Research Article

Effects of Pineapple Leaf Waste (Ananas comosus) on the Productivity, Digestibility and Health Status of Indonesian Local Sheep: In Vivo Study

Efi Rokana1, Muhamad D. Firmansyah1, Sivanka R. Budhi1, Farida Subasnia1, Nur I. Okta Fiani1, Nonok Supartini2, Santika Anggrahini3, Sadarman4, Amiril Mukmin1, Miarsono Sigit5, Zein A. Baihaqi1,3*

1Program of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl. Sersan Suharmaji 38 Kediri, 64128, Indonesia; 2Program of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Tribuana Tunggadewi, Jl. Telaga Warna, Lowokwaru Malang, 65144, Indonesia; 3Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor 46 Cibinong, 16915, Indonesia; 4Program Studi Peternakan, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, Jl. HR. Soebrantas No. 155 Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia; 5Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma, Jl. Dukuh Kupang 54, Dukuh pakis, Surabaya, 20 60225, Indonesia.

Received | August 12, 2024; Accepted | November 13, 2025; Published | February 07, 2026

*Correspondence | Zein A. Baihaqi, Program of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl. Sersan Suharmaji 38 Kediri, 64128, Indonesia; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Rokana E, Firmansyah MD, Budhi SR, Subasnia F, Fiani NIO, Supartini N, Anggrahini S, Sadarman, Mukmin A, Sigit M, Baihaqi ZA (2026). Effects of pineapple leaf waste (Ananas comosus) on the productivity, digestibility and health status of Indonesian local sheep: In vivo study. J. Anim. Health Prod. 14(1): 244-251.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2026/14.1.244.251

ISSN (Online) | 2308-2801

Copyright: 2026 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

The integration of natural feed resources in the livestock industry remains a dynamic frontier, evolving in tandem with the escalating global food demand and an intensified focus on animal welfare (Kumar et al., 2023). Among the array of potential feed constituents, pineapple leaves (Ananas comosus) have emerged as a captivating prospect due to their nutritional content, including 10.22% crude protein, 32.90% crude fiber, 6.37% ash, 5.74% crude fat, 44.77% BETN and abundance in bioactive compounds such as bromelain enzymes, tannins, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids (Dhar et al., 2023; Silfiyani et al., 2023). Baihaqi et al. (2020a, b, 2023), Lisnanti et al. (2023), Prayudi et al. (2023), Baihaqi et al. (2024), Prasetyo et al. (2024) and Sakti et al. (2024) stated that the active compounds in agro-industry waste provide a support system (animal health, methane degradation and support of animal production) for livestock. Frequently relegated as agricultural byproducts, this research will reveal the potential of pineapple leaves as a feed source that significantly contributes to enhancing livestock productivity, physiological equilibrium, and overall animal health.

The impact of feed provision extends beyond mere influences on livestock growth and productivity; it also intricately shapes animal health and physiological well-being (Neethirajan, 2023). Pineapple leaves, harboring a spectrum of nutrients including fiber, protein, vitamins, and bioactive elements like the bromelain enzyme, harbor the potential to impart positive influences on the performance of livestock (Varilla et al., 2021; Kyawt et al., 2020). Preliminary investigations underscore that the inclusion of pineapple leaves in livestock diets goes beyond the realm of productivity enhancement; it extends to the modulation of metabolic processes and fortification of the animals’ immune resilience against diseases and environmental sustainability (Pavan et al., 2012). Environmental balance needs to be addressed in the livestock sector as this issue contributes to global warming (Baihaqi et al., 2022).

Nevertheless, notwithstanding the captivating preliminary findings, a profound comprehension of the operative mechanisms and the enduring repercussions of pineapple leaf utilization necessitates further exploration (Putriana et al., 2020). This study aims to investigate the effects of administering pineapple leaves to livestock, focusing on productivity, physiological equilibrium, and overall health. The expected outcomes of this research aim to identify a potential alternative feed that is cost-effective due to its waste-based nature, while also having a positive impact on livestock productivity and confirming health status.

Materials and Methods

Study period and location

The research took place between January 23, 2023, and March 19, 2023. In vivo studies were conducted on Ngampel Street, Tunge, Wates, Kediri Regency. Pineapple leaf waste is collected from the slopes of Mount Kelud, Kediri Regency. Hematology and blood chemistry analyses were performed at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, while nutritional assessments were carried out at the Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Research design

The materials utilized in this study comprised 24 fat-tailed female sheep aged approximately 8 to 10 months. The feed formulation involved a complete feed with various feed ingredients and the addition of pineapple leaves. The pineapple leaves used for this research were treated with chopper to reduce their size and to crush the spines on the pineapple leaves. After being chopped finely, the pineapple leaves are spread out in an open area for about half an hour to reduce their moisture content. An adaptation period of four weeks and the research employed an experimental design using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 treatments and 8 replications, resulting in a total of 24 units. Each experimental unit consisted of one sheep. The treatments administered for 2 months were as follows:

• P0: Formulation 1 without the addition of pineapple leaves
• P1: Formulation 2 + 5% pineapple leaves
• P2: Formulation 3 + 10% pineapple leaves

The nutritional content of the experimental rations can be found in Table 1.

 

Table 1: Nutrient content of rations.

Proximate analysis	Treatment
	P0 (%)	P1 (%)	P2 (%)
Dry Matter	89.13	82.61	78.92
Ash	8.55	8.92	8.86
Crude Protein	15.34	15.71	15.29
Crude Fat	2.91	2.75	2.74
Crude Fiber	18.47	19.39	21.88

 

Research materials, including beer dregs and various feed ingredients, were procured from PT. Sadewa Animal Feed Tulungagung. The formulation of raw materials for the complete feed comprised copra, palm oil meal, corn gluten feed, white pollard, cassava cobs, soybean hulls, and Corn husk. The selection of 5% and 10% pineapple leaf substitution percentages was an experimental design choice by the team. The observational parameters encompassed consumption, feed digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion, and income over feed cost (IOFC), following the methodology delineated by Suwignyo et al. (2017) and Lokapirnasari et al. (2024). Physiological and blood chemistry parameters were collected from each sheep and analyzed individually according to the research parameters. The physiological parameters taken in this study include respiratory rate, heart rate, and rectal temperature. Feces collection, conducted over the seven days preceding the study’s conclusion, involved precise measurements, meticulous drying, and subsequent proximate analysis for dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein. Blood sampling was conducted at the end of the treatment and blood chemistry analyses adhered to the established methodology outlined by Baihaqi et al. (2020) and Rokana et al. (2024).

 

Table 2: Sheep performance data.

	Treatments
	P0	P1	P2
Feed consumtion (DM) (kg/head/day)	0.891±0.0001ᶜ	0.826±0.00004ᵇ	0.789±0.00005ᵃ
ADG (gr/head/day)	91.22±3.98ᵇ	105.31±6.42ᶜ	86.03±1.67ᵃ
Feed convertion	9.781±0.42ᶜ	7.854±0.47ᵃ	9.180±0.18ᵇ
Feed Efficiency (%)	10.24±0.44ᵃ	12.75±0.78ᵃ	10.90±0.21ᵃ
IOFC (IDR/head)	92.937.25 ± 5.385.97ᵇ	110.436.38 ± 6.566.42ᶜ	65.705.50 ± 8.312.23ᵃ

 

Note: Different notations in the same column indicate a significantly different effect (P < 0.05) between treatments. ADG: Average Daily Gain; IOFC: Income Over Feed Cost.

 

Data analysis

The collected data will be analyzed using ANOVA. If the results show a significant difference (P<0.05) or a highly significant difference (P<0.01), a post hoc test, specifically the Least Significant Different (LSD) test, will be conducted for further comparisons.

Result

The research findings related to performance values are presented in Table 2.

The analysis of variance results indicates that the addition of pineapple leaf supplementation significantly produces markedly different treatment effects on feed consumption (P<0.01). The inclusion of 5% pineapple leaf in the diet for Treatment P1 resulted in higher average feed consumption compared to Treatments P0 and P2, with mean values for P0, P1, and P2 being 0.891±0.0001 kg/head/dayᶜ, 0.826±0.00004 kg/head/dayᵇ, and 0.789±0.00005 kg/head/dayᵃ, respectively. The analysis of variance results shows that the average daily weight gain (Table 2) with pineaple leaf supplementation yields significantly different treatment effects (P<0.01). The addition of 5% pineapple leaf in Treatment P1 resulted in a higher average daily weight gain compared to Treatments P0 and P2, with mean values for Treatment P0 ranging around 91.22 g/head/day, Treatment P1 around 105.31 g/head/day, and Treatment P2 around 86.03 g/head/day.

The analysis of variance results demonstrates that feed conversion with the addition of pineapple leaf in different-level sheep feed formulations undergoes significantly different effects (P<0.01) on feed conversion. The results of the feed efficiency analysis show that the addition of pineapple leaf to female sheep does not significantly differ (P>0.05) in terms of feed efficiency. The analysis of variance for Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC) shows that the addition of pineapple leaf in different-level sheep feed formulations undergoes significantly different effects (P<0.01) on IOFC. The average values for Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC) for Treatments P0, P1, and P2 are Rp95.937.25; Rp110.436.38; and Rp65.705.50, respectively.

The research results related to nutrient digestibility values are presented in Table 3.

 

Table 3: Nutrient digestibility values.

	Treatments
	P0	P1	P2
IVDMD (%)	68.65±2.44ᵃ	75.63±2.23ᵇ	66.46±3.34ᵃ
IVOMD (%)	70.78±2.35ᵃ	76.73±2.10ᵇ	68.30±3.13ᵃ
IVCPD (%)	74.98± 3.73ᵃ	78.74± 3.44ᵇ	72.46± 4.32ᵃ

 

Note: Different notations in the same column indicate significantly different effects (P < 0.05) between treatments. IVDMD: In Vivo Dry Matter Digestibility; IVOMD: In Vivo Organic Matter Digestibility; IVCPD: In Vivo Crude Protein Digestibility.

 

The analysis of variance for Nutrient Digestibility (IVDMD) indicates that the nutrient digestibility of feed with pineapple leaf supplementation yields significantly different treatment effects (P<0.05). The addition of 5% pineapple leaf in Treatment P1 resulted in higher averages compared to Treatments P0 and P2, with mean values for P0, P1, and P2 being 68.65±2.44%ᵃ, 75.63±2.23%ᵇ, and 66.46±3.34%ᵃ, respectively. The analysis of variance results show that the addition of pineapple leaf supplementation in female sheep significantly influences (P<0.05) organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). The mean values for organic matter digestibility for Treatments P0, P1, and P2 are 70.78±2.35%ᵃ, 76.73±2.10%ᵇ, and 68.30±3.13%ᵃ, respectively. The analysis of variance results indicate that the addition of pineapple leaf supplementation in different-level sheep feed formulations undergoes significantly different effects (P<0.05) on crude protein digestibility (IVCPD). The mean values for P0, P1, and P2 are 74.98±3.73%ᵃ, 78.74±3.44%ᵇ, and 72.46±4.32%ᵃ, respectively.

Research findings related to physiological status values are presented in Table 4.

The results in the average values in Table 4 indicate that the treatment with 5% pineapple leaf supplementation (P1) resulted in a respiratory rate of 40.48 breaths/minute, and the treatment with 10% pineapple leaf supplementation (P2) had a respiratory rate of 40.68 breaths/minute. An analysis of variance was conducted, and the result (P>0.05) suggests no significant effect, and the results obtained under normal conditions. The results in the average pulse frequency in Table 4 state that the treatment with 5% pineapple leaf supplementation (P1) had a pulse frequency of 98.87 beats/minute, and the treatment with 10% pineapple leaf supplementation (P2) had a pulse frequency of 100.66 beats/minute. An analysis of variance was conducted, and the result (P>0.05) suggests no significant effect, and the results obtained under normal conditions. The results in the average values in Table 4 state that the rectal temperature with 5% pineapple leaf supplementation treatment (P1) was 38.86℃, and the treatment with 10% pineapple leaf supplementation (P2) was 38.73℃. An analysis of variance was conducted, and the result (P>0.05) suggests no significant effect.

 

Table 4: Physiological status values of sheep.

	Treatments
	P0	P1	P2
Respiratory rate (breaths/minute)	40.72±1.12	40.48±1.47	40.68±1.92
Heart rate (beats/minute)	97.08±6.04	98.87±4.60	100.66±8.75
Rectal temperature (°C)	38.63±0.49	38.86±0.21	38.73±0.59

 

Note: No significant differences.

 

The influence of adding pineapple leaf waste supplement on the blood biochemical profile of fat-tailed female sheep is presented in Table 5.

 

Table 5: Chemical blood values of sheep.

	Treatments
	P0	P1	P2
LDL (mg/dl)	23.63±3.8	26.38 ± 3.29	25.75±6.36
HDL (mg/dl)	30.38±2.97a	38.25±6.80b	44.38±6.95c
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	29.13±5.11a	26.13±5.49a	38.63±4.78b

 

Note: The same notation in the same column indicates a non-significant effect (P>0.05) between treatments. LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein; HDL: High Density Lipoprotein.

 

The calculation results in Table 5 for LDL levels with the addition of 5% pineapple leaf waste supplementation (P1) at 26.38±3.29 mg/dl and 10% (P2) at 25.75±6.36 mg/dl were followed by an analysis of variance, and the result showed no significant effect (P>0.05). The calculation results in Table 5 for HDL levels with 5% pineapple leaf supplementation (P1) at 38.25±6.80 mg/dl and 10% (P2) at 44.38±6.95 mg/dl were followed by an analysis of variance, and the result showed a highly significant effect (P<0.01). The calculation results in Table 5 for triglyceride levels with 5% pineapple leaf supplementation (P1) at 26.13±5.49 mg/dl and 10% (P2) at 38.63±4.78 mg/dl were followed by an analysis of variance, and the result showed a highly significant effect (P<0.01).

Discussion

Feed consumption is closely tied to the energy requirements of animals, contributing to variations in feed intake across different individuals. The decrease in feed consumption in P1 and P2 compared to P0 is influenced by the form of feed substrate and palatability, considering that in this research, there is an addition of pineapple leaves which have spines, although they have received chopped treatment. Llonch et al. (2018) stated that measurements of feed consumption can be influenced by individual differences among animals, feed palatability, and selective grazing tendencies. Khatri and Huff-Lonergan (2025) stated that the value of feed consumption can be seen from the nutrient content and is influenced by feed palatability. Wang et al. (2022) stated that the positive supplementation of L. virgaurea, which contains secondary metabolites such as EO, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins, can affect feed intake in sheep. High levels of L. virgaurea supplementation can decrease the palatability of the feed, thereby reducing nutrient intake. The decrease in feed intake at the highest level of pineapple leaf supplementation is similar to the results of the above-mentioned study, likely due to the active compounds contained in the plant.

The research findings on average daily gain are supported by Roba et al. (2022), who stated that the the weight gain of ruminant livestock is notably affected by both the quality and quantity of their feed, suggesting that the evaluation of weight gain is directly proportional to the consumed ration. The ADG in this study’s P1 showed an increase, while P2 exhibited a decrease compared to the control, consistent with the feed digestibility conditions in the research, besides the effects of active compounds in pineapple leaves influencing this condition and feed consumption.

The average values for feed conversion in this study range between 7.85 and 9.78. This is supported by Roba et al. (2022), who mentioned that feed conversion, particularly in ruminant livestock, is impacted by feed quality, weight gain, and digestibility values. Optimal feed quality contributes to enhanced animal growth and improved feed conversion.

Further tests show that the average values of feed efficiency for Treatment P0 result in approximately 10.90%, Treatment P1 yields an average of 12.75%, and Treatment P2 produces an average of 10.24%. Feed utilization efficiency is influenced by several factors, including the animal’s ability to digest feed ingredients, the adequacy of nutrients for basic life functions, growth and bodily functions, and the type of feed used (Wang et al., 2025).

The lowest average Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC) is found in Treatment P2, while the highest average is in Treatment P1. The selling price of female fat-tailed sheep during the study is Rp57.000 per kg after the rearing period. The prices of feed used in this study for each treatment are as follows: feed P0 at Rp3.605 per kg, feed P1 at Rp3.426 per kg, and feed P2 at Rp3.490 per kg. These results are consistent with those presented by Muyasaroh et al. (2015), indicating that the Cost of Feed per Body Weight Gain during fattening, feed consumption, and feed prices are influential factors in IOFC calculations. Emphasized by the research of Rab et al. (2016), it is stated that optimal profits in fattening businesses are influenced by low feed costs, followed by good growth and feed efficiency results.

A higher percentage of dry matter digestibility in a feed ingredient suggests a higher quality of that feed ingredient. Supported by Mertens and Grant (2020) statement that high dry matter digestibility suggests a significant quantity of digestible nutrients. The greater the digestibility value of a feed component, the superior the quality of the feed. The administration of active compounds at the right concentration has a positive effect on sheep digestion. Research using active compounds does pose challenges because each plant contains different active compounds. Saleem et al. (2006) stated that The administration of (Cassia fistula, Schinus molle, Chorisia speciosa, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis), which contain active compounds, positively affects the improvement of digestion in sheep. Wang et al. (2022) added that the appropriate addition of L. virgaurea to the diet of Tibetan sheep improves digestibility. However, excessive amounts can have toxicological effects. The significant decrease in P2 could be attributed to the active compounds present in pineapple leaf waste. Marhaeniyanto et al. (2018) stated that concentrate with the addition of legumes containing active tannin compounds had an impact on reducing feed digestibility.

Organic matter digestibility is related to dry matter digestibility according to Surono et al. (2025). This statement is reinforced by Suwignyo et al. (2021), stating that low digestibility of dry matter leads to low digestibility of organic matter or vice versa, as a portion of dry matter comprises organic matter. The average IVCPD values in this study are supported by Reis et al. (2023) stated that the inefficiency in utilizing consumed crude protein feed by animals is linked to the high solubility of crude protein in the rumen. Conversely, proteins with lower solubility have the potential to enter the post-ruminal digestive tract, enabling efficient digestion, estimation, and absorption of the protein.

Pulse frequency on this study can be influenced by livestock metabolism. Nie et al. (2020) mentioned that the pulse frequency is closely linked to the metabolic rate of livestock. Factors affecting livestock pulse frequency include gender, muscle activity, environmental temperature, and feed consumption rate. The increase in respiratory frequency in livestock is carried out to prevent a continuous rise in body temperature through evaporation. A decrease in respiratory frequency also affects different metabolic rates in the categorization of body weight in each sheep (Neethirajan, 2020). Emphasized by the statement of Volkoff et al. (2020), high-quality feed has a positive impact on animal growth, maintaining a stable (normal) body temperature. Insufficient feed, on the other hand, may result in the animal’s body temperature exceeding the normal range.

This finding on this study differs from Prayitno and Heni (2021), who stated that the blood lipid profile of sheep with LDL levels ranged from 36.33 to 43.94 mg/dl. Belhaj et al. (2021) stated that the average LDL levels in fat-tailed female sheep with normal levels ranged from 15.39 to 39.5 mg/dl, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis by preventing plaque deposition in the arteries due to the accumulation of metabolic waste in the arteries. This result on this study was supported by Cho (2022), where HDL concentrations varied between 22.25-46.25 mg/dl, and increasing HDL levels play a crucial role in binding excess cholesterol and transporting it with the bloodstream towards the liver, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. Research on blood chemistry should be conducted because projects involving the utilization of active compounds from plants require clinical confirmation, similar to a special mission aimed at eradicating cases of worm infections (Baihaqi et al., 2019). The levels obtained in this study are much higher and differ from Mugabe et al. (2017), who reported triglyceride concentrations ranging from 13.87 to 25.14 mg/dl. Sarmin et al. (2021) added that the normal triglyceride levels in sheep range from 5.41 to 13.35 mg/dL. This study aligns with the findings of Widyawati et al. (2023), where sheep fed concentrate with the addition of linseed flour (tannin protection) resulted in higher triglyceride levels compared to the normal range. Higher triglyceride levels can lead to hypertriglyceridemia in sheep, adversely affecting the arteries. The likelihood is that the changes in parameter concentration are related to decreased feed intake.

Conclusion

The utilization of pineapple leaf waste in this in vivo study yielded positive effects on production performance, with treatment P1 showing the most significant improvement in ADG and IOFC. This is likely due to the active compounds in pineapple leaves. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein showed notable changes. Physiological status remained normal, with LDL cholesterol levels decreasing and HDL and triglycerides increasing. However, excessive supplementation may pose health risks to sheep, as indicated by blood chemistry parameters. Further studies are needed to find the optimal dosage that maximizes benefits without health risks. Research should also explore the mechanisms behind pineapple leaf compounds’ effects and test their use on other livestock and in different farming conditions. Practically, farmers can use pineapple leaf waste as a feed supplement, ensuring proper dosing to avoid health risks.

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by the Program Kerjasama Penelitian UNISKA–BRIN Tahun 2023, with grant number 010/040.1.6/HK.01.03/VIII/2023.

Novelty Statement

This study pioneers the optimal utilization of pineapple leaf agro-waste as a cost-effective feed supplement for fat-tailed sheep, demonstrating that 5% inclusion significantly enhances feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, income over feed cost (IOFC), and nutrient digestibility while maintaining physiological homeostasis-unlike higher 10% levels that elevate triglycerides despite boosting HDL. Unlike prior research limited to in vitro assessments or non-ruminant models, our in vivo trial

Author’s Contribution

ER, MDF, SRB, FS, NIOF, NS, SA, S, AM, MS, ZAB: Designed the study and collected samples and performed examinations. All authors have drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors have read, reviewed, and approved the final manuscript.

Ethical approval

The research obtained approval from the Animal Care and Use Committee at Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia under the reference number: 208 – KEP – UB – 2023.

Generative AI and AI-assisted technology statement

AI tools were employed solely for grammar corrections and sentence refinements. The authors confirm that all scientific content, data analyses, interpretations, and conclusions represent their original work exclusively.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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