and nutrition through meat, milk, and eggs. Despite facing challenges, livestock farming offers substantial economic benefits and opportunities for poverty alleviation and employment. However, diseases and disorders of livestock are the most important constraints to livestock development in Bangladesh. This study’s objective was to identify the burden of cattle diseases and associated risk factors at the Veterinary Hospital, Madan Upazila, Netrokona. Among 2205 cases, 23 different types of diseases were affected by
cattle. There were 96% medicinal cases, 3.00% surgical cases, and 1.00% gynecological-obstetrical cases among cattle. These findings were well consistent with the previous reports (Rahman et al., 2012; Karim et al., 2014; Sen et al., 2018; Majumder et al., 2022; Siddiki et al., 2023). Furthermore, this study recorded 29.89% of cattle with parasitic diseases, similar findings were also observed in previous studies which reported 30.64% to 33.86% of cattle infected with parasitic diseases in different regions of Bangladesh (Juli et al., 2015; Badruzzaman et al., 2015; Sarker et al., 2015; Meher et al., 2021). Nevertheless, a lower prevalence of (8.91%) and a higher prevalence of (50.40%) were also reported in cattle (Mostari et al., 2020; Rahman et al., 2012). Among the parasitic diseases, tapeworm infection and fascioliasis were recorded (17.46%) and (11.20%) respectively. This observation is correlated with the previous findings (Hossain et al., 2016; Mohammed et al., 2017; Siddiki et al., 2023). The prevalence of coccidiosis and babesiosis were 0.54% and 0.14%, similar results also found by Badruzzaman et al. (2015). In addition, the overall prevalence of hemoprotozoan diseases was 16.18 and 12.02% in crossbred and indigenous cattle, respectively. Among the hemoprotozoan diseases babesiosis and anaplasmosis were predominant. Ectoparasite (tick) infestation was estimated at 0.54% which was lower than Sen et al. (2018). The higher prevalence of parasitic diseases in this study area may be related the risk factors, like lowland grazing, poor animal management, economic capacity of farmers, irregular anthelmintic use, favorable environment for parasites, etc. Among the infectious diseases, FMD was the most common in cattle, recorded at 14.56%. A comparatively higher prevalence of FMD (25.07%) was reported by Sarker et al. (2011) while other studies reported a lower prevalence of FMD (Hossain et al., 2023; Badruzzaman et al., 2015). Hossain et al. (2023) recorded 4.67% cases were LSD whereas this study found a higher prevalence (10.96%) might be due to LSD being a relatively new and most prevalent disease recently reported in Bangladesh. The prevalence of other infectious diseases was BQ (0.45%), calf scours (2.04%), and mastitis (2.09%) in our study. The prevalence of clinical mastitis was 1.30%, 2.1%, and 2.23%, respectively reported (Badruzzaman et al., 2015; Karim et al., 2014; Siddiki et al., 2023). In contrast, a higher prevalence was (7.77%) reported in Sirajganj upazila in Bangladesh where crossbred cows (8.78%) were more susceptible to mastitis than indigenous cows (5.37%) (Mahmud and Das, 2013). Badruzzaman et al. (2015) and Siddiki et al. (2023) reported 0.88% and 0.41% prevalence of BQ in cattle, respectively. The causes behind the higher prevalence of infectious diseases are the low vaccination rate in Bangladesh. The good practices of vaccination in small (22.8%) and large (27.8%) ruminants were reported in the northern part of Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2024, 2025). The overall prevalence of general systemic diseases in cattle was determined to be 11.30%, with fever exhibiting the highest frequency at 5.62% and malnutrition the lowest at 0.77%. These findings are corroborated by Islam et al. (2015b), although a significantly higher prevalence ranging from 32.16% to 58.42% has also been recorded (Islam et al., 2015a; Sarker et al., 2013; Juli et al., 2015).
Ali et al. (2011) reported that the dermatological lesions present in cattle were almost 0.50%, whereas dermatitis was recorded at 8.12% in this study. This variation might be due to the different types of housing, rearing, and feeding practices. Geographical locations and related environmental factors might influence dermatological disease outbreaks. Among the digestive disorders, simple indigestion had the highest prevalence (7.85%), followed by diarrhea (4.81%) and bloat (1.41%). These findings were slightly lower than the previous report (Badruzzaman et al., 2015; Pallab et al., 2012). The prevalence of respiratory disorders (pneumonia) in cattle was 1.22%, which was comparatively higher than the reports of Siddiki et al. (2023), who found only 0.64% and lower than the report by Hossain et al. (2023). This study recorded 1.41% cases of anestrous, which is similar to the findings of Sen et al. (2018) but lower than the report of Hossain et al. (2023) and Siddiki et al. (2023). Overall, 3.00% of cattle had surgical cases, which included navel-ill (2.27%), myiasis (0.45%), and hernia (0.36%). This observation supports the earlier report (Sen et al., 2018; Majumder et al., 2022; Siddiki et al., 2023). These were the common surgical cases that might be attributed to unsanitary conditions during calving and maternity periods, inadequate colostrum intake, absence of antiseptic applications on the umbilical cord, farmer negligence, and other contributing factors. The incidence of diseases was significantly associated (p<0.001) with the age, sex, and season of the cattle, which is consistent with the previous findings (Ali et al., 2011; Islam et al., 2015b).
The prevalence of parasitic diseases, infectious diseases, digestive disorders, and surgical cases was highest in under under-one-year age group and lowest in adult cattle, which is opposed to the recorded findings (Islam et al., 2015a; Rahman et al., 2017; Alam et al., 2018). They reported adult cattle were more susceptible to diseases than young might be due to low acquired maternal immunity as well as the fact that they come into direct contact with contaminated environment. The prevalence of general systemic and dermatologic case categories was higher in the 1-2-year aged group. Gynecological-obstetrical cases were higher in frequency in adult female cattle than in the young. Male cattle (57.05%) demonstrated a significantly greater (p<0.05) susceptibility to diseases than females, aligning with the findings (Hossain et al., 2016; Meher et al., 2021), yet differing from the observations of other studies (Rahman et al., 2017; Alam et al., 2018; Majumder et al., 2022). The prevalence of infectious diseases was found to be highest during the rainy season (36.42%), compared to winter (33.65%) and summer (29.93%). This outcome agreed with the previous results (Siddiki et al., 2015; Mohammed et al., 2017; Rahman et al., 2017), but different from the other observations (Sarker et al., 2015; Hossain et al., 2016). Such variations are attributable to differing geographical locations, seasonal fluctuations during the research period, and disparate management practices. As well as climate change poses significant challenges to livestock production, affecting profitability and increasing production costs. However, implementing climate-smart practices can mitigate these impacts (Dey, 2023). Socioeconomic and agroecological factors influence livestock raising, with variations in livestock types across different regions. Addressing these factors through targeted policies can enhance productivity by mitigating bovine disease outbreaks.
CONCLUSION
Major clinical diseases of cattle in Madan upazila in Netrokona district of Bangladesh include parasitic disease, infectious disease, digestive disorder, and general systemic states in which infectious diseases and parasitic diseases are predominant. The reported diseases cause significant economic losses for farmers every year. The present study provides baseline epidemiological information on cattle diseases in Bangladesh which might help develop and implement control measures and obtain maximum production from cattle.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the staff of Upazila Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospital, Madan, Netrokona for their cooperation in data collection.
Novelty Statement
The novelty of the study is focus on the major clinical diseases of cattle in Madan upazila in Netrokona district of Bangladesh. This research provides a transparent perception of the distribution of cattle diseases in relation to age, sex and season in the selected area.
AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION
Afroja Yasmin designed the experiment, collected data from the veterinary hospital, and drafted the manuscript. Md. Robiul Karim participated in drafting the manuscript. Md. Abdullah Al Mahmud analyzed the data and finalized the manuscript. Fahima Khatun participated in the experiment’s design and drafted and finalized the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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