Research Article

Lunar Cycle and Lobster Seeds: Distribution and Abundance Patterns in Spelman Strait Waters, Indonesia

Pamaruddin1*, La Sara2, Yusnaini2 and Andi Irwan Nur2

1Postgraduate in Agricultural Sciences, Campus Abdullah Silondae, Jl. Mayjend S. Parman, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi 93212 Indonesia; 2Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Jl. H.E.A Mokodompit, campus Hijau Bumi Tridharma, Anduonohu, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi 93232, Indonesia.

Received | June 04, 2025; Accepted | June 30, 2025; Published | October 18, 2025

*Correspondence | Pamaruddin, Postgraduate in Agricultural Sciences, Campus Abdullah Silondae, Jl. Mayjend S. Parman, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi 93212 Indonesia; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Pamaruddin, L. Sara, Yusnaini and A.I. Nur. 2025. Lunar cycle and lobster seeds: distribution and abundance patterns in spelman strait waters, Indonesia. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 41(4): 1564-1573.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2025/41.4.1564.1573

Keywords | Lunar cycle, Lobster seeds, Distribution, Spelman strait

Copyright: 2025 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

The spiny lobster (Panulirus spp.) is a species widely distributed throughout Indonesian waters, ranging from shallow areas to depths of around 100 meters, with temperatures between 20-30°C (Milton et al., 2014; Priyambodo et al., 2015). These lobsters inhabit rocky environments such as coral reefs and rocky sands, often preferring sheltered areas and calm waters while primarily nocturnal (Priyambodo et al., 2017, 2020). Indonesia is home to seven significant species of lobsters: the sand lobster (P. homarus), painted spiny lobster (P. longipes), pronghorn spiny lobster (P. penicillatus), mud spiny lobster (P. polyphagus), ornate spiny lobster (P. ornatus), bamboo spiny lobster (P. versicolor), and the batik spiny lobster (P. femoristriga).

Lobsters hold significant economic value in domestic and international markets, making the sustainability of lobster resources a primary concern (Jones et al., 2019). One factor influencing lobster seeds’ abundance and distribution is the lunar phase. Tidal phenomena driven by the lunar cycle affect marine conditions, such as currents, temperature, and food availability, which directly impact the distribution of lobster seeds (Amin et al., 2022; Indarjo et al., 2023). The Spelman Strait in Buton Tengah Regency, Indonesia, is a strategic area for lobster fisheries, particularly for seed harvesting. However, scientific information regarding this region’s distribution patterns and abundance of lobster seeds remains limited.

Research on the relationship between lunar phases and the distribution of lobster seeds in the Spelman Strait is essential for a deeper understanding of marine ecological dynamics in the area and for supporting more sustainable fisheries management. The lunar phase is known to influence oceanographic characteristics such as tides, ocean currents, and water clarity (Yndestad et al., 2008; Battaglia et al., 2022; Poitevin et al., 2022), which are closely related to the movement and activity of marine organisms, including lobsters. Several previous studies indicate that specific lunar phases can enhance reproductive and migratory activities in various aquatic species (Takemura et al., 2010; Ikegami et al., 2014). However, specific studies on the distribution patterns and abundance of lobster seeds in the Spelman Strait are still sparse.

The abundance of lobster seeds plays a crucial role in supporting the sustainability of lobster fisheries. Information on peak periods of abundance and seed distribution affected by the lunar phase can guide anglers on the optimal timing for harvesting, thereby supporting more sustainable management efforts. Without a proper understanding of this cycle, uncontrolled harvesting could threaten lobster populations in the future. In addition to oceanographic factors, climate change and anthropogenic activities, such as overfishing, pose potential threats to lobster populations. Thus, comprehensive studies that can identify natural factors, such as the lunar phase, influencing the availability of lobster seeds are necessary.

This research examines how lunar phases influence the distribution patterns and abundance of lobster seeds in the waters of the Spelman Strait. By analyzing lunar phase data and conducting field observations. This study aims to identify distribution patterns related to the lunar cycle and environmental factors affecting the abundance of lobster seeds. The findings are expected to provide input for more sustainable lobster fishery management policies in the Spelman Strait and improve local fishers’ welfare in Buton Tengah Regency Indonesia.

Materials and Methods

Description of the study sites

The Spelman Strait is a semi-enclosed strait connected to the Tiworo Strait in the north, Kabaena Island to the west, and the Flores Sea to the south. The seabed in this area consists of white sand formations that create diverse benthic habitats, supporting various species, including Panulirus ornatus and Panulirus versicolor. Additionally, seasonal conditions such as the dry season, rainy season, and lunar phases also influence the distribution of lobster seeds (Figure 1).

 

The study was conducted during the months of Muharram (August 10-September 7), Safar (September 8 - October 7), Rabi’ al-Awwal (October 8 - November 5), and Rabi’ al-Thani (November 6 - December 5) in the years 2021 and 2022. The fishing gear consisted of a Bagan (a traditional lift net) measuring 12 x 13 meters, equipped with a mesh trap deployed on the seabed at 18:00 Central Indonesia Time (WITA) and retrieved at 23:00 WITA. Once the mesh trap was raised, lobster seeds were transferred into styrofoam boxes measuring 75x41x31 cm, filled with water, and fitted with an Aquila-brand aerator with two outlets, 3/6 tubing, and two aeration stones with a diameter of 3 mm. After the initial haul, the mesh trap was redeployed and lifted again at 05:00 WITA. The entire process was powered by a Motoyama SPG 3800 E1 generator (2,500 watts), while lighting was provided by 20 Phillips LED bulbs (40 watts each). A speedboat transported lobster seeds from the fishing site to the subsequent research holding facilities. The process of capturing lobster seeds is illustrated in Figure 2.

 

Statistical analysis

The distribution and abundance of lobster seeds were analyzed using the Odum Formula (1971):

Where; KR= relative abundance of species, ni = number of individuals of the i-th species, N= total number of individuals of the species.

Processing of analysis of lobster seed abundance relationships using the Sugiyono Formula (2007).

Where; R= correlation coefficient, N= total number of samples, Y= measured variable.

The results obtained are adjusted to the interpretation guidelines for the correlation coefficient according to Sugiyono (2007), presented in Table 1.

 

Table 1: Correlation coefficient interval.

Correlation coefficient interval	Relationship level
0,00-0,199	Very Low
0,20-0,399	Low
0,40-0,599	Currently
0,60-0,799	Strong
0,80-1,00	Very strong

 

Results

Distribution and abundance of lobster seeds

Distribution and abundance of lobster seeds caught in the Spelman Strait waters, Buton Tengah Regency Indonesia, namely pearl lobster (P. ornatus) and bamboo lobster (P. versicolor). Abundance of lobster seeds based on moon phase in Spelman strait waters in 2021 and 2022 is presented in Figures 3 and 4.

 

Findings on the abundance of lobster seeds in 2021 (Figure 3) revealed that during the month of Muharram, P. ornatus was found in quantities of 32 individuals during the bright moon phase and 5 individuals during the dark moon phase. In the month of Safar, the count reached 79 P. ornatus and 24 P. versicolor during the bright moon phase, while the dark moon phase recorded 27 P. ornatus and 7 P. versicolor. In Rabi’ al-Awwal, the bright moon phase recorded 65 P. ornatus and 38 P. versicolor, while the dark moon phase registered 20 P. ornatus and 15 P. versicolor. Finally, during Rabi’ al-Thani, the bright moon phase documented 60 P. ornatus and 30 P. versicolor, whereas the dark moon phase recorded 19 P. ornatus and 17 P. versicolor.

 

The findings on the abundance of lobster seeds in 2022 (Figure 4) indicate that during the month of Muharram, the bright moon phase recorded 20 individuals of P. ornatus and 17 of P. versicolor, while the dark moon phase recorded 6 P. ornatus and 4 P. versicolor. In Safar, the bright moon phase documented 44 P. ornatus and 40 P. versicolor, while the dark moon phase registered 7 P. ornatus and 5 P. versicolor. For Rabi’ al-Awwal, the bright moon phase recorded 40 P. ornatus and 32 P. versicolor, whereas the dark moon phase noted 10 P. ornatus and 9 P. versicolor. Finally, in Rabi’ al-Thani, the bright moon phase documented 38 P. ornatus and 34 P. versicolor, while the dark moon phase recorded 6 P. ornatus and 8 P. versicolor.

Relative abundance of lobster seeds

The relative abundance of lobster seeds in 2021 (Table 2) revealed that during Muharram, P. ornatus dominated with a share of 100% in both the bright and dark moon phases. In Safar, during the bright moon phase, P. ornatus accounted for 77% and P. versicolor for 23%, while in the dark moon phase, P. ornatus reached 79% and P. versicolor 21%. In Rabi’ al-Awwal, the bright moon phase showed P. ornatus at 63% and P. versicolor at 37%, whereas the dark moon phase recorded P. ornatus at 57% and P. versicolor at 43%. Lastly, in Rabi’ al-Thani, the bright moon phase registered P. ornatus at 67% and P. versicolor at 33%, while the dark moon phase showed P. ornatus at 53% and P. versicolor at 47%.

The relative abundance of lobster seeds in 2022 indicates that during the month of Muharram, the bright moon phase comprised P. ornatus and P. versicolor at 17% each, while the dark moon phase was dominated by P. ornatus at 60% and P. versicolor at 40%. In the month of Safar, the bright moon phase consisted of P. ornatus at 52% and P. versicolor at 48%, while the dark moon phase showed P. ornatus at 43% and P. versicolor at 57%. During Rabi’ al-Awwal, the bright moon phase consisted of P. ornatus at 38% and P. versicolor at 34%, whereas the dark moon phase showed P. ornatus at 43% and P. versicolor at 57%. In Rabi’ al-Thani (Table 3), the bright moon phase had P. ornatus at 53% and P. versicolor at 47%, while the dark moon phase had P. ornatus at 43% and P. versicolor at 57%.

Correlation coefficient of lobster seed abundance

The correlation coefficients for the abundance of lobster seeds in 2021 indicated that during the month of Muharram, there was a solid relationship between the abundance of P. ornatus and the bright and dark moon phases. In Safar, the abundance of P. ornatus strongly correlated with the bright moon phase,

 

Table 2: Relative abundance of lobster seeds by lunar phase, 2021.

Moon phases	Species	Muharram		Safar		Rabi' al-Awwal		Rabi' al-Thani
		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Bright moon	P. ornatus	32	100	79	77	65	63	65	63
	P. versicolor	0	0	24	23	38	37	38	37
Dark moon	P. ornatus	5	100	27	79	20	57	20	57
	P. versicolor	0	0	7	21	15	43	15	43

 

Table 3: Relative abundance of lobster seeds by lunar phase, 2022.

Moon phases	Spesies	Muharam		Safar		Rabi' al-Awwal		Rabi' al-Thani
		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Bright moon	P. ornatus	17	50	44	52	38	53	38	53
	P. versicolor	17	50	40	48	34	47	34	47
Dark moon	P. ornatus	6	60	7	58	6	43	6	43
	P. versicolor	4	40	5	42	8	57	8	57

 

whereas P. versicolor showed a low correlation. P. ornatus exhibited a strong relationship during the dark moon phase, while P. versicolor had a low correlation. In Rabi’ al-Awwal, the abundance of P. ornatus was strongly correlated with the bright moon phase, while P. versicolor demonstrated a moderate correlation. The relationship between the dark moon phase and P. ornatus was moderate, whereas P. versicolor showed a strong correlation (Figure 5).

 

The correlation coefficients for the abundance of lobster seeds in 2022 (Figure 6) revealed a moderate relationship between the presence of P. ornatus and P. versicolor with the bright moon phase during Muharram. P. ornatus showed a very strong correlation in the dark moon phase, while P. versicolor exhibited a moderate correlation. In Safar, the relationship between the abundance of P. ornatus and P. versicolor with the bright moon phase was moderate. For the dark moon phase, P. ornatus displayed a strong correlation, whereas P. versicolor had a low correlation. During Rabi’ al-Awwal, the correlation between the abundance of both P. ornatus and P. versicolor with both the bright and dark moon phases was moderate.

Discussion

The abundance of lobster seeds in 2021 indicates that the bright moon phase is crucial in enhancing the number of lobster seeds. The bright moon phase influences the behaviour of lobster migration and reproduction, affecting seed abundance (Lopeztegui et al., 2011). Reproductive and migration activities in lobsters show a positive relationship with the bright moon phase, which supports increased lobster seed abundance (Phillips and Sastry, 1980). According to Kanciruk (1980), light affects predator-prey interactions in marine ecosystems.

 

In the month of Muharram, the abundance of P. ornatus reached 32 individuals during the bright moon phase, while only 5 were observed during the dark moon phase. P. ornatus increased to 79 individuals in Safar during the bright moon phase, and P. versicolor reached 24. However, P. ornatus decreased to 27 individuals during the dark moon phase, and P. versicolor decreased to 7. In Rabiul Awal, 65 P. ornatus and 38 P. versicolor were recorded during the bright moon phase, while the numbers dropped to 20 and 15, respectively, during the dark moon phase. The decrease in lobster seed abundance during the dark moon phase indicates the influence of environmental factors on lobster resource management.

The abundance of lobster seeds based on the moon phase in 2022 shows that the month of Safar was the most productive period, with the highest abundance recorded during the bright moon phase, 44 P. ornatus and 40 P. versicolor. However, the abundance sharply decreased during the dark moon phase to 7 P. ornatus and 5 P. versicolor. This finding aligns with Hanson et al. (2008), who stated that the bright moon phase enhances reproductive activity and lobster seed abundance. In Rabiul Awal, the abundance during the bright moon phase was 40 P. ornatus and 32 P. versicolor, decreasing to 10 and 9, respectively, during the dark moon phase. This decrease could be linked to the influence of moonlight on lobster larvae behaviour, which is more active during the bright moon (Aguzzi et al., 2022).

Table 2 shows that in 2021, the relative abundance of lobster seeds in Rabiul Awal decreased for P. ornatus (63%) and increased for P. versicolor (37%). The moon phase affects marine species reproductive and migration behaviour, including lobsters (Omori, 1995). Environmental factors like water temperature and salinity also contribute to the success of lobster reproduction (Takemura et al., 2004). Furthermore, seasonal changes and environmental conditions can affect lobster reproductive patterns (Yamamoto et al., 2008). In Rabiul Akhir, a similar abundance pattern was observed, where P. ornatus remained dominant, though its proportion decreased during the dark moon phase (53%). These fluctuations could be linked to external factors like climate change and human activities. Robertson et al. (1990) reported that overfishing could affect lobster populations and seed abundance.

Finally, in Muharram, lobster seed abundance was dominated by P. ornatus, accounting for 100% during both moon phases. Brown and Taylor (1971) found that certain moon phases could contribute to the increased abundance of specific species. In Safar, P. versicolor was more abundant during both moon phases, though in smaller numbers compared to P. ornatus. Lončarić et al. (2005) stated that species diversity can increase ecosystem stability. In Rabiul Awal, the relative abundance of P. ornatus decreased by 63% during the bright moon phase. Battaglia et al. (2022) noted that higher water temperatures could affect lobster metabolism and migration behaviour, influencing seed abundance.

Rabiul Akhir showed a similar trend with decreased P. ornatus abundance during the dark moon phase. These fluctuations indicate challenges in managing lobster resources. Paujiah et al. (2019) emphasized the importance of sustainable management in balancing economic needs with marine resource conservation.

Based on research presented in Table 3, the relative abundance of lobster seeds during each moon phase in 2022 was measured across four consecutive months: Muharram, Safar, Rabiul Awal, and Rabiul Akhir, with observations in both the bright and dark moon phases. The sampling location was based on research by Syukur et al. (2021), which indicated a high lobster population. The results showed that in Muharram, the abundance of P. ornatus seeds during the bright moon phase was 32 individuals, while only 5 were found during the dark moon phase. The bright moon phase correlates positively with lobster seed abundance. Quinn and Kojis (1997) suggested that the bright moon phase enhances reproductive and migration activity in lobsters.

In Rabiul Awal, P. ornatus seed abundance was 65 individuals during the bright moon phase and 20 during the dark moon phase, while P. versicolor was recorded at 38 and 15 individuals, respectively. The decrease in lobster seed numbers during the dark moon phase reflects the environmental factors affecting lobster resource management. Shima and Swearer (2019) stated that light influences predator-prey behaviour in marine ecosystems. Skewes et al. (1994) added that the moon phase also affects lobster reproductive behaviour and activity, contributing to fluctuations in seed abundance.

The abundance of P. ornatus during the dark moon phase can be linked to reproductive behaviour that is more active during specific periods. Bermudes and Ritar (2008) stated that many lobster species tend to be more active in searching for mates during the dark moon, which increases the chances of successful reproduction. The findings presented in Figure 5 show that the correlation coefficient for lobster seed abundance in 2021 indicates a solid relationship between P. ornatus seed presence and the bright moon phase during Muharram. The bright moon phase affects the reproductive activities of various lobster species, and some species tend to be more active at night when the moon is not visible. Jones (2018) reported that an ideal water temperature and moon phase can improve lobster seed survival.

In Safar, the correlation between P. ornatus seed abundance and the bright moon phase was strong, with a significant correlation coefficient. Increased lobster catch during Safar could affect seed abundance. P. versicolor showed a weak relationship with the bright moon phase, as reported by Bakhtiar et al. (2014), that P. versicolor is more influenced by other factors such as habitat quality and food availability.

The relationship between the dark moon phase and P. ornatus seed abundance is strong, while the ties for P. versicolor are weak. Pratiwi (2018) stated that lobster species adapt well to changes in nighttime light. In Rabiul Awal, a strong relationship was observed between P. ornatus seed abundance and the bright moon phase. The correlation coefficients indicate that lighting during the bright moon phase contributes significantly to the presence of lobster seeds. The bright moon phase can enhance lobster reproductive activity, increasing seed abundance. On the other hand, during the dark moon phase, the relationship with P. ornatus seed abundance is moderate. At the same time, P. versicolor, it is strong, indicating that some lobster species adapt well to darkness to avoid predators.

The findings in Figure 6 suggest that the correlation coefficient for lobster seed abundance in 2022 indicates that Muharram has a moderate relationship between the presence of P. ornatus seeds and the bright moon phase. The moon phase affects lobster species’ migration and reproduction behaviour, where moonlight changes are essential in marine ecosystems. During the dark moon phase, the relationship between P. ornatus seed abundance and the dark moon phase is solid, with this species being found more often, likely due to predator strategies and protection from predators. Fachry et al. (2018) revealed that lobster species tend to choose to be active during hunting and reproduction at night. In Safar, the correlation between P. ornatus seed abundance and the bright moon phase is moderate, indicating that although there is an influence from the moon phase, its impact is not as strong as in Muharram.

Yndestad et al. (2008) suggested that variation in lobster seed abundance can be influenced by other factors such as water temperature and salinity. The relationship between P. ornatus seed abundance and the dark moon phase shows high strength, indicating that P. ornatus is more active and abundant during this phase. Priyambodo et al. (2015) found that lobster species use darkness to enhance hunting and reproductive activities. In Rabiul Awal, the relationship between P. ornatus seed abundance and the bright moon phase remains moderate. Stable lunar phases often influence lobster reproduction periods during the bright moon phase. Priyambodo et al. (2020) found that lobster species can survive in various environmental conditions. Increased activity during the dark moon phase indicates that its impact is not as strong as during Muharram and Safar. Battaglia et al. (2022) also noted that many lobster species, including P. versicolor, are more active at night.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The findings show that moonlight plays a role in the abundance of lobster catch. A significant difference in catch results was observed between the moon phases and lobster seed abundance in 2021 and 2022. The complete moon phase tends to result in higher lobster seed abundance than the new moon phase, affecting the relative abundance of lobster seeds. The variation in abundance indicates that lunar factors may interact with other environmental factors in determining the survival of lobster seeds. A strong relationship was observed, suggesting a more complex variation. The correlation coefficient analysis of lobster seed abundance in 2021 and 2022 indicates that the moon phase significantly influences the presence of P. ornatus and P. versicolor.

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Head of the Agricultural Science Study Program for the support and guidance provided throughout this research process. The insightful guidance and valuable knowledge shared have greatly contributed to the success of my research. I also extend my thanks to the Director of the Graduate School at Halu Oleo University for the oppor-tunities and facilities provided during my studies, as well as the academic and administrative support that greatly assisted me in successfully completing my studies. Additionally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Rec-tor of Halu Oleo University for their leadership and support in creating a conducive academic environment, ena-bling us to develop our potential and achieve our academic goals. I truly appreciate all the help and trust given, which has enabled me to successfully complete this work.

Novelty Statement

This study provides new insights into the abundance patterns of lobster seeds influenced by the moon phase, with the finding that P. ornatus exhibited a stronger relationship with the moon phase than P. versicolor.

Author’s Contribution

All authors equally contributed to the manuscript and are jointly responsible for the whole research process.

Generative AI and AI-assisted technology statement

We affirm that this research process has been conducted without the use of Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies. All research methods, data analysis, and conclusions have been derived through traditional academic processes and manual efforts.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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