Research Article

Comparison of Liquid Effluent and Spray Dried Lactic Acid Bacteria from Corn Waste Silage on Broiler Performance and Carcass Traits

Arsyadi Ali1*, Anwar Efendi Harahap1, Jepri Juliantoni1, Arif Dwi Santoso2

1Department of Animal Science, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia; 2Research Center for Sustainable Industrial and Manufacturing Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia.

Received | August 20, 2025; Accepted | October 27, 2025; Published | November 19, 2025

*Correspondence | Arsyadi Ali, Department of Animal Science, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Ali A, Harahap AE, Juliantoni J, Santoso AD (2025). Comparison of liquid effluent and spray dried lactic acid bacteria from corn waste silage on broiler performance and carcass traits. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 13(11):2467-2473.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2025/13.11.2467.2473

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2025 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Globally, poultry, especially broiler chickens, plays a vital role in meeting the increasing demand for affordable animal protein driven by human population growth (Bai et al., 2018). According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) projections, poultry meat consumption is growing faster than other meat sources due to its affordability, short production cycle, and cultural acceptance (Castro et al., 2023). In Indonesia, broiler production is a strategic sector for ensuring national food security, with per capita consumption increasing steadily over the past decade (Sumiati et al., 2025). However, the industry faces two major challenges: sustaining high production efficiency to meet market needs, and reducing its environmental footprint. One promising approach is the integration of sustainable feed and supplement strategies that both enhance productivity and valorize agricultural waste (Costantini et al., 2021). By converting crop residues such as corn husks, rice straw, and cassava peels into value-added products like lactic acid bacteria (LAB) probiotics, it is possible to improve broiler growth performance while reducing waste disposal issues. The silage process with the addition of corn as an energy source can improve the quality of LAB fermentation and lactic acid production (Liu et al., 2025), thus contributing to circular economy principles and environmental conservation (Halder et al., 2024).

Poultry production also faces the concern of antibiotic use in feed. Commercial feeds are often supplemented with antibiotics, originally intended to support the immune system but increasingly used as growth promoters in broilers. Continuous use of antibiotics can lead to residue accumulation in meat and eggs, as well as the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing serious public health concerns (Ashraf et al., 2018). This situation calls for safe, sustainable, and cost-effective alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters.

Probiotics derived from fermented feed products have emerged as promising candidates. Silage, a widely used feed preservation method, not only provides nutritious feed but also generates derivative products such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and organic acids in its liquid by-product, known as silage effluent. LAB play an important role in maintaining intestinal microbial balance, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, and improving nutrient utilization (Shokryazdan et al., 2015; Jadhav et al., 2015). Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of LAB sourced from agricultural residues such as mulberry, alfalfa, and wheat silage as probiotics in poultry, showing improvements in feed conversion, growth rate, and gut health (Zhao et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2021).

Corn waste silage, in particular, is rich in water-soluble carbohydrates, which serve as substrates for LAB fermentation, producing high populations of beneficial microbes and organic acids. Processing silage effluent into stable powder form via spray drying, with protective agents, can enhance shelf life and probiotic viability under commercial application conditions. While studies have explored LAB from various forages, limited research has investigated the use of spray-dried LAB from corn waste silage as a drinking water supplement for broilers, particularly in relation to growth performance and carcass characteristics. The addition of fermented lactobacillus for 5 weeks can increase weight gain, reduce feed conversion and improve the quality of broiler carcasses (Palupi et al., 2023).

Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate pH, WSC and LAB populations of effluent from different agricultural waste silages, and to determine the effects of corn waste silage effluent and its spray-dried powder on production performance, carcass quality, and internal organ traits in broilers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to directly compare the efficacy of liquid effluent and spray-dried LAB from corn waste silage as drinking water supplements in broilers. The metabolic by-products of lactic acid bacteria fermentation have the potential to be probiotic characteristics that increase broiler production, especially by increasing body weight gain and reducing FCR (Sun et al., 2022; Nam et al., 2002). The research uniquely integrates poultry nutrition improvement with agricultural waste valorization, offering a dual benefit for food production and environmental sustainability.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Silage preparation

Silage was prepared using three types of agricultural waste, namely corn crop residues, rice crop residues, and cassava crop residues. Each type of silage was formulated in a total mixed ration (TMR) model as presented in Table 1, and packed into silos for anaerobic fermentation for 21 days. The raw materials for corn waste silage consisted of corn bran, corn straw, corn cob, corn husk, Indigofera, and molasses; rice waste silage consisted of rice bran, rice straw, Indigofera, and molasses; while cassava waste silage contained onggok, cassava leaves, cassava peel, Indigofera, and molasses. The chemical composition of each silage type, including crude protein and total digestible nutrient content, is also shown in Table 1.

 

Table 1: Raw material and chemical components of TMR (Total Mixed Ration) silage for various agricultural wastes.

Raw Material Components (%)	CWS	RWS	CVWS
Corn bran	24.0	-	-
Corn straw	35.0	-	-
Corn cob	8.0	-	-
Corn husk	8.0	-	-
Rice bran	-	39.0	-
Rice straw	-	34.0	-
Onggok	-	-	16.0
Cassava leaves	-	-	36.0
Cassava peel	-	-	30.0
Indigofera	20.0	22.0	13.0
Molases	5.0	5.0	5.0
Chemical components (%)
Crude protein	10.14	10.87	12.97
Total digestible nutrient	63.04	52.99	65.70

 

CWS, corn waste silage; RWS, rice waste silage; and CVWS, cassava waste silage.

 

Effluent collection and analysis

After 21 days of fermentation, the silos were opened and effluent was collected by blending 50 g of silage with 100 mL of distilled water, followed by filtration to separate the liquid portion. The resulting silage effluent was stored in tightly sealed bottles at −20°C until further analysis. The pH of the effluent was measured according to the method of Bernandes et al. (2019), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content was determined using the phenol method (Singleton and Rossi, 1965).

Spray drying process

Effluent from the best-performing silage, determined based on pH, WSC, and LAB population, was obtained from corn waste silage. This effluent was processed into probiotic powder using a laboratory-scale spray dryer operated at an inlet temperature of 102–139°C, with 5% maltodextrin added as a protective agent to maintain bacterial viability during drying and storage. The spray drying procedure is illustrated in Figure 1.

 

Broiler experimental design

This experiment followed research ethics guidelines pertaining to livestock, in accordance with the Animal Science and Health regulations outlined in Government Law No. 41/2014 issued by the Republic of Indonesia. The feeding trial involved 90 day-old broiler chicks (DOC) that were randomly assigned to three treatments with six replications per treatment and five birds per replicate. The treatments consisted of T0 (drinking water without effluent or spray-dried powder), T1 (drinking water containing corn waste silage effluent at 0.5 mL/L), and T2 (drinking water containing spray-dried corn waste silage powder at 0.5 g/L). All birds were reared under standard commercial conditions in floor pens and provided with a commercial diet ad libitum throughout the experimental period.

Performance measurements

Production performance was evaluated based on feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), water intake, and final body weight. At the end of the trial, carcass weight and internal organ measurements were recorded, including abdominal fat, proventriculus, small intestine (weight and length), and liver. All measurements were expressed on a per-bird basis and averaged by replicate for statistical analysis.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 (IBM Corp., USA). When significant differences among treatments were detected, Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was applied for mean separation. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05, and all results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Physicochemical properties and LAB population of silage effluent

The physicochemical properties and LAB populations of effluents from corn, rice, and cassava waste silages are presented in Table 2. Corn waste silage effluent exhibited the lowest pH (3.91) compared with rice (4.27) and cassava waste silages (4.72) (P<0.05). This lower pH indicates a more active lactic fermentation process, which is desirable for inhibiting undesirable microorganisms and enhancing silage stability. Corn waste silage also had the highest water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (14.03%) compared to cassava (7.23%) and rice waste silages (4.45%), providing more readily fermentable substrates for LAB growth. The LAB population was significantly higher in corn waste effluent (7.28 log cfu/mL) than in cassava (4.62 log cfu/mL) or rice waste silages (3.04 log cfu/mL).

 

Table 2: pH, WSC, and LAB population of silage effluent.

Parameters	Treatment	Mean±SD
pH	ERWS	4.27 ± 0.05b
	ECWS	3.91 ± 0.03a
	ECVWS	4.72 ± 0.24c
WSC (%)	ERWS	4.45 ± 0.56a
	ECWS	14.03 ± 1.62c
	ECVWS	7.23 ± 1.17b
LAB population (cfu/ml)	ERWS	3.04 ± 5.54a
	ECWS	7.28 ± 5.73c
	ECVWS	4.62 ± 4.64b

 

ERWS, effluent rice waste silage; ECWS, effluent corn waste silage; ECVWS, effluent cassava waste silage; WSC, water soluble carbohydrate; LAB, lactic acid bacteria. Different superscripts in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

 

High WSC content plays a critical role in silage fermentation, as it supports rapid LAB proliferation and acid production. Zhang et al. (2020) demonstrated that higher WSC concentrations in forage silages result in greater lactic acid accumulation, lowering pH more effectively and stabilizing microbial composition. In addition to lactic acid, corn waste silage effluent likely contains acetic and propionic acids, which contribute to pathogen inhibition and probiotic viability during storage. This finding is in line with Shokryazdan et al. (2015), who reported that LAB from mulberry silage retained high survival rates and antimicrobial activity when derived from carbohydrate-rich substrates.

From a probiotic perspective, the combination of low pH and high LAB counts in corn waste silage effluent is advantageous because it suggests both high initial viability and a favorable biochemical environment for maintaining bacterial functionality before administration to broilers. This aligns with local studies on fermented corn stover in Indonesia, which similarly reported strong LAB populations and enhanced digestibility potential when used as a livestock probiotic source. Supplementation with a 1% probiotic (a combination of L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae) in a fermented rice straw-based ration improves nutrient digestibility and enhances rumen fermentation (Marlida et al., 2023). Azizah et al. (2025) It states that corn straw waste silage has isolates with the identification of LAB species Lactiplantibacillus.

Broiler performance

The effects of supplementation with corn waste silage effluent (T1) and spray-dried powder (T2) on broiler performance are summarized in Table 3. Both treatments significantly improved feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), water intake, and final body weight compared to the control group (P<0.05). Table 3 shows T2 (spray-dried) was numerically better in all metrics than T1 (liquid), even if not statistically significant, recording feed consumption of 1.609.54-1.699.37 g/head, weight gain of 1.530.28-1.590.00 g/head, and final body weight of 1.649.50-1.719.08 g/head. While feed conversion ratio (FCR) values were slightly higher in T1 and T2 compared with control, the overall growth efficiency remained favorable (Table 3).

The enhanced performance may be explained by several mechanisms. LAB are known to modulate the gut microbiota by increasing populations of beneficial bacteria and suppressing pathogens via organic acid production (Iraporda et al., 2015). This acidification of the intestinal environment can improve enzymatic activity, particularly proteases and amylases, thereby enhancing nutrient absorption. Furthermore, the presence of maltodextrin in the spray-dried formulation (T2) likely protected LAB cells from thermal stress during drying, maintaining their viability and functional activity in the digestive tract (Wang et al., 2020).

Increased water intake observed in supplemented groups may be linked to improved feed palatability and metabolic activity, as reported in similar studies on probiotic supplementation in poultry (Jadhav et al., 2015). The slightly higher FCR in treated groups could be related to increased maintenance energy requirements due to higher metabolic activity, yet the net gain in body weight still justifies the supplementation. Compared to effluent in liquid form, the spray-dried powder offers the advantage of consistent dosing, longer shelf life, and easier application in farm management.

Carcass traits and internal organs

Table 4 shows that supplementation with either effluent or spray-dried powder did not significantly affect carcass weight, abdominal fat, proventriculus weight, small intestine weight and length, or liver weight (P > 0.05). Carcass weights ranged from 1001.42 to 1071.17 g/head across treatments, indicating that the increased live weights in supplemented groups did not translate into proportional increases in carcass yield.

The absence of carcass differences suggests that performance improvements were driven primarily by metabolic efficiency and nutrient utilization rather than muscle hypertrophy. Similar findings were reported by Mohammed (2018), where organic acid supplementation improved growth performance but did not alter carcass characteristics. Stable organ weights also indicate that LAB supplementation did not induce hypertrophy or inflammatory responses, supporting its safety for long-term application.

 

Table 3: Performance of broilers supplemented with effluent and spray-dried powder from corn waste silage.

Parameter	Treatment ( Mean ± S.D)
	T0	T1	T2
Feed intake (g/head)	1,262.59 ± 92.58a	1,609.59 ± 141.39b	1,699.37 ± 181.16b
Body weight gain (g/head)	1,489.50 ± 86.43a	1,530.28 ± 125.74b	1,590.00 ± 123.94b
Feed conversion	2.55 ± 0.19a	3.21 ± 0.53b	3.15 ± 0.47b
Water intake (ml.head)	2,497.68 ± 258.63a	2,581.54 ± 241.79 b	2,858.89 ± 551.87 b
Final body weight (g/head)	1,550.67 ± 122.20 a	1,649.50 ± 108.88 b	1,719.08 ± 159.08 b

 

T0 (drinking water without effluent and spray drier flour); T1 (corn waste silage effluent 0.5mL/L of drinking water) and T2 (corn waste silage spray drier flour 0.5 g/L of drinking water; Different superscripts in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

 

Table 4: Carcass weight and digestive organ traits of broilers supplemented with effluent and spray-dried powder from corn waste silage.

Parameter	Treatment (Mean ± S.D)
	T0	T1	T2
Carcass weight (g/head)	1,001.42 ± 113.70	1,004.50 ± 99.10	1,071.17 ± 89.72
Abdomimal fat weight (g/head)	12.83±3.31	15.00±3.13	13.33±3.80
Proventiculus weight (g/head)	0.49 ± 0.05	0.52 ± 0.06	0.50 ± 0.08
Small intestine weight (g/head)	2.26 ± 0.18	2.17 ± 0.20	2.31 ± 0.17
Length of small intestine (cm/head)	5.97 ± 0.40	5.83 ± 0.50	5.60 ± 0.46
Liver weight (g/head)	1.99 ± 0.15	1.86 ± 0.16	1.86 ± 0.12

 

T0 (drinking water without effluent and spray drier flour); T1 (corn waste silage effluent 0.5ml/L of drinking water) and T2 (corn waste silage spray drier flour 0.5 g/L of drinking water; All treatments showed no significant differences (P>0.05).

 

From a commercial perspective, maintaining carcass uniformity while improving growth rate is beneficial, as it ensures market compliance without the need for adjustments in processing specifications. The stability in internal organ metrics further suggests that probiotic supplementation supports gut and metabolic health without imposing additional physiological stress. The results of this study are in line with those conveyed by Tang et al. (2021) that the addition of probiotics bacillus. subtilis supplementation had no effect on the carcass weight, dressing percentage, semi-eviscerated percentage, eviscerated percentage, and leg muscle.

Overall implications

This study demonstrates that corn waste silage effluent, particularly in spray-dried form, offers a dual advantage in poultry production: improved growth performance and sustainable waste utilization. The higher WSC and LAB content in corn waste silage effluent underpin its probiotic efficacy, enhancing feed intake and body weight gain through improved gut health and digestion. At the same time, carcass and organ traits remain unaffected, ensuring that productivity gains are not offset by undesirable changes in meat yield or animal physiology. Valorizing agricultural by-products such as corn residues aligns with circular economy principles, reduces environmental impact, and contributes to the development of antibiotic-free poultry production systems.

CONCLUSION

Corn waste silage effluent demonstrated superior fermentation quality, with the highest water-soluble carbohydrate content (14.03%), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population (7.28 log cfu/mL), and the lowest pH (3.91) compared to rice and cassava waste silages. Supplementation of this effluent (0.5 mL/L) and its spray-dried powder (0.5 g/L) via drinking water significantly enhanced broiler performance. The dry spray powder treatment gave the same response in all treatments with feed consumption of 1699.37 g/head, body weight gain of 1,590.00 g/head, final body weight of 1,719.08 g/head, and water intake of 2,858.89 mL/head (P<0.05), without affecting carcass yield (1001.42–1071.17 g/head for all treatments) or internal organ weights. These results indicate that corn waste silage-derived probiotics can improve growth efficiency without compromising carcass quality, offering a safe and sustainable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. This study is the first to directly compare the efficacy of liquid effluent and spray-dried LAB derived from corn waste silage as probiotic supplements in broilers. The research uniquely integrates poultry performance enhancement with agricultural waste valorization, aligning with circular economy principles, reducing environmental impact, and supporting the development of antibiotic-free poultry production systems.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We appreciated the research grant between BRIN - LPDP and LP2M UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau with contract numbers: 98/IV/KS/11/2022 and 1238.1/Un.04/L.I/PP.06/11/2022.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

This study is the first to directly compare the efficacy of liquid effluent and spray-dried lactic acid bacteria (LAB) derived from corn waste silage as probiotic supplements in broilers. The research uniquely integrates poultry performance improvement with agricultural waste valorization, offering a sustainable and antibiotic-free feeding strategy.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

AA: Performed the literature review, experimental and exploring work, drafted the manuscript.

ADS: Supervised all experiments and manuscript preparation and checked the analysis result.

AEH: Supervised all experiments and manuscript preparation.

JJ: Contributed in manuscript drafting, critical revisions, and graphically abstract.

Generally, all authors of the current manuscript are main contributors and have an equal primary role in conducting research according to their fields of expertise and publishing this article in highly reputable and globally indexed journals.

Generative AI and AI-assisted technology statement

The authors declare that no Genrative AI was used in the

creation of this manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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