Research Article

Performance of Imported Droughmaster Cattle in Indonesia: Impacts of Transportation and Fattening Practices on Production Metrics

Agus Supriono1, Amam Amam2,3*

1Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Jember, Indonesia; 2Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Jember, Indonesia; 3Research Group of Agribusiness and Agroindustry of Animal Husbandry (A2P), Universitas Jember, Indonesia.

Received | September 12, 2024; Accepted | January 08, 2025; Published | June 26, 2025

*Correspondence | Amam Amam, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Jember, Indonesia; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Supriono A, Amam A (2025). Performance of imported droughmaster cattle in Indonesia: Impacts of transportation and fattening practices on production metrics. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 13(7): 1632-1639.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2025/13.7.1632.1639

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright: 2025 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

In Indonesia, cattle importation is regulated based on the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture Number 108/Permentan/PD.410/9/2014 concerning the Importation of Livestock, Breeding, and Ready-to-Slaughter Cattle into the Territory of Indonesia. Importation of livestock cattle is an effort by the government to increase the domestic population (Amam et al., 2024; Rokhani et al., 2023), which has a direct impact on the stability of national meat prices (Kuntadi and Amam, 2024; Rusdiana et al., 2023). Livestock cattle refers to non-seed breeds that have superior characteristics to be raised for a certain period for meat production. The length of time for fattening is at least 60 days after the completion of quarantine measures in accordance with government regulations. Because, according to Wongnak et al. (2024), transboundary movement of animals may result in the transnational disease spread.

The import of feeder cattle indicates the failure of Indonesia beef self-sufficiency program (Amam et al., 2023a; 2024). This implies that there is still a gap between national meat needs and availability (Amam et al., 2023b), which has an impact on the high selling price of beef and low purchasing power of the people (Yulianto et al., 2020). On the one hand, beef cattle farming is dominated by micro-scale, namely ownership of 1-5 heads which is generally referred to as community farming (Amam et al., 2021a). The characteristics include limited capital, minimal accessibility of resources, and low human resources for farmers (Amam et al., 2021b), but sustainable (Rusdiana et al., 2024).

Livestock rearing is still traditional and is not yet oriented towards business, but rather only as family savings (Amam and Soetriono, 2022; Soetriono et al., 2019). In general, livestock businesses in Indonesia are run from one generation to another, parents to children, which facilitates sustainability (Harsita and Amam, 2019; 2021). Community farming dominates the population of beef cattle even though the contribution only reaches 50%, hence, dependence on imports is above 40%. (Amam and Haryono, 2021a). Through the imports, this condition has also had an impact on efforts to substantially increase food production in developing countries such as Indonesia (Swastika et al., 2024).

The type of cattle imported from Australia is generally Brahman Cross (Amam and Haryono, 2021b), but in the last decade, the Droughmaster type has become popular. Droughmaster is the result of a cross between female Brahman (Bos indicus) and male Shorthorn cattle (Bos taurus) (Leon-Llanos et al., 2022; Russell et al., 2012). The cattle have qualitative characteristics in the form of large bodies with dense muscles, produce good quality meat, reddish, light brown to dark brown fur, and the udders of female cattle have white spots. This type of cattle has a low temperament, resistant to bloating and lice, as well as hot weather (Leon-Llanos et al., 2022; Machado et al., 2024). In addition, Brahman cattle have quite good production performance, one of which is adaptation to weather and climate change (Fernandes et al., 2021).

This research examined the potential and performance of Droughmaster cattle production in Indonesia imported from Australia, because the main problem is limiting dependence on imports of Brahman Cross cattle as an alternative if the supply of Brahman Cross is limited by suppliers. In addition, considering Droughmaster cattle as an import alternative because this type of cattle has Brahman (female) blood which is suitable for Indonesian climate conditions. The novelty is to observe the weight of heifers and steers at the supplier (in Australia), in Indonesia, as well as the weight loss during the journey, the final weight after the fattening process and Average Daily Gain (ADG). The correlation between ADG of Droughmaster heifers and steers with the weight while still at the supplier (Australia) was also evaluated. Ultimately, this study can be useful as a database for public policy for the Indonesian government and stakeholders to draft regulations for cattle imports, considering that a public policy database requires academic papers as its foundation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This quantitative descriptive research examined various parameters including the weight of Droughmaster heifers and steers at the supplier (while still in Australia), the arrival weight in Indonesia, the weight loss during the journey, the final weight after the fattening process, and ADG in kilograms (kg). The correlation between ADG of Droughmaster heifers and steers with the weight while still at the supplier (Australia) was also analyzed. The type of heifers is a female cow that has never given birth in her life, while the type of steers is a male cow whose testicles have been castrated.

The reduction in the body weight was calculated based on the difference in the values while at the supplier (from Australia) and upon arrival (in Indonesia) after the transportation process by ship. Mathematically, the calculation was carried out as follows:

Lbw = BWex − BWim

(Kuntadi and Amam, 2024).

Where Lbw represents the difference in body weight of cattle (kg); Bwex is the body weight of beef cattle from the supplier (from Australia) (kg); and Bwim is the body weight of beef cattle upon arrival (when arriving in Indonesia) (kg). Observations were made on 476 Droughmaster heifers (50.37%) and 469 steers (49.62%). Factors influencing body weight loss outside the observation variables are considered the same because they have been taken into account for observation purposes, such as livestock stress conditions, feeding practices, transportation conditions and handling during travel. This observation was also carried out based on the similarity of the weather when sending beef cattle to Indonesia, namely sunny weather with a temperature of 27-33oC with a wind speed of 4-15 knots and air humidity of 68-83 percent, with a sea wave height of 0.5-1. 25 meters.

In addition to evaluating body weight loss, performance testing was also carried out by evaluating daily body weight gain (PBBH) calculated systematically as follows:

Where PBBH represents the daily weight gain of Droughmaster cattle (kg/head/day); BB1 is the initial body weight before the fattening period (kg); BB2 is the final body weight after the fattening period (kg); and WP is the fattening period (days). Feed Intake (FI) was used to determine the amount of fresh feed given based on the body weight of Droughmaster cattle and dry matter of feed (Hong et al., 2011; Machado et al., 2024; Yulianto et al., 2020). For example, the arrival weight of virgin Droughmaster cattle was 350 kg, and the estimated consumption was 2.70-3.00% of the livestock weight (kg) in dry matter, then the feed given was 10.5 kg. However, because the type of feed used was grain containing 90% dry matter, the amount given was calculated based on 10.5/90%, resulting in 11.66 kg of fresh feed (Amam et al., 2023a; 2023b). The composition of cattle feed is formulated in Table 1.

 

Table 1: Cattle feed formulation.

No	Feedstuffs	Required (kg/day)	Percentage (%)
1	copra meal extract (pellets)	2.200,00	10,97
2	Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)	400,00	2,00
3	palm kernel meal	2.000,00	9,98
4	Wafer	1.900,00	9,48
5	Corn Cob Meal (CCM)	900,00	4,49
6	brewer waste (beer)	2.200,00	10,97
7	cassava waste	600,00	2,99
8	ampas tahi (tofu dregs)	1.140,00	5,69
9	molasses	1.800,00	8,98
10	rice bran	200,00	1,00
11	wheat bran	2.600,00	12,97
12	wheat pollards	3.000,00	14,96
13	Kapok	800,00	3,99
14	premix lagantor ZD 2	200,00	1,00
15	Urea	100,00	0,50
16	yea sac	10,00	0,05
Grand Total		20,050	100,00

 

Source: Processed primary data (2024).

 

Droughmaster cattle feed conversion ratio (FCR) was mathematically calculated as follows:

Where FCR is the conversion value of feed consumed by Droughmaster cattle into meat (kg/day); BK is the amount of dry matter consumed (kg/day); and PBBH is the increase in body weight (kg/day).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Droughmaster Cattle Weight Loss

The weight loss of Droughmaster beef cattle is shown in Table 2.

 

Table 2: Weight loss of Droughmaster cattle imported from Australia.

Descriptive Statistics
Types of cattle	N	Weight of cattle	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation
Heifers	476	Supplier weight	352,20	387,63	368,18	10,35
		Arrival weight	350,00	374,00	356,28	7,40
		Loss weight	2,20	24,25	11,90	6,45
Steers	469	Supplier weight	363,95	386,07	373,44	7,91
		Arrival weight	350,00	368,00	355,42	5,73
		Loss weight	12,31	28,66	18,01	5,10

 

Source: Processed primary data (2024).

 

The data in Table 2 shows that the average weight loss of Droughmaster heifers was 11.90±6.45 kg, while the steers were 18.01±5.10 kg. This condition shows that steers have greater weight loss than heifers. Droughmaster steers are more easily stressed during the transportation process from Australia to Indonesia by ship (Foddai et al., 2020; Hong et al., 2011; Mars et al., 2017), which leads to decreased appetite and weight loss, to the worst possibility of livestock death (Kamprasert et al., 2019; Leon-Llanos et al., 2022). A comparison of imported beef cattle weight loss is shown in Table 3. One of the efforts to reduce the weight loss of cattle during the journey is to reduce stress levels in cattle, shorten the distance between Australia and Indonesia, provide sufficient feed, drink, minerals, and vitamins for cattle, and manage cattle handling during the journey.

Table 3 shows that each type of Droughmaster cattle imported by ship transportation has a different population. The population of heifer cattle is 476 while steers cattle were estimated at 469. There is also a significant difference in the weight loss between the two types of cattle indicated by a significance value of 0.029, which is less than 0.05. The average weight loss of beef cattle during the shipping process to Indonesia was 11.90 kg, and 18.01kg per head for heifers and steers respectively. In a similar study, Indonesian cattle imports from Australia for Brahman Cross cattle of the heifers type experienced a decrease in body

 

Table 3: Comparison of weight loss of Droughmaster cattle imported from Australia.

Independent Samples Test
		Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances		t-test for Equality of Means
		F	Sig.	T	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Std. Error Difference	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
									Lower	Upper
Droughmaster cattle are Heifers and Steers	Equal variances assumed	235	831	-2,427	6,45	029	-9,4515	4,426	-20,2116	-,7352
	Equal variances not assumed			-2,512	5,10	037	-9,4515	4,328	-19,8862	-,8341

 

Source: SPSS output (2024).

 

weight of 12.71±6.19 kg per head, while the steers type experienced a decrease in body weight of 12.15±3.86 (Kuntadi and Amam, 2024). Weight loss of cattle because it is closely related to animal welfare, when the cow experiences stress during the journey, prolonged stress has an impact on weight loss. This certainly also affects the financial and/or economic sector, regarding losses caused by the decrease in cow weight.

Average Daily Gain (ADG) of Droughmaster

Daily Weight Gain of Droughmaster beef cattle is shown in Table 4.

 

Table 4: Weight loss of Droughmaster cattle imported from Australia.

Types of cattle	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation
Heifers	476	0,11	1,67	1,08	0,38
Steers	469	1,03	1,57	1,28	0,18

 

Source: Processed primary data (2024).

 

Table 4 shows that the daily weight gain of Droughmaster heifers was 1.08±0.38 kg, while steers was 1.28±0.18 kg. The condition indicates that steers have higher daily weight gain than heifers presumably due to castration (Bianco et al., 2021; Hersom et al., 2011). This aims to reduce the aggressive nature, facilitate management in the group pen system, and improve the quality of the carcass of beef cattle (Lalman et al., 2019; Rodriguez et al., 2014; Tofastrud et al., 2020). A comparison of the weight gain of imported beef cattle is shown in Table 5.

Table 5 shows that each type of Droughmaster cattle imported by ship has a different population. The population of the heifer type is 476 and steers were estimated at 469. There is a significant difference in the daily weight gain between the two types of cattle indicated by significance values for heifer and steers respectively, which are less than 0.05. The average daily weight gain of Droughmaster cattle raised in Indonesia was 1.08 ± 0.38 kg and 1.28 ± 0.18 kg for heifers and steers respectively. The performance of the weight gain is shown in Figure 1 and the length of maintenance is presented in Table 6.

As shown in Table 6, the average maintenance period for heifers was 106.71±10.11 days and for steers was 104.14±10.07 days. This is in accordance with the regulation of cattle imports in Indonesia contained in the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture Number 108/Permentan/PD.410/9/2014 concerning the Importation of Feeder, Breeding, and Ready-to-Slaughter Cattle into the Territory. According to the regulation, feeder cattle should be fattened for at least 60 days after quarantine measures are completed (Amam et al., 2019; Amam and Rusdiana, 2021).

 

Table 5: Comparison of ADG of Droughmaster cattle imported from Australia.

Independent Samples Test
		Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances		t-test for Equality of Means
		F	Sig.	t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Std. Error Difference	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
									Lower	Upper
Droughmaster cattle are Heifers and Steers	Equal variances assumed	,289	,796	-2,411	6,29	,022	-9,3106	4,321	-20,2108	-,7227
	Equal variances not assumed			-2,473	5,04	,031	-9,3204	4,226	-19,8612	-,8284

 

Source: SPSS output (2024).

 

The length of the fattening process for Droughtmaster cattle is not determined based on gender criteria, but rather based on weight and demand from the slaughtering industry (Amam et al., 2019a; 2019b; 2019c).

 

Table 6: Length of fattening of Droughmaster cattle in Indonesia.

Types of cattle	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation
Heifers	476	90	121	106,71	10,11
Steers	469	94	123	104,14	10,07

 

Source: Processed primary data (2024).

 

Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

One way to assess livestock growth performance is to measure FI and FCR. In this research, FI and FCR of Droughtmaster cattle in Indonesia are shown in Table 7.

 

Table 7: Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of Droughtmaster Cattle in Indonesia.

Types of cattle	Heifers	Steers
Feed Intake (FI) (kg)	10,68±1,84	10,66±1,62
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)	9,89±1,66	8,33±1,01

 

Source: Processed primary data (2024).

 

FI and FCR of Droughtmaster heifers and steers shown in Table 7 met the standard feed requirements for fattening, producing weight gain as shown in Figure 1. A low FCR indicates high effectiveness of feed absorption on the conversion of cattle body weight gain, but conversely, a high FCR value indicates low effectiveness of feed absorption data on the conversion of cattle body weight gain.

 

Correlation Between ADG and Weight Loss of Droughtmaster Cattle With Body Weight at the Supplier (Australia)

To test the relationship between ADG and weight loss of Droughtmaster cattle after arriving in Indonesia with the body weight of cattle while still at the supplier (Australia), a correlation test was conducted as shown in Table 8 and 9.

 

Table 8: Results of correlation tests on Droughtmaster heifers.

Droughtmaster Cattle Performance		Bwex	Lbw	ADG
Bwex	Pearson Correlation	1	0,628**	-0,352
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0,002	0,065
	N	476	476	476
Lbw	Pearson Correlation	0,628**	1	-0,368
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,002		0,055
	N	476	476	476
ADG	Pearson Correlation	-0,352	-0,368	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,065	0,055
	N	476	476	476

 

Description: **: Correlation is significant at the 0,01 level (2-tailed); Bwex: Droughtmaster cattle body weight at the supplier (Australia); ADG: Daily weight gain; Lbw: Weight loss of Droughtmaster cattle during transportation (Australia-Indonesia); r table: 0,090 (5%).

 

Table 9: Results of correlation tests on Droughtmaster steers.

Performa Sapi Droughmaster		Bwex	Lbw	ADG
Bwex	Pearson Correlation	1	0,816**	-0,289
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0,000	0,150
	N	469	469	469
Lbw	Pearson Correlation	0,816**	1	-0,321
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000		0,075
	N	469	469	469
ADG	Pearson Correlation	-0,289	-0,321	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,150	0,075
	N	469	469	469

 

Description: **: Correlation is significant at the 0,01 level (2-tailed); Bwex: Droughtmaster cattle body weight at the supplier (Australia); ADG: Daily weight gain; Lbw: Weight loss of Droughtmaster cattle during transportation (Australia-Indonesia); r table: 0,091 (5%).

 

As shown in Table 8, Droughtmaster heifers experienced a reduction in body weight during the transportation process as indicated by a significance value of 0.002 (<0.05). This implies that there was a significant correlation with Pearson’s Correlation value (r count) of 0.628. The correlation results are positive suggesting that the higher the Droughtmaster body weight while still at the supplier, the greater the reduction in body weight during the transportation process. The r count value of 0.628 implies that there is a very strong correlation between the heifer body weight while still at the supplier with the reduction in body weight during the transportation process.

The correlation test between Droughtmaster heifers body weight while still at the supplier with ADG had a significance value of 0.065> 0.05, indicating an insignificant correlation characterized by r count of -0.352. Furthermore, the correlation result was negative indicating that the greater the Droughtmaster heifers body weight when still at the supplier, the smaller the ADG.

The weight loss of Droughtmaster heifers during the transportation process and ADG had a correlation value of 0.055> 0.05. This implies that there was an insignificant correlation with the r count value of -0.368. The correlation result was negative suggesting that the greater the weight loss of Droughtmaster cattle, the smaller the ADG.

As shown in Table 9, the Droughtmaster steers cattle experienced a reduction in body weight during the transportation process as indicated by a significant value of 0.000 (<0.05). This implies that there was a significant correlation as indicated by Pearson’s Correlation value (r count) of 0.816. The correlation result is positive suggesting that the higher the Droughtmaster steer cattle body weight while still at the supplier, the greater the reduction in body weight during the transportation process.

The correlation value between the Droughtmaster steers body weight when still at the supplier and ADG was 0.150 (> 0.05). There was an insignificant correlation with r count value of -0.289. The correlation result is negative indicating that the greater the Droughtmaster steers body weight when still at the supplier, the smaller the ADG. The correlation value between the weight loss during transportation and ADG was 0.075 (> 0.05), indicating that there was an insignificant correlation based on the r count value of -0.321. The correlation result is negative suggesting that the greater the weight loss of Droughtmaster steers, the smaller the ADG.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In conclusion, during the import journey from Australia to Indonesia, Droughtmaster heifers experienced a weight loss of 11.90±6.45 kg, while steers had a weight loss of 18.01±5.10 kg. The ADG of Droughtmaster heifers in Indonesia was 1.08±0.38 kg/head/day with a fattening period of 106.71±10.11 days, an FI of 10.68±1.84 kg, and an FCR of 9.89±1.66. On the other hand, the ADG of steers was 1.28±0.18 kg/head/day with a fattening period of 104.14±10.07 days, an FI of 10.66±1.62 kg, and an FCR of 8.33±1.01. The reduction in body weight and ADG in Indonesia was correlated with the weight of the cattle when still at the supplier (Australia). The implications of this study include importers must consider the weight of the cattle and their type before sending them to Indonesia so that cattle production is maximized to support the beef self-sufficiency program. In addition, the handling of cattle during the transportation process needs to be considered by the transportation management, such as feed management and animal health.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This paper is the outcome of long and continuous research that involves many parties. They deserve an appreciation from the authors. The authors would like to thank: a) LP2M (Institute of Research and Community Service) of Universitas Jember; b) KeRis (Research Group) Agribusiness and Agroindustry of Animal Husbandry (A2P) KeRis; c) Students of Animal Husbandry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Jember who were involved in the 2018-2024 Research Project; and d) Indonesian importir company of beef cattle.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

The novelty is to observe the weight of heifers and steers at the supplier (in Australia), in Indonesia, as well as the weight loss during the journey, the final weight after the fattening process and Average Daily Gain (ADG). The correlation between ADG of Droughtmaster heifers and steers with the weight while still at the supplier (Australia) was also evaluated. The findings provide valuable evaluation material for importers, exporters, and Government of the Republic of Indonesia.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS

Agus Supriono: Head of project, conceptualization, investigation, writing-review and editing.

Amam Amam: Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, validation, writing original draft, writing-review and editing.

All authors have read, reviewed, and approved the final manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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