AAVS_13_7_1548-1556

INTRODUCTION

The kidneys play a vital role in the body: they filter waste from the blood and regulate water and mineral balance (Karie et al., 2010). When these organs are impaired, their filtration capacity decreases, leading to a buildup of toxins in the body (Chakit et al., 2024a). Without proper care, this deterioration can progress to advanced kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant (Chakit et al., 2023; Charkiewicz et al., 2025).

The use of medicinal herbs by humans is an ancient practice. Nowadays, the majority of the inhabitants of the globe use a large number of plants, given their aromatic properties, as a remedy in traditional medicine. However, this traditional use is not based on any scientific evidence; it simply takes into account observations over the centuries (Brikat et al., 2024; Kherrab et al., 2024b).

For several years, the world of medical and biological sciences has been invaded by a new concept: “oxidative stress”, which expresses the inability of a cell to control the excess of oxygen free radicals. Although oxidative stress is not a disease, it is potentially involved in many diseases, as a triggering factor, or associated with complications during their development, as in the case of drug nephrotoxicity (Chakit et al., 2024b). The kidney is an organ that is particularly vulnerable to the toxicity of drugs present in the body (Karie et al., 2010). Drug-induced nephrotoxicity can be a sign of intoxication (dose-dependent phenomenon) or of an immunoallergic or vasomotor process with a normal dosage. The mechanisms are generally intertwined, but one of them predominates (Charkiewicz et al., 2025).

Given rosemary’s documented antioxidant properties, we hypothesize its potential therapeutic role in the management of renal diseases. Rosemary, an aromatic herb of the family Lamiaceae, appreciated for its aromatic, antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial properties, is widely used in herbal medicine; it is the subject of recent research in the culinary, cosmetic, and agri-food fields (Elkaoui et al., 2025). This plant contains a large number of substances that have multiple interests used in industry, food, cosmetology and pharmacy. Among these compounds are alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, and flavonoids (Abadi et al., 2016; Amaral et al., 2018).

Nephrotoxicity is one of the most frequent complication that occurs during exposure to toxins or drugs (Karie et al., 2010; Babou et al., 2025). In Morocco, traditional medicine is widespread. However, knowing that nephropathies are a real scourge in Morocco, the number of studies trying to find new molecules having the ability to prevent or even delay the onset of complications related to renal dysfunction remains very limited. The study explored the protective potential roles of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract on renal function in Wistar rats.

MATERIALS and methods

Plant Preparation

Rosmarinus officinalis was harvested in July 2023 in the Ras Lma region of Taza. Rosmarinus officinalis leaves were dried at 25 ± 3°C in the open air and protected from light to preserve the integrity of the molecules as much as possible, then finely ground using an electric grinder; grinding followed directly by sieving (250 to μm) resulted in a fine powder and a higher extraction yield. 100 g of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf material was extracted with 500 ml of 95% ethanol in a Soxhlet extractor during 4 hours. After extraction, the solvent was removed via a rotary evaporator operating at 60°C for 40 min with a speed of 2,000 rpm, resulting in a solid, sticky residue. The solvent-to-sample ratio was 20%.

Animals

Only female rats were included due to their heightened sensitivity to renal toxicity. Healthy female rats were divided according to their weight homogeneity into 5 groups (n = 6/group). One group of these animals (control) received orally distilled water, and four groups received the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (EERO) at 200, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day administered for 28 days (Figure 1). After treatment, the rats spent the night fasting but with water free access. They were then anesthetized with 7 g of chloral hydrate/100 ml of distilled water (0.5 ml/100 g of rat body weight) by intraperitoneal injection, and then blood samples were taken for hematological and biochemical study, using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an anticoagulant, and similarly, for the measurement of biomarkers of oxidative stress such as nitric oxide (NO), the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) in the kidneys, as well as the study of histological sections of this target organ.

Hematological Analysis

An automatic hematological analyzer was used for assessing red blood cells and white blood cells, lymphocytes (L%), monocytes (M%), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb) and platelet count (Baataoui et al., 2023; Nassiri et al., 2023a; Kherrab et al., 2024c). The biochemistry of serum was performed using a spectrophotometer for creatinine and urea.

Determination of Oxidative Stress Markers (NO, CAT)

Nitric oxide determination: The method used to assess nitric oxide (NO) production from organ homogenates (liver and kidneys...) is based on determining the levels of the end products of NO synthesis, namely nitrites and nitrates (Bryan and Grisham, 2007). This determination is carried out using the Griess reagent, consisting of solution A (0.1% naphthylethylene diamine dichlorohydrate diluted in water) and solution B (1% sulfanilamide diluted in 5% H₃PO₄). The experimental procedure involves mixing 100 μl of Griess reagent and 100 μl of nitrite-containing sample in a spectrophotometer cuvette. Incubation of the mixture is carried out for 30 min at 25°C, followed by assessing optical density at 548 nm, following the method of Chao et al. (1992). NO levels are expressed in µmol/g tissue (Chao et al., 1992; Bryan and Grisham, 2007; Nassiri et al., 2023b; Brikat et al., 2023).

Catalase activity determination: Catalase activity (CAT) in organ homogenates was assessed using the method described by Aebi (1984). This technique is based on the measurement of optical density changes resulting from H₂O₂ decomposition. For each sample, a quantity of 60 µl (tissue extract or phosphate buffer per sample) was combined with 2340 µl of phosphate buffer (0.05 mM, pH 7.4) in a cuvette of quartz. Initiation of the reaction was achieved by adding 600 μl of H₂O₂ (1 M), and the absorbance was recorded over 2 minutes (with readings every 30 seconds) at 240 nm. Catalase activity is expressed in international units or μmoles of H₂O₂ destroyed per minute per gram of tissue at 25°C (IU or μmoles /min/g tissue) (Aebi 1984; Kherrab et al., 2024d; Nassiri et al., 2024b).

Histopathological Examination

Kidney samples from each treatment group were histopathologically examined. After fixation in 10% formalin, tissues were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. 3- to 5-μ-thick sections were treated with hematoxylin and eosin. Slides obtained were observed under an optical microscope (Salokhe et al., 2020; Kherrab et al., 2024a; Nassiri et al., 2024a).

Table 1: Influence of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract on some hematological parameters (n=6).

	Control	200 mg/kg	300mg/kg	500 mg/kg	1000 mg/kg
Erythrocytes (106/mm3)	6.14 ±0.93	6.04 ±0.09	6.89 ±0.59	6.25 ±0.45	6.48 ±0.70
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.00 ±1.03	12.25 ±0.05	13.55 ±1.35	12.30 ±1.00	12.20 ±1.40
Hematocrit (%)	34.30 ±4.30	37.90 ±0.20	44.25 ±3.25	40.70 ±2.80	39.55 ±4.45
Leukocytes (cells/mm3)	4850 ±1500	6300 ±2400	3150 ±1050	3439 ±3261	2450 ±1450
Lymphocytes (L%)	83.50 ± 4.50	82.50 ±1.50	81.00 ±3.00	83.00 ±6.00	82.50 ±3.50
Monocytes (M%)	5.00 ± 0.00	5.50 ±0.50	5.50 ±0.50	6.00 ±0.00	5.00 ±1.00
Platelets (103/mm3)	756.00 ± 35.00	789.00 ±16.00	812.00 ±162.00	834.00 ±75.00	1009.50 ±54.50

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Instat software. All data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and were compared using the one-way analysis of variance test (ANOVA). Control and treated group differences were assessed using the Tukey-Kramer test, with P < 0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS

Hematological Parameters

Table 1 describes the impact of daily oral administration of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract for 28 days on hematological parameters. The results show that there were no notable hemolytic changes in RBCs, WBCs, Hb, granulocytes, and leukocytes (Berhan et al., 2018).

Biochemical Parameters

Urea: Figure 1 presents the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract on urea levels. Our study showed that administration of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract for 28 days nonsignificantly decreased urea concentration in rats that received different doses of 200, 300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of EERO in comparison with control rats.

Creatinine: Figure 2 shows the impact of the ethanolic extract on the biochemical parameter creatinine (creatinine levels). Our results showed that administration of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract for 28 days significantly decreased the creatinine concentration in rats that received 200 and 300 mg/kg doses of EERO in comparison with control rats. While the 500 and 1000 mg/kg dose of EERO decreased creatinine concentration in a nonsignificant manner compared to control rats.

Nitric oxide: Figure 3 shows the impact of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract on nitric oxide (NO) levels in the kidneys. It is found that Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract has an effect on NO (nitric oxide) levels in kidney tissue. It decreases nitrite/nitrate levels in all rats that received 200, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg in comparison with control rats. A highly statistically significant difference was revealed between the rats that received 200 mg/kg and those that received 300 mg/kg (p < 0.001). No difference was detected between the group of rats that received 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses of ROEE in comparison with control rats (p > 0.05).

Catalase activity: The impact of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract on CAT levels (expressed in mmol/g of tissue) is represented in Figure 4. It is found that Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract has an effect on CAT levels in kidney tissue. It increases catalase levels in rats receiving Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract. A significant difference was detected in the group of rats that received 200 and 300 mg/kg of EERO, and no significant difference was noted in the rats that received 500 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight compared to the control rats (p > 0.05).

Histopathological examination: Histological analysis of the kidneys showed no pathologies in the cellular architecture of this organ. The histopathological results show normal tissue in all groups receiving different doses of 200, 300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of EERO (Figure 5). No difference was revealed between treated and control rats (p > 0.05).

In the kidneys of control rats, the renal parenchyma is normal, without obvious signs of abnormality (Green glomerulus red renal microtubule), also for 200, 300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, the renal parenchyma is normal with no signs of inflammatory or malignant abnormality (Figure 6).

DISCUSSION

Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common complications arising from exposure to toxins or drugs. Medicinal plant use constitutes an alternative for these problems. The study aimed to explore the impact of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract on renal function in Wistar rats.

Hematological parameters are assessed to determine an individual’s health status, describe the adverse effects of plant remedies, and also explore their potential for binding to the blood. The results show that there were no notable hemolytic changes in erythrocytes, hematocrit, granulocytes, and leukocytes (Berhan et al., 2018).

Increased WBC release is an important stress biomarker and also helps defend the body against certain inflammatory situations, like bacterial infections and hemorrhages. The results show that Rosmarinus officinalis extract has no significant effects on WBC counts or their subtypes, including monocytes and lymphocytes, at any dose compared to control rats, indicating the safety of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract.

The retention of some molecules like creatinine and urea in the body is an indicator of renal damage. Altered levels of certain electrolytes, such as sodium, chloride, or magnesium can also be a marker of kidney disease (Hoffbrand, 2002). Our results show no significant difference in the levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose or triglycerides in all treated rats in comparison with control rats (Salokhe et al., 2020).

Urea (2H₂N-CO-NH) is the diamide of carbonic acid; it is a waste product formed in the liver from the transformation of dietary proteins (1g of protein gives 5.5 mmol of urea). Although it is a waste product, it is not toxic in itself; its plasma level increases in cases of renal failure (Friedman et al., 2016). In current work, the administration of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract for 28 days nonsignificantly decreased urea levels in rats treated with 200, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of EERO in comparison with control rats, suggesting that R. officinalis extract did not produce any signs or renal toxicity when administered orally for 28 days (Chakit et al., 2022b). Similarly, it is also found that 200, 300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of EERO exerted an antinephrotoxic effect; this effect reduced as the dose increased. A study showed that administration of Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extract at 100 and 2020 mg/kg, nonsignificantly decreases the level of urea (Hamed et al., 2020; Morsi et al., 2022). Similarly, the administration of rosemary essential oil at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg nonsignificantly decreases the level of urea (El-Demerdash et al., 2021). These results are in line with other studies that have demonstrated that the administration of Rosmarinus officinalis for 28 days in rats receiving 200, 300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg has no significant effect on the levels of urea and no alteration of these parameters compared to control rats (Salokhe et al., 2020; Chakit et al., 2022a).

Creatinine is methylguanidine acetic acid, produced in the liver from the amino acid glycine, arginine, and methionine. In the blood (creatinine level), it accurately assesses kidney function more than blood urea levels because creatinine is produced in muscle, and its blood level depends on kidney function and overall muscle mass. An increase in blood creatinine is therefore a more reliable indicator of kidney dysfunction than an increase in blood urea, which is subject to numerous interferences (Koolman and Rhm, 2005). In our study, the administration of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract for 28 days induced a significant decrease in creatinine levels in the groups of rats treated with the 200 and 300 mg/kg doses of EERO in comparison with control rats. While the 500 and 1000 mg/kg of EERO decreased creatinine levels in a nonsignificant manner compared to the control rats. This result indicates that EERO improves renal function and exerts a potent nephroprotective effect at 200 and 300 mg/kg of EERO, suggesting that the ethanolic extract of R. officinalis improves kidney function. A study demonstrated that administration of Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extract at 100 and 220 mg/kg, nonsignificantly decreases the level of creatinine (Hamed et al., 2020; Morsi et al., 2022; Saker et al., 2023). Similarly, administration of rosemary essential oil at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg orally non-significantly decreases the level of creatinine (El-Demerdash et al., 2021). These results are in line with other studies showing that the administration of Rosmarinus officinalis hydroalcoholic extract for 28 days in the different groups of rats treated with the dose of 200, 500 and 1000 mg/kg does not cause any significant difference in creatinine levels and no alteration of these parameters compared to the control rats (Salokhe et al., 2020).

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced through mitochondrial metabolism. ROS are responsible for damaging organic molecules in organisms, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, resulting in a harmful biological state called oxidative stress (Singh et al., 2011). Plants constitute a reservoir of many different antioxidants, which neutralize the negative effects of oxidative stress (Yousef et al., 2019). The main antioxidant components of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract are the phenolic carnosol and carnosic acid (Fiume et al., 2018). A study demonstrated that administration of Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extract by oral gavage at 400 mg/kg and rosmarinic acid at 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily for 28 weeks caused an increase in oxidative stress biomarkers and a decrease in inflammatory biomarkers’ levels (Gonçalves et al., 2018). Carnosol and carnosic acid, the major diterpenoid phenolic molecules of rosemary, inhibit the production of NO. This effect resulted from the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (Yu et al., 2013). This result is in line with our study, which demonstrates that the ethanolic extract administered by oral gavage for 28 days at doses of 200, 300 and 500 mg/kg causes a statistically significant decrease in nitric oxide (NO) level in the liver respectively (p < 0.01; p < 0.01 p < 0.05). Similarly, the doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg cause a statistically significant decrease in nitric oxide (NO) level in the right and left kidneys, respectively (p < 0.01; p < 0.01) but the doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg are not statistically significant (p < 0.05) compared to the control group.

The results show that Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract has an effect on CAT levels in kidney tissue. It increases catalase concentration in rats treated with different doses of Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract. A significant difference was assessed in rats treated with the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg and no significant difference was noted in the group of rats treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg in comparison with control rats. Wang et al. (2017) have shown that rosemary extract intake significantly increased the activity of the antioxidant enzyme CAT (Wang et al., 2017). Other studies demonstrated that administration of Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extract at 100 and 250 mg/kg increased the level of catalase in the kidneys (Hamed et al., 2020; Saker et al., 2023). Similarly, another study showed that oral administration of rosemary essential oil at 0.5 ml/kg increased catalase levels (El-Demerdash et al., 2021).

Oxidative stress is characterized by increased production of free radicals and by a reduction in antioxidants (Anila and Vijayalakshmi 2003). Plants contain a wide variety of natural antioxidants, which neutralize the harmful effects of oxidative stress (Aiboud et al., 2015; El Hasnaoui et al., 2015). Several studies have shown that rosemary is rich in various phenolic and flavonoid compounds; these molecules restored the high level of oxidant markers and also inhibited the production of nitric oxide (Hussain et al., 1999; Abozid and Farid, 2018). Afonso et al., indicate that rosemary phenolic compounds enhance antioxidant defense in rat tissues (Afonso et al., 2013).

A study demonstrated that administration of 10 mg/kg of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil to Wistar rats for 7 consecutive days significantly increased liver catalase concentration compared to the control rats and also significantly modified most oxidative stress biomarkers and improved the liver oxidative status, resulting in a reduction of oxidative stress in rats (Rašković et al., 2014). This result is consistent with our study, which demonstrates that the ethanolic extract administered by oral gavage for 28 days at 200, 300 and 500 mg/kg causes a statistically significant increase in catalase (CAT) levels in the liver respectively (p < 0.01; p < 0.001 p < 0.05), while 1000 mg/kg dose is not statistically significant (p < 0.05) in comparison with control rats.

Similarly, the doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg cause a statistically significant increase in catalase (CAT) concentration in the kidneys, respectively (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) but the doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg are not statistically significant (p < 0.05) compared to control rats.

Histological studies serve as a reference for detecting pathological changes related to toxicity due to chemical substances (components of the plant) observed in tissues and organs such as the kidneys, which are considered more affected and sensitive to this substance.

Histological analysis of the kidneys revealed no pathologies in the cellular architecture of this organ, there were apparent evidence of normal renal tissue as intact glomeruli and Bowman’s capsule, also normal renal tubules and blood vessels in different treated groups. The histopathological results are also corroborated and confirmed by the results of the hematological examination and the biochemical estimation of biomarkers of renal damage, which were normal in all groups receiving different doses of 200, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of EERO. They are also corroborated by the results of the estimation of biomarkers of oxidative stress, which showed that the extract decreases nitric oxide levels and increases catalase levels in the kidneys; hence, it exerts antioxidant effects and improves the kidney oxidative state. In our experiments, a high dose of Rosmarinus officinalis at 1000 mg/kg has no toxic effects on renal functions and suggests its pharmacological use in kidney diseases.

The primary limitation of this study is the analysis of a limited number of parameters; additional oxidative stress markers, such as glutathione peroxidase and xanthine oxidase, should be included to comprehensively assess kidney function.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Rosmarinus officinalis has nephroprotective effects on renal functions. The study proved the nephroprotective effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in female rats, most probably related to its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

The results of the current study suggest using Rosmarinus officinalis as a supplement food for patients with kidney disorders and also as a pharmacological product for the treatment of kidney diseases. Deep research trials are needed to confirm its therapeutic effects.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our gratitude to the staff of the Biology and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, for their support.

NOVELTY STATEMENTS

Our study uniquely demonstrates that Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract administration exerts a nephroprotective activity related to its antioxidant properties. Our findings enhance the understanding of the mechanism undergone in the nephroprotective effect of this medicinal plant and justifying the use of Rosmarinus officinalis as a supplement food for patients with kidney disorders.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS

Said Babou conducted the experiments and analyzed the data. Miloud Chakit and Abdelhalem Mesfioui participated in the statistical analysis and in the review of the manuscript. Youssef Sqalli-Houssaini supervised the work, revised and approved the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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