Exploring Activity Patterns of the Asian Badger Using Camera Traps in a South Korean Temperate Forest

Hyeongyu Ko, Tae-Kyung Eom, Dong-Ho Lee, Joo-Hee Kim and Shin-Jae Rhim*

School of Bioresource and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-Daero, Ansung 17546, South Korea

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the activity patterns of the Asian badger (Meles leucurus.). Camera trapping method was employed to document the variations in Asian badger captures from April 2022 to September 2023 in a temperate forest within Mt. Songnisan National Park, Boeun, Chungbuk province, South Korea. The monthly observed frequencies of the Asian badger recorded using camera traps were analyzed. Additionally, the daily activity patterns of the Asian badger were examined for each season using kernel density estimations. From late of November to early March, the species was not observed in the study area, suggesting a potential period of winter hibernation. Moreover, higher observed frequencies were recorded in September and June. The seasonal activities of the mammal consistently displayed nocturnal behavior, with high activity levels observed during nighttime. This study also found significant overlap coefficients for the daily activity patterns between seasons. Further studies on critical aspects such as habitat use and diet are necessary to promote the conservation of the species and its habitat.

Article Information

Received 07 May 2024

Revised 03 June 2024

Accepted 09 June 2024

Available online 12 September 2024

(early access)

Published 29 August 2025

Authors’ Contribution

HK and SJR designed the study and wrote the manuscript. TKE, DHL, and JHK conducted the field work. HK, TKE, and SJR analyzed the data.

Key words

Conservation, Kernel density, Nocturnal, Observed frequency, Season, Songnisan National Park

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20240507102651

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2025/0005-2481 $ 9.00/00

Copyright 2025 by the authors. Licensee Zoological Society of Pakistan.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

The activity patterns of wildlife are the result of a complex trade-off involving environmental variables, predator-prey interactions, competition, social behavior, and energy requirements (Marcelli et al., 2003; Tanaka, 2005). Wildlife species demonstrate significant flexibility and diversity in their annual activity patterns (Bennie et al., 2014; Oleynikov et al., 2023). Typically, changes in the duration of day and night influence these activity patterns (Halle and Stenseth, 2000). However, there have been few studies on the activity patterns of most wildlife species.

Badgers (genus Meles) are medium-sized mammals belonging to the family Mustelidae within the order Carnivora (Wilson and Reeder, 2005). These mammals are distributed across Europe, Asia, and America (Baryshnikov et al., 2002) and exhibit a wide geographical distribution, adapting to various habitats (Kowalczyk et al., 2003; Law et al., 2018).

Eurasian badger (Meles meles) is recognized as nocturnal or crepuscular animal in Europe. Their activity patterns are influenced by factors such as day length, light intensity, food availability, shelter, weather conditions, and social dynamics (Creswell and Harris, 1988; Neal and Cheeseman, 1996). Japanese badger (Meles meles anakuma) is primarily nocturnal, although breeding females may be active during the day to forage. Factors such as food availability, temperature, day length, and reproductive needs play a role in shaping the activity patterns of Japanese badger (Tanaka, 2005). Asian badger (Meles leucurus) is native to Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Korean peninsula, and Russia (Bae et al., 2024). However, there is a lack of scientific data concerning Asian badgers in South Korea.

To address this gap in the literature, this study aimed to examine the activity patterns of Asian badgers in the temperate forests of Mt. Songnisan National Park, one of the better-protected forest areas in Souh Korea. As visually detecting these mammals in their habitats is challenging (Prigioni and Deflorian, 2005; Bae et al., 2024), this study employed camera trapping techniques to observe the activity patterns of Asian badgers. The objectives of this study were to characterize the circadian activity patterns and analyze the daily activity of these mammals.

Materials and methods

This study was conducted in a temperate forest (36°33′9.3′′–36°33′50.4′′ N, 127°49′16.0′′–127°50′58.1′′ E) located on Mt. Songnisan National Park, Boeun, Chungbuk province, South Korea. Mt. Songnisan National Park spans an area of 274 km2 and comprises coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests, with Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) and oak (Quercus species) being the dominant species. The altitudinal gradient ranges from 128 to 1,039 m above the sea level (Korea National Park Research Institute, 2019). The annual average precipitation and mean temperature during the study period are recorded as 1,456.9 mm and 12.1 °C, respectively (Korea Meteorological Administration, 2023).

The camera trapping method was employed to observe variations in Asian badger capture. A camera-trap survey was conducted from April 2022 to September 2023. For the survey, a study plot measuring 2,250 m × 2,250 m (arranged in a 6 × 6 grid with 450-m intervals) was set up within a mixed forest. A total of 25 cameras (Spec Ops Elite HP4, Browning Co., USA) were affixed to trees at heights ranging from 50 to 80 cm above the ground (Ko, 2024). Each camera was programmed to record a 5-second video upon activation. For video analysis, consecutive events occurring within 30 min of the previous events were excluded to ensure the use of independent records (Eom et al., 2023a). The study period was divided into spring (March-May), summer (June-August), and autumn (September-November).

The monthly observed total frequency of Asian badgers captured using camera traps was analyzed throughout study period. Additionally, the daily activity patterns of Asian badgers were examined for each season, with kernel density estimated along with 95% confidence intervals. Overlaps in daily activities were estimated between the seasons, employing the overlap coefficient ⊿4 for comparing daily activity patterns between seasons. The coefficient is defined as the overlapping area under the curves of the kernel density estimates from two seasons, with values ranging from 0 to 1 (Eom et al., 2023b).

Results and discussion

We used independent camera trap records, excluding instances of prolonged records of the same individuals. A total of 460 records of Asian badgers were analyzed over a sampling effort spanning 13,500 camera days. Notably, from late of November to early March, the study species was not observed in the study area (Fig. 1), suggesting a potential period of winter hibernation. Moreover, observed frequencies were higher in September and June. The winter dormancy of mammals represents an adaptative response to seasonal variations in environmental conditions (Kowalczyk et al., 2003). Asian badgers may have developed effective adaptations to cope with pronounced seasonal fluctuations in temperature and food availability on the Korean peninsula.

 

 

Many species synchronize their activity patterns with the day-night cycle, and most mustelids typically commence their activities around sunset (Lodé, 1995). In the present study, the seasonal activities of the Asian badgers consistently appeared nocturnal (Fig. 2). Similar to the behavior observed in European badger Meles meles (Do Linh San et al., 2010), high levels of nighttime activity were observed for Asian badgers in this study. The nocturnal behavior of the Asian badger may be attributed to its circadian rhythm, suggesting that it is consistent characteristics of the species (Tanaka, 2005).

In this study, higher overlap coefficients for daily activity patterns between seasons were observed. The overlap coefficient between spring and summer exhibited the highest value (overlap coefficient ⊿ 4 = 0.91, CI 95% = 0.82-0.97), while the value was lower between spring and autumn (⊿ 4 = 0.77, CI 95% = 0.65-0.83) (Table I).

 

Table I. Overlap coefficient for daily activity patterns of the Asian badger (Meles leucurus) using camera traps between seasons from April 2022 to September 2023 in a South Korean temperate forest.

Season	Overlap coefficient (⊿ 4)	Overlap value
Spring-summer	0.91 (CI 95%: 0.82-0.97)	High
Spring-autumn	0.77 (CI 95%: 0.65-0.83)	High
Summer-autumn	0.81 (CI 95%: 0.76-0.92)	High

 

Despite the similar seasonal activity patterns observed, some variations were noted in each season. Asian badger was frequently active during spring and summer, likely due to females needing additional foraging time and caring for their cubs (Tanaka et al., 2002). Conversely, in autumn, there was a notable increase in nocturnal activity patterns as the mammals no longer needed to care for their offspring/s (Tanaka, 2005). Furthermore, the daily activity pattern was prolonged in autumn, presumably to build up reserves for wintering (Kowalczyk et al., 2003).

Although this study monitored certain fluctuations in the seasonal activity patterns of Asian badgers, there remains a lack of detailed studies on the ecological characteristics of this species. Further research, such as investigations into habitat use and diet, is essential for the conserving the species and its habitat.

DECLARATIONS

Funding

This study received no funding from external sources.

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.

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