JAHP_13_s1_903-912

INTRODUCTION

Advancing sustainable development programs has four strategic objectives for integrating natural resource management, namely strengthening sustainable development systems and the sustainable use of natural resources, contributing to the utilization of resources to promote sustainable enterprises, increasing knowledge and innovation, and involving the younger generation in cooperation with foreign nationals (Bjarstig and Sandstrom, 2017). The government and the private sector have contributed to promoting sustainable agricultural and livestock activities by strengthening capacity and forming partnerships with landowners to create productive and structured businesses (Sgroi and Modica, 2022).

Achieving common goals and providing sustainable benefits are the results of partnerships between the public and private sectors that establish close relationships by agreeing to share resources and risks (Guessan et al., 2022). Effective cooperation between individuals and organizations requires strengthening mutual trust so that the partnership can run stably and sustainably (Pilving et al., 2019). A good partnership model can be a solution to enhance sustainable development across sectors to generate ideas and knowledge (Masuda et al., 2022).

The partnership model at the beginning of the core and plasma cooperation has various requirements that must be prepared, such as the core party being obliged to provide livestock production facilities in the form of animal feed, medicines, and DOC (day old chicken). Meanwhile, the plasma party is obliged to provide land for pens, pen equipment, and labor (Nur et al., 2023). Broiler chicken partnership businesses have become popular among the community because the promised risks and profits are quite convincing for farmers. As a result, there are more farmers who are partners than those who independently run broiler chicken farms (Sari et al., 2021). To achieve a good partnership model, extension activities should be considered and business risks minimized to strengthen sustainable partnerships (Suryanti et al., 2019).

Involvement in implementing the broiler chicken partnership model has its own role to play in achieving business sustainability. The core company plays a role in providing the needs of farmers, while plasma farmers play a role in raising livestock until harvest (Sari et al., 2021). Broiler chicken partnership businesses should keep up with technological developments to ensure business sustainability (Pasini et al., 2024). One of the main requirements of the core company for the partnership to continue is the use of a closed house model, which has high productivity but incurs significant costs, unlike the open house model, which has lower productivity but lower costs (Setianto et al., 2022). This illustration depicts the core-plasma partnership model in the broiler agribusiness.

Developing and maintaining broiler chicken partnerships in Gowa Regency is expected to show better results than in the past, so that the sustainability of the business can be achieved in accordance with the expected objectives. The model for implementing broiler chicken partnerships in Gowa Regency is not much different from the model in Java. In general, farmers are guided by supervision and agree to the requirements provided by the company so that they can achieve their goals and mutual benefits. One farmer believes that companies with good partnership models do not impose burdensome requirements and are able to provide quality seeds and feed, so that the sustainable implementation of the partnership can proceed as expected by both parties. The partnership flow of broiler chickens in farming businesses can be seen in Figure 1.

The broiler chicken partnership model in Gowa Regency has a cooperation agreement that contains several conditions that must be met (Figure 1). In general, this agreement is in writing and is used as evidence if something happens in the future. This agreement serves as a guideline that determines the quality of the relationship between the core and plasma partners. If all the terms of the contract agreement are fulfilled, the sustainability of the partnership in Gowa Regency can be achieved. Therefore, it can be said that one of the considerations for the sustainability of the broiler chicken partnership is the fulfillment of the terms of the contract agreement. Therefore, to fill this gap, this study will reveal that unlimited contract flexibility, technical assistance intensity, and the adoption of cultivation technology are the main determinants of the sustainability of broiler partnerships, factors that have not received much attention in previous studies. This study also highlights issues that are often overlooked, namely waste management and social dynamics between regions, which significantly affect the loyalty and performance of plasma farmers in Indonesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research area and data collection

This research was conducted from February to April 2025 in three subdistricts in Gowa Regency, namely Bontonompo, Bajeng Barat, and Barombong. The research locations were selected based on the consideration that these three subdistricts have the largest population of farmers and implement a partnership model.

The research locations were selected using purposive sampling based on the relevance of the issues being studied. Various considerations were taken into account to determine the ideal research location for this study, in order to present the phenomena that were the focus of the case study. The subjects in this study were plasma (farmers) who had been partners for at least 3 years. This model was used to select informants who were considered to be directly related to and knowledgeable about the issues at hand, so that the number of informants could be adjusted as needed to achieve data saturation. This research method is systematically structured and explained through the research flow presented in Figure 2.

Analysis method

This study uses a qualitative approach, which is a research method that focuses on compiling data in depth to achieve relevant research results. The analysis used in the qualitative approach is domain analysis, which is a method for obtaining a broad and comprehensive understanding of the case model that occurs in social situations regarding partnerships between broiler chicken farmers in Gowa Regency. Using a qualitative approach, the research was conducted using a case study method to understand the phenomenon and explore the data in depth, as well as to intensively analyze the description of the business partnership model of broiler chicken farmers in managing a good business. This is in line with the research by Fauziah et al. (2021) qualitative research is a method used in research based on phenomena from various social cases, the qualitative approach produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from individuals and actors who are observed. Sugiyono (2011) adds that domain analysis is usually conducted to gain an understanding of the social situation being studied. The data collection techniques applied in this study include in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation relevant to the sustainable partnership model. Figure 3 explains the stages of data analysis from the research.

This study uses four stages in analyzing data. The first step is data collection, followed by the second step, which is data reduction by grouping, directing, discarding irrelevant data, and organizing data according to the researcher’s considerations. The third step is data presentation, where the results of interviews and observations are summarized and structured. The final stage is drawing conclusions, which is done by formulating the essence or meaning of the data that has been presented. This is supported by Deswandari et al. (2021), who state that analyzing data in qualitative research requires several stages, namely the process of data collection, data reduction, data organization, and data presentation. In addition to the four stages above, it is necessary to ensure the validity of the data to guarantee the credibility of the findings by strengthening the triangulation of sources, techniques, and research time, as well as confirming the accuracy of the interview results with the informants (Plasma). Furthermore, it is necessary to be thorough in presenting a detailed description of the research context.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Overview of the form and model of the partnership system

Business partnerships are essentially based on mutual agreements between the core and plasma parties to create continuity in production activities. The interviews revealed that plasma partners are required to understand the prices of day-old chicks, feed, and medicines. The price of day-old chicks ranges from IDR 8,000 to IDR 10,000 per chick, depending on the terms of the contract with the core company, while the price of feed (50 kg) ranges from IDR 475,000 to IDR 570,000. These conditions remain in effect throughout the production period. In addition, the core party is required to ensure that the cages meet standards such as being equipped with automatic feed and water dispensers, located far from residential areas, and having adequate transportation access for distribution. This type of partnership model supports the smooth operation of the business and is a requirement for plasma to continue the cooperation. According to Nurani et al. (2024), the core-plasma model has proven capable of maintaining long-term business relationships through complementary role sharing. This view is in line with the findings of Nainggolan et al. (2024), who emphasize that the sustainability of partnerships is largely supported by recurring contracts in each production cycle, thereby strengthening the bond between core companies and farmers. In this context, Daniswara (2025) emphasizes that written contracts serve as a legal basis and a tool for regulating the rights and obligations of the parties from the outset of the partnership. Furthermore, the main objective of the contract is to obtain mutual benefits through a profit-sharing mechanism, as shown by Suharni (2023) that active involvement of companies has a positive impact on farmers profits. The sharing of business risks between the core and plasma companies is an effective strategy to minimize farmers losses in the event of crop failure (Nurani et al., 2024).

The nucleus-plasma partnership in the poultry sector plays an important role in providing guidance to farmers while ensuring the marketing of production, where the nucleus company provides production facilities such as DOC, feed, and medicines, while plasma farmers focus on maintenance. In line with these findings, research by Saputra (2024) shows that the nucleus-plasma model helps farmers reduce business risks because the nucleus company also bears the costs of marketing and production inputs. This is consistent with the findings of Kirbrandoko and Hartoyo (2003), that plasma farmers are highly dependent on nucleus companies for feed and other production facilities. In line with this opinion, Bidari (2025) said that the core-plasma partnership model is not only related to production but also includes workforce development strategies and strengthening the local farmers’ economy. This finding is supported by a recent study by Nur et al. (2023), which proves that the nucleus-plasma pattern in Magelang contributes to increased productivity due to the certainty of inputs and markets. The findings of the previous study are in line with the findings of this study that the nucleus-plasma partnership in Gowa Regency provides guidance and accommodates the production of plasma, and the profits from sales are obtained in accordance with the agreement after deducting basic costs such as doc, feed, and medicine.

Form and model of broiler chicken partnership contracts in gowa regency

Based on in-depth interviews, the broiler chicken partnership patterns in several subdistricts in Gowa Regency show that most plasma farmers have been partnering since 2015 to the present, with obligations formulated in written agreements, including administrative and financial provisions such as initial guarantees agreed upon by the parties. In line with these findings, Gowa Regency is known as a broiler development area dominated by partnership patterns, so the existence of various core companies at the local level is a strong indication of the scale and variety of partners operating in Gowa Regency. This finding is supported by regulatory references that emphasize that livestock business partnerships must be based on written agreements that regulate rights, obligations, and guidance and supervision mechanisms so that practices in the field are in line with the national legal corridor (Permentan No. 13/PERMENTAN/PK.240/5/2017 of 2017). In addition, evidence from academic studies shows that in the nucleus-plasma model, the nucleus company generally bears the costs of sapronak (DOC, feed, medicine/vaccines), technical assistance, and product absorption, while the plasma provides housing and labor, a division of roles that is relevant to the practices of farmers. This is consistent with the literature that emphasizes partnership contracts along with the rights and obligations of each party and the evaluation of plasma performance (e.g., IP/profitability) as the basis for the sustainability of the core-plasma relationship (Amam and Harsita, 2024).

The partnership contract process between the core and plasma parties in Gowa Regency takes place without a time limit. This situation is one of the cases that occurs in the contract model implemented. As long as the plasma partners remain interested in continuing their cooperation with the company, the partnership business contract will continue. This contract model without restrictions occurs in two subdistricts in Gowa Regency, namely Bontonompo and West Bajeng. This condition does not rule out the possibility of jealousy in other areas, because the system implemented is very different in each area in Gowa Regency. One informant expressed the opinion that the company (core) implements this type of contract model based on various considerations, including the strong relationship of trust between the core and plasma, the core party feels that transportation access facilities at the location are very adequate, and even the plasma companies themselves stated that they were able to resolve both technical and non-technical problems. The plasma companies also stated that the seeds and feed provided by the core companies were of good quality.

The phenomenon described above reveals that trust, location access, problem solving, and quality seeds and feed can enhance sustainable cooperation between core and plasma companies. This is because obtaining quality seeds and feed can minimize the maintenance period and the intensity of optimal weight gain can reduce the costs incurred by plasma during harvest, with a maintenance period ranging from 24-27 days for a weight of 1.3-1.4 kg.

In theory, the partnership contract conditions that occur throughout Indonesia are to agree on the duration of the cooperation contract provided by the nucleus to be agreed upon by the plasma. This duration does not rule out the possibility of occurring for one period or even per year, while the phenomenon that occurs in Gowa Regency with conditions such as this can be assumed that the partnership cooperation contract model occurs without a time limit. In line with this condition, research in Kampar Regency found that plasma farmers have been partnering for more than two years, indicating loyalty and the sustainability of long-term partnership relationships (Irawati, 2020). In addition, in the core-plasma partnership pattern in Sutojayan District, Blitar, plasma farmers enjoy guaranteed marketing of their harvests and core partners receive a continuous supply of harvests, a mechanism that supports the continuity of cooperation (Risang and Grisvia, 2025). This is consistent with what was found in a study in Bangli, Bali, that good communication interactions, farmer motivation, and entrepreneurial spirit are important factors that strengthen the positive behavior of plasma farmers in maintaining partnerships and improving business performance (Wiwekananda and Antara, 2020). From an empowerment perspective, the core-plasma partnership model is also capable of increasing business efficiency, profitability, and the resilience of broiler chicken businesses, as shown in research in three districts in East Java (Kediri, Tulungagung, Blitar) (Romadhon, 2023). For example, in an IPB study on two plasma partnership models in Bogor, the importance of maintaining trust and good relations with the core company was cited as one of the strategies for maintaining long-term cooperation (Ichsan et al., 2010).

A different case occurred in Barombong Subdistrict, Gowa Regency, where the duration of the cooperation contract between the core and plasma often caused pros and cons, because some plasma wanted a long-term contract with no specified time limit. This could trigger conflict between the two parties, resulting in the plasma forming a group that opposed the contract limitation rules made by the core. From interviews with several informants who oppose contract restrictions, they argue that they want their contract model to be the same as the rules that apply in Bontonompo and West Bajeng subdistricts, because the flexibility of the cooperation contract can provide good motivation in broiler chicken farming. Meanwhile, the core company tends to continue to limit the term of the cooperation contract for various reasons.

One of the interviews with Technical Service (TS) revealed that plasma in Barombong Subdistrict is still lacking in breeding skills, so trust has not been achieved even though, according to TS, services have been maximized to the extent of providing important information and adequate facilities. an interesting fact is that plasma farmers often ignore the advice and directions of the core company. They accept the instructions and directions but do not implement them, so that the harvest obtained by plasma farmers sometimes does not reach the target. Looking at the case in Barombong District, it is clear that stricter guidance from the company is important. This guidance should not be limited to observing livestock conditions and discussing with plasma farmers, but the core party, in this case TS, should provide hands-on training at each plasma farmer’s barn or demonstrate effective practices in broiler chicken farming. In line with this, research by Febrianto et al. (2024) shows that plasma satisfaction is greatly influenced by contract flexibility and support from the core company. This is consistent with the finding that more adaptive contracts can increase farmers income and business sustainability (Setiadi et al., 2022), while rigid partnership patterns actually encourage plasma to move to other companies in order to obtain better profits (Febrianto et al., 2023). Furthermore, although contracts help share production risks between the core and plasma, inflexible contract patterns can increase plasma vulnerability to business risks (Mulatmi et al., 2021). In fact, comparative studies show that farmers with contract patterns have higher technical efficiency than non-contract farmers, but contracts need to be designed adaptively so as not to harm plasma (Junaidi, 2023).

Another reason cited by plasma parties in Barombong Subdistrict is that, according to them, the core party imposes restrictions on cooperation contracts with plasma because most plasma barns are located close to residential areas, which can cause environmental pollution, zoonosis risks, and potential social conflicts, even though if they look at other areas, the conditions are the same as theirs. This has led to a negative perception of the core party, with plasma assuming that their contract model is being treated differently from other regions even though the core company and farm conditions are the same. In line with these findings, Pasini et al. (2024) show that broiler farms do contribute to the economy, but they also have negative impacts in the form of pollution and public health problems. In addition, the study by Susanty et al. (2020) confirms that environmental aspects are sensitive indicators in assessing the sustainability of partnerships, and Susanty et al. (2021) also found that socio-ecological factors affect the smooth running of the contract system. Similarly, Wulandari et al. (2019) emphasized that social conflicts arising from the existence of coops can damage trust between partners, while Rondhi et al. (2023) asserted that the quality of environmental governance and surrounding social conditions also determine the success of partnerships.

Form and model of implementation of partnership contracts and core-plasma relationships

The implementation of broiler chicken partnership contracts in Gowa Regency involves actual stages of executing cooperation agreements between farmers (plasma) and companies (core). After the contract is signed, both parties enter the execution phase, which includes daily operational activities, technical production, supervision, and a system for calculating results and evaluation. This stage is crucial in determining the success or failure of the partnership itself. Contract implementation is not merely a matter of executing the terms of the agreement on paper, but also requires intensive coordination, information transparency, and commitment to the roles and responsibilities of each party. In line with the formation of the implementation, a mutually beneficial relationship is necessary. In this relationship, the company acts as the core party, while the smallholder farmers become the plasma party. Both parties are bound by a cooperation contract that regulates their rights, obligations, responsibilities, and profit-sharing system. In the broiler farming industry, particularly in Gowa Regency, the core-plasma partnership system is the dominant model of cooperation used to develop mutually beneficial businesses between companies and smallholder farmers. This model emerged as a solution to the imbalance in farmers’ access to production resources, technology, and markets.

The relationship between the nucleus and plasma in broiler chicken partnerships in Gowa Regency is mutualistic symbiosis, whereby the nucleus needs the plasma to expand production without having to build its own coops. The plasma needs the core to obtain quality inputs and more stable market access. This relationship model forms an integrated production chain, in which each party plays an important and interdependent role, so it can be said that broiler chicken farming partnerships are a form of core-plasma cooperation designed to maintain business sustainability in the long term. In line with the findings of Wiwekananda and Antara (2020), the success of this partnership is greatly influenced by the support of production facilities, working capital, and marketing guarantees from the core company, while Andri et al. (2022) emphasize that the open-house model between the core and plasma has proven to be financially viable and strengthens business sustainability. Trust between the two parties is also a key factor, as proven by Sepoetri et al. (2016) that plasma satisfaction and loyalty are influenced by service quality and company image. Similarly, Ridwan et al. (2025) show that partnership patterns can increase farmers’ income, while Sudarko and Herminingsih (2020) find that core-plasma partnerships strengthen agribusiness capacity through access to inputs, training, and more secure markets. Furthermore, the results of partnership performance tests in East Java also prove an increase in efficiency, profitability, and business resilience (Romadhon, 2023), thus, the claim that partnerships in Barombong District, which have been in place for quite some time from 2011 to the present, even though some of them have moved to other companies, are able to survive for a long time and improve the welfare of plasma farmers has a strong empirical basis.

Broiler chicken partnerships in Gowa Regency generally follow the nucleus-plasma model, where the nucleus company provides day-old chicks, feed, and medicine, while plasma farmers are responsible for maintenance until harvest, and the harvest is guaranteed to be repurchased by the company at a contract price so that the risk of market fluctuations can be reduced. In view of this, the nucleus-plasma relationship is inseparable from complex dynamics. On the one hand, this relationship creates production efficiency and risk distribution. On the other hand, the imbalance in bargaining power often leads to conflict. Several aspects found at the research location are the economic aspect in terms of capital availability. This concept is very helpful for plasma farmers who do not have sufficient capital to enter into partnerships, but the core party helps plasma farmers in terms of capital by cutting costs at harvest time. However, on the other hand, the core party has the potential to control and determine the purchase price, so plasma farmers feel disadvantaged if the price of chicken increases. Several plasma farmers said that this often happens, and if it continues, their basic needs will not be met, and they will not be able to earn additional income.

Knowledge of technology is one of the determining factors for the successful implementation of partnerships for plasma farmers. Access to communication provides understanding and knowledge to obtain important information, especially open two-way communication, particularly in daily reporting, technical decisions, and calculation of results. However, if there is a lack of information from one of the parties, this can become a source of conflict. Technology can facilitate maintenance activities and communication with regular field assistance, helping to maintain the quality of maintenance and providing an early detection channel in the event of technical problems or outbreaks. This is because potential problems arise if production failures caused by disease outbreaks result in losses for plasma farmers.

If implemented properly, the spread of disease outbreaks can be suppressed by processing livestock waste into fertilizer. In addition to reducing the spread of disease, plasma also earns additional income, and this has been proven by some plasma who have benefited from the sale of compost fertilizer. However, not all plasma process livestock waste into compost; some plasma only collect livestock waste and put it in containers. If this situation continues, it will have an impact on unhealthy environmental activities, so that the social conditions of support from neighbors and families can have a negative impact on health due to production activities and the existence of pens that are quite close to residential areas, thereby disturbing the surrounding community environment. The results of Ridwan et al. (2025) research reveal that this partnership pattern has proven to be profitable with an R/C ratio of 1.13, making it feasible to continue. However, to ensure long-term sustainability, environmental and technological aspects need to be considered because feed production and waste management are known to be major contributors to carbon footprints and pollution (Leinonen and Kyriazakis, 2016; Grzinic et al., 2022). This is consistent with studies by Vaarst et al. (2015) and Yayli and Kilic (2022), which confirm that although broilers are efficient in land and water use, the ecological impact of feed and waste remains significant. As an example of mitigation strategies, Cappelaere et al. (2021) found that a low-protein diet with added amino acids effectively reduced nitrogen emissions without compromising chicken performance, while Guo et al. (2023) emphasized the importance of resource efficiency and waste management to enhance environmentally friendly productivity in the broiler farming sector.

Recent empirical studies confirm that contract characteristics and the role of buyer support (e.g., provision of inputs, training, marketing guarantees) influence the adoption of sustainable production practices and farmer participation rates, making the flexibility of partnership forms and the openness of agreement content key to the sustainability of core-plasma relationships (Dubbert et al., 2021). Thus, field findings on increased employment opportunities and plasma farmers’ confidence to switch or continue with the same partner, as well as several aspects influenced by plasma farmers’ willingness to continue cooperation, align with international literature on contract farming, which emphasizes that clear contract design, technical support, and risk-sharing mechanisms are determining factors for core-plasma partnerships to genuinely support improved welfare and partnership sustainability at the village or sub-district level.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study confirms that the sustainability of broiler chicken partnerships in Gowa Regency is largely determined by the functioning of structured cooperation roles and mechanisms between core companies and plasma farmers. The success of these partnerships is reflected in the timely supply of inputs, adequate technical assistance, and open and mutually beneficial communication. A high level of trust is the foundation that ensures alignment of objectives, while a flexible contract model with no duration restrictions provides room for adaptation to business dynamics. The application of modern housing technology, such as the closed house system, also has a positive effect on increasing productivity and efficiency in livestock maintenance, thereby promoting long-term business sustainability.

However, there are still a number of challenges that need attention in decision-making and policy, including the imbalance of bargaining power between the core and plasma, high technical risks of maintenance, and weak waste management that affects environmental quality and social acceptance of the surrounding community. Social dynamics and regional infrastructure conditions also influence the success of partnership implementation at the farmer level. Therefore, comprehensive and inclusive policy interventions are needed, focusing on strengthening farmer capacity through continuous extension services, facilitating access to technology and financing for coops, and developing fairer and more transparent contract regulations. Local governments need to strengthen environmental governance through waste management supervision and the implementation of stricter biosecurity standards. In addition, strengthening farmer institutions is important in order to improve bargaining power and encourage effective two-way communication between the core and plasma. With adaptive policy support, the broiler chicken partnership system in Gowa Regency is expected to not only provide economic benefits, but also ensure social and environmental sustainability within the framework of modern and sustainable agribusiness development.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thank you to the Rector and Dean of the Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, for the academic support and research facilitation provided throughout this study. The authors also extend sincere appreciation to the supervising lecturers for their guidance and constructive input during the research process. Special gratitude is delivered to all participating broiler partnership farmers in Gowa Regency, whose cooperation and valuable insights greatly contributed to the completion of this research.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

This study presents a novelty by identifying three main determinants of broiler partnership sustainability that have received little attention in the literature, namely contract flexibility, intensity of technical assistance, and adoption of modern housing technology as a condition for sustainability. In addition, this study broadens the perspective of sustainability by emphasizing that environmental factors and regional social dynamics also play a strategic role in maintaining the loyalty and performance of plasma farmers, a dimension that is often overlooked in conventional partnership studies that are more oriented towards economic aspects of production. Using a qualitative case study approach, this research is able to present a contextual and in-depth understanding of the core-plasma relationship in developing areas such as Gowa Regency, thereby offering a more comprehensive, adaptive, and relevant model for analyzing sustainable partnerships in the context of the Indonesian poultry agribusiness.

AUTHOR’s CONTRIBUTION

M: Conceptualisation, methodology, drafting, investigation, data analysis, and writing. SNS and AA: Supervision, conceptualization, methodology validation, review, data curation, and draft editing. SB: Contributed data validation and manuscript review.

Ethical approval

Since this research does not involve animals or humans, ethical approval was not required.

Generative AI and AI-assisted technology statement

The authors declare that generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies were used in a limited manner solely to support language editing, grammar correction, and improvement of clarity and readability of the manuscript. The use of AI did not involve the generation of research ideas, study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of results, or formulation of conclusions. All scientific content, analyses, interpretations, and final responsibility for the manuscript remain entirely with the authors, who have reviewed and verified the accuracy, originality, and ethical integrity of the work.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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