Effect of Ultraviolet (UV) Light on Cowpea Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under Laboratory Conditions
Adeel Aslam Perzada1,2, Arfan Ahmed Gilal1*, Lubna Bashir Rajput1, Jam Ghulam Murtaza Sahito3, Muhammad Ishaque Mastoi4 and Farah Naz Gilal3
1Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.
2Agriculture Research Sindh, Tandojam, Government of Sindh
3Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Social Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.
4NARC, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.
Abstract | Callosobruchus maculatus is a cosmopolitan and severe pest of pulses throughout the world with significant damage potential. Mostly synthetic fumigants are used to reduce population and losses of C. maculatus, but their use causes serious health and environmental problems, hence necessitating the use of alternate safe control measures for its management, including ultraviolet light radiation (UVL). Therefore, laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of different powers i.e., 15, 30, and 45 watts of UVL against eggs and adults of C. maculatus applied for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5-h exposure times. UVL tube-lights of 15 watt power and 1.5 feet long were installed in 2-feet3 insect rearing cages, covered with black cloth. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications. The data on adult mortality of C. maculatus was taken after 24, 48, and 72-h of treatment, whereas hatching of eggs was monitored daily for ten days. Results indicate a highly significant difference among various UVL powers and exposure timings on the mortality of C. maculatus adults as the mortality percentage increases with increasing exposure timings and powers with no significant difference between 30- and 45-watt UVL powers. After 72-h of the experiment, the highest adult mortality (74.80±2.80%) was observed with 45-watt UVL, followed by 30-watt UVL (65.20±1.92%), both applied for 5-h. Moreover, the highest adult mortality rate of C. maculatus adults was recorded when they were exposed to various UVL power for 5-h. Like adult mortality, the lowest hatching success of C. maculatus eggs was recorded in 45-watt UVL power (27.40±2.71%), whereas the maximum eggs hatched in control treatment (88.00±0.90%), whereas 5-h exposure of C. maculatus eggs with different UVL powers resulted in the minimum hatching success. Therefore, it is recommended that UVL irradiation should be included in the management of C. maculatus in warehouses, whereas further studies should be conducted to optimize appropriate power and exposure timings of UVL for the large-scale use on commercial basis.
Novelty Statement | Laboratory evaluations of UVL different exposures and timings against Callosobruchus maculatus confirmed that UVL can cause significant mortality of adults and reduce the hatchability of the eggs. As a result, UVL resulted in low population of C. maculatus that resulted in low damage to cowpea grains without using synthetic insecticides.
Article History
Received: November 03, 2023
Revised: October 25, 2025
Accepted: November 11, 2025
Published: February 28, 2026
Authors’ Contributions
AAP conducted the experiment and wrote initial draft. AAG designed the study. LBR and JGMS designed and supervised the study. MIM and AAG finalized the manuscript. MIM revised the manuscript. FNG analysed and presented the data.
Keywords
Cowpeas, Light, Management, Pulse beetle, Stored grains, Ultraviolet
Copyright 2026 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Corresponding author: Arfan Ahmed Gilal
To cite this article: Perzada, A.S., Gilal, A.A., Rajput, L.B., Sahito, J.G.M., Mastoi, M.I. and Gilal, F.N., 2026. Effect of ultraviolet (UV) light on cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under laboratory conditions. Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 41(1): 01-09. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pujz/2026/41.1.01.09
Introduction
The cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a global and severe pest of stored pulses (Naseri and Hamzavi, 2021). Callosobruchus maculatus is a very destructive and damaging insect pest of commonly consumed pulses such as chickpea, cowpea, and lentils as its feeding can result up to 67% losses of the pulses (Jaiswal et al., 2019; Babu et al., 2021). Generally, its larvae cause significant losses feeding on seed embryo of the pulses, whereas adults typically do not feed (Keita et al., 2001; Bidar et al., 2021; Mushawwir et al., 2023). Among various management strategies, synthetic pesticides remain the most widely used and dependable approach for controlling C. maculatus, primarily due to their high efficacy, low cost, and ease of application (de Andrade Rodrigues et al., 2022). In warehouse storage systems, pyrethroids, organophosphates, and phosphine-based insecticides are predominantly employed to suppress C. maculatus populations (Iturralde-Garcia et al., 2016). However, the extensive and indiscriminate use of these chemical agents has resulted in serious concerns related to human health and environmental safety (Wakil et al., 2013; Pourya et al., 2018), as well as the development of resistance in C. maculatus populations to commonly used insecticides (Malaikozhundan and Vinodhini, 2018; Mutlu et al., 2019). Consequently, there is an urgent need to explore alternative control strategies that ensure sustainable management of C. maculatus in stored pulses while maintaining safety for humans and the environment (de Andrade Rodrigues et al., 2022).
Among the alternative measures, ultraviolet light radiations have been evaluated against stored grain pests including C. maculatus (Kalpna et al., 2022; Sahadia and Aziz, 2011). Ultraviolet radiations (UV) have been reported as germicidal in the insect management (Arul et al., 2022), as it is proved disinfectant towards insect eggs when applied at surfaces, whereas an attractant for adult beetles, affecting their physiological, embryological, and gene expression aspects (Arul et al., 2022; Bhardwaj et al., 2019; Dudi et al., 2023). Accordingly, UV radiations have also been used against various stored-grain pests such as Sitophilus zeamais (Tungjitwitayakul et al., 2016; Ferreira et al., 2018), Trogoderma granarium (Masoumi et al., 2021), S. oryzae and Tribolium castaneum (Draz et al., 2021), Rhyzopertha dominica (Srivastava et al., 2019) and others. All the studies recorded significant impact of UV radiation on mortality and reproductive parameters of these pests as mainly their effectiveness increased with higher exposure timings (Kalpna et al., 2022). Moreover, the UV light has also been found effective against Callosobruchus spp., affecting its various biological parameters (Bhardwaj et al., 2019; Heidari et al., 2016).
Therefore, considering the effectiveness of UV light against Callosobruchus spp., studies were conducted to determine the impact of UV lights applied at various exposure timings against C. maculatus under laboratory conditions, as the results obtained can be helpful to manage its loss with less use of synthetic insecticides in pulses.
Materials and Methods
Experiments were conducted in the Stored Grain Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan. The initial culture of C. maculatus was obtained from the culture reared in the laboratory from collected samples from Mirpur Khas population during the survey study. The F1 population obtained from this culture was used in the experiment.
The source of UVL irradiation used in the study were ultraviolet tube lights, Sogo F-15T8/GL (Beijing, China), each having a power of 15watts, measuring 1.5 feet long, and emitting a wavelength of 254 nm (UV). The tube lights were installed at the ceiling of a 2*2*2 feet insect rearing cage. The targeted C. maculatus adults and eggs, kept in petri dishes were placed at the bottom of the cages (Figure 1).
Five pairs of five newly emerged pairs (24 h old) of C. maculatus were kept in petri dishes with cowpea grains to assess the effect of UV light, while twenty freshly laid eggs, each on a single seed per cowpea grain, were used to record hatchability. Three UV light intensities, 15, 30, and 45 watts, were applied by turning on one, two, and three tube lights, respectively. Both adults and eggs were exposed to different UV light powers for varying durations: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h. After each exposure, the adults and eggs were immediately removed from the cage and kept in the laboratory under standard conditions (30 ± 2ºC and 60 ± 5% RH). Control groups for both adults and eggs were also maintained in the same cage with similar exposure times to evaluate the effects of the cage environment on mortality and egg hatching.
Mortality of adults was recorded after 24, 48, and 72-h of exposure, whereas hatching of eggs was monitored daily for ten days to ensure that the maximum number of eggs had been hatched in the control treatments. Following equations were used for the calculation of adult mortality and hatching of eggs:
The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) where each treatment combination was replicated five times. ANOVA was used for the analysis, whereas means with significant differences were separated using the LSD. The STATISTIX 8.1 computer software was used for the analysis.
Results
The effect of Ultraviolet (UV) light on C. maculatus adults
Figure 2 illustrates results regarding the impact of various UV light powers applied at various exposure timings against C. maculatus after 24-h of application. A highly significant difference was recorded among various UV light powers applied at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h (F = 3.98, P < 0.001) to cause mortality among targeted C. maculatus adults as a gradual rise in the mortality of adults was recorded with increased exposure timings. Significantly the highest percentage mortality of adults i.e., 50.00±6.30 and 42.00±5.80% was recorded at 45- and 30-watt power, respectively at the exposure time of 5-h. The highest mortality percentage of adults recorded at 15-watt UV light was 24.00±2.40% when exposed for 5-h. No mortality was recorded in the control treatment at all the exposure timings.
*Means followed by same letters are not significantly different from each other (LSD = 9.870, P < 0.05).
The mortality data recorded after 48-h of the application of various exposure timings of UV light against C. maculatus adults showed a further rise in their mortality rate, however, no significant difference was observed in UV-light watts applied for various exposure timings (F = 1.01, P = 0.04435) (Figure 3). according to the results, the maximum mortality percentage recorded at 15-, 30-, and 45- watts recorded was 54.00±5.10, 66.00±4.00, and 68.00±5.80%, respectively, all observed when UV lights were applied for 5-h. Moreover, the minimum mortality at all these UV light powers was 36.00±4.00, 42.00±3.70, and 48.00±3.70%, respectively, all observed at 1-hour exposure timing.
Like 48-h data, after 72-h of observation, no significant difference (F = 1.02, P = 0.4414) was observed in the effectiveness of various UV light powers applied at five exposure timings to elicit the mortality among targeted C. maculatus adults. Accordingly, the highest adult mortality (86.00±6.00%) was recorded at 45-watt power UV light applied for 5-h that was not significantly different from percentage mortality of 80.00±4.50% recorded in the same power UV light applied for 4-h. Moreover, maximum percentage adult mortality recorded in 30- and 15-watt UV light was 74.00±2.40 and 68.00±7.30%, respectively, both observed at 5-h exposure timing (Figure 4).
The overall mortality percentage of C. maculatus adults treated with various powers of ultraviolet light at different exposure times over 24, 48, and 72 h is shown in Figure 5. A highly significant difference was observed in the effectiveness of different UV-light powers in causing mortality of adult C. maculatus after 24 h (F = 22.62, P < 0.001), 48 h (F = 8.20, P < 0.001), and 72 h (F = 8.60, P < 0.001). After 24 and 48 h, the highest adult mortality was recorded with 45-watt UV light treatment, at 28.80±3.30% and 58.00±2.80%, respectively, but these were not significantly different from mortality recorded with 30-watt UV light (25.20±2.90% and 53.20±2.70%, respectively). The lowest adult mortality at 24 and 48 h was observed with 15-watt UV light treatment, at 18.40±1.80% and 45.60±2.50%, respectively. Moreover, after 72 h, the highest mortality (74.80±2.80%) was recorded with 45-watt UV light, followed by 65.20±1.92% mortality with 30-watt UV light. The lowest mortality (57.20 2.60%) was observed with 15-watt UV light treatment.
The effect of various exposure timings of UV-lights on overall percentage mortality of adult C. maculatus is given in Figure 6. The results indicated a highly significant difference among the exposure timings to cause mortality of adults at 24-h (F = 66.75, P < 0.001), 48-h (F = 176.37, P < 0.001), and 72-h (F = 327.16, P < 0.001) of the application. After 24-h of the application of UV-light, the maximum adult mortality (38.70±4.00%) was recorded when different UV-light powers were applied for 5-h but the same was not significantly different from adult mortality recorded at 4-h exposure timing i.e., 32.70±2.80%. Moreover, the minimum mortality after 24-h of observation was recorded in 1-hour exposure treatment (12.00±1.40%), followed by the mortality recorded with 2-hour exposure of UV-lights (17.30±1.80%). Similar to 24-h, the highest percentage adult mortality after 48- and 72-h of the application was recorded at 5-h exposure time i.e., 62.70±3.20 and 76.00±3.60%, respectively, that was not significantly different percentage mortality of 59.30±3.40 and 71.30±2.70% after 48- and 72-h of observation, respectively observed at exposure time of 4-h. Overall, 1-hour exposure time of UV-light powers cause the lowest mortality of adult C. maculatus at various observation intervals.
The effect of Ultraviolet (UV) light on C. maculatus eggs
Figure 7 shows the results regarding the effect of various exposure timings of different UV-light power on the hatching success of C. maculatus eggs. A highly significant difference (F = 3.37, P = 0.005) was observed in UV-lights applied at various exposure timings on the hatching success of the eggs. Significantly the lowest hatching percentage of C. maculatus eggs (12.00±1.22%) was recorded at 5-h exposure to eggs with 45-watts of UV-light, followed by 17.00±2.55% hatching success, also recorded at 45-watt UV-light applied for 4-h. Moreover, the lowest hatching percentage recorded at 15- and 30-watt UV-light was 42.00±2.55 and 35.00±2.24%, respectively both recorded at the exposure time of 5-h. The highest hatching success of C. maculatus eggs was recorded in control treatment when eggs were kept for one to five h in the rearing cage and ranged between 90.20±1.46 to 85.80±2.08.
Results regarding the effect of various UV-power lights applied at different exposure timings on hatching success of C. maculatus eggs is given in Figure 8. A highly significant difference (F= 475.67, P < 0.001) in the effectiveness of UV-light powers was recorded on the hatching success of the eggs as significantly the lowest eggs were hatched at 45-watt UV-light (27.40±2.71%). Significantly the highest percentage of C. maculatus eggs hatched in control treatment (88.00±0.90%), whereas overall hatching percentage of eggs observed in 15- and 30-watt UV-light treatments was recorded as 49.24±179 and 42.68±1.53%, respectively.
Figure 9 illustrates results regarding the effect of various exposure times of UV-light powers on the hatching success of C. maculatus eggs. The results confirmed a highly significant (F = 28.60, P < 0.001) effect in the performance of various exposure timings of UV-light powers on hatching percentage of the eggs. Among treatments, significantly the highest hatching percentage of eggs (61.50±4.13%) was recorded at 1-hour exposure eggs with various UV-light powers, followed by 55.75±4.85 and 51.35±5.30%, recorded with 2- and 3-h exposure time. Moreover, exposure of C. maculatus with various UV-light powers for 5-h resulted in the lowest hatching success (43.70±6.20%), but the same was not significantly different from the hatching success recorded at 4-hour exposure time (46.85±5.93%).
Discussion
It was observed in the study that treatment of C. maculatus eggs and adults with various powers of UV-lights at different exposure timings exhibited a significant effect on their hatchability and mortality. A significant increase in the mortality rate of adult C. maculatus was observed when they were treated with increasing UV-light powers (15, 30, 45 watts) for extended times i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5-h. Accordingly, the highest overall mortality of adults (86.00±6.00%) was recorded at 45-watt power UV light applied for 5-h that was not significantly different from percentage mortality of 80.00±4.50% recorded in the same UV light power applied for 4-h. Moreover, maximum percentage adult mortality recorded in 30- and 15-watt UV light was 74.00±2.40 and 68.00±7.30%, respectively, both observed at 5-h exposure timing. Furthermore, application of UV-light was also found in reducing the hatchability of freshly laid C. maculatus eggs as higher reduction recorded with high power UV-lights and longer exposure timings.
It has been reported that by regulating various physical features i.e., temperature, humidity, heating, photoperiod, and pressure of the stored grain pest’s environment can affect their growth, reproduction, and survival (Sahadia and Aziz, 2011). It is believed that most of the stored grains insect pests survive best and reproduce up to their maximum potential when they got optimum physical environment, especially temperature, and protein signaling phytochemical (Kalpna et al., 2022; Muhammad et al., 2023; Aritonang et al., 2024). Among these physical features, ultraviolet light has shown germicidal potential against various stages of insects, particularly adults and eggs (Arul et al., 2022). Thus, UV-lights are used for various purposes such as to disinfect the surfaces from insect eggs and attractant for adults (Bhardwaj et al., 2019; Faruki et al., 2005). Moreover, UV-radiations has also been proved to impact various biological parameters of the pulse beetles significantly (Heidari et al., 2016), besides other stored grains pests (Faruki et al., 2005). A recent study confirmed significant effect of UV radiation on various biological parameters of C. chinensis as compared to control as more than 60% reduction was recorded in fecundity, fertility, pupation, and adult emergence (Arul et al., 2022). Roy et al. (2017) also found significant impact of the application of short UV light (254 nm) as compared to freezing, silica gel, heating (60±1 ºC), long UV light (366 nm), sodium sulfate and table salt against the C. maculatus on five common pulses (chana, mkabuli chana, moong, goat pea, and matar). Moreover, the three best treatments i.e., short UV-light, freezing and silica gel proved significantly better as compared to individual applications of the treatment with respect to grain damage of the stored pulses.
The effective results of UV-light against C. maculatus and C. chinensis in above-mentioned studies supported the findings of our study as significant mortality of C. maculatus was recorded in the UV-light treatments as compared to control, where no mortality was observed. Moreover, an increase in mortality and reduction in egg hatchability was recorded with increased exposure of C. maculatus adults and eggs with various UV-light powers. These findings were supported by the outcomes of Bhardwaj et al. (2019), who evaluated UV radiation (253.7 nm wavelength) against newly emerged adults and three-day old eggs of C. maculatus for different durations. It was observed that egg fertility and development of adults was significantly affected with increase in exposure duration of UV radiations. The longest mean generations time for both eggs and adults were recorded at 60 min exposure timing of UV radiation. However, Heidari et al. (2016) did not find any significant impact of UV-light applied at various exposure timings on the developmental time of various life stages of C. maculatus, but their application causes mortality of the immature stages. Moreover, they also observed significantly higher net reproductive rate in control (38.70 offspring) than 50 min exposure treatment of UV light (10.36 offspring). The intrinsic rate of increase and sex ratio of C. maculatus was also significantly affected by the UV lights applied at longer radiations i.e., 40 or 50 min than control treatment.
Modarres-Najafabadi et al. (2014) also studied the effect of various exposure timings of UV light irradiations on 1-, 2-, and 3-days old eggs. They found a decrease in the hatchability with increasing exposure time and age of the eggs as lowest hatchability (0.83%) was recorded in 3-days old eggs observed at 40-min exposure times, whereas 95% eggs were hatched in control. Results regarding other life table parameters i.e., net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) was lowest in 2-days old eggs treated with UV light radiations for 4-min, whereas highest of these parameters were recorded in control.
Other studies have also found that applying UV light against C. maculatus can significantly affect its various biological parameters, including its damage potential. Mahdi et al. (2015) discovered an inverse relationship between the LT50 values for UV radiation against C. maculatus and the exposure times, with a lower LT50 (1.35 h) observed when UV radiation was applied for 48 h. The adult-time mortality response of C. maculatus to 254 nm UV radiation was evaluated by Islam and Mustari (2010), who reported that the LT50 to kill 50% of the targeted adults was around 20 min. Additionally, the application of UV radiation significantly reduced fecundity in treated adults, while also increasing immature durations and adult emergence for both sexes. However, UV radiation was found to be less effective against the F1 generation of C. maculatus compared to the parental population.
Sedaghat et al. (2011) also found significant reduction in the hatchability of 1-,2-, and 3-days old eggs of C. maculatus when they were treated with UV-radiations (254nm) for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 min a comparatively high reduction in the hatchability was recorded when exposure time was increased. Moreover, significantly more effect of UV radiation was observed on older eggs of C. maculatus than 1-day old eggs. Similar trend of results was recorded by Singh and Das (2019) as they found significant reduction in adult emergence along with increased development time of C. maculatus when its eggs were treated with ultraviolet C (254nm) radiations for 2, 4, 6, and 8-min. Moreover, applying UV light did not negatively affect the grain quality and germination capacity.
An increasing trend in the mortality of adult C. maculatus with single exposure with various UV light powers over the exposure times of 24, 48, 72 h of observations that indicated that UV light has the potential to remain effective on the bodies of targeted insects and could be lethal later on. No previous studies were found to discuss the persistency of UV light, hence could be a potential area that could be exploited in future for better understanding of the mode of action of UV lights against insect pests.
Besides C. maculatus, UV radiations have also been used against various stored-grain pests such as S. zeamais (Ferreira et al., 2018; Tungjitwitayakul et al., 2016), Trogoderma granarium (Masoumi et al., 2021), S. oryzae and T. castaneum (Draz et al., 2021), R. dominica (Srivastava et al., 2019) and many others. All the studies recorded significant impact of UV radiation on mortality and reproductive parameters of these pests as mainly their effectiveness increased with higher exposure timings.
Conclusions and Recommendations
The application of UV-light (254nm) radiations (i.e., 15, 30, 45 watts) not only caused significant adult mortality in C. maculataus but also reduce hatching success of its eggs. The maximum adult mortality and lower egg hatchability of C. maculataus was recorded when exposed with 45-watt UV-light for a 4 or 5-h. Therefore, it is recommended that the use of 45-watt ultraviolet (254 nm) light in warehouses could reduce C. maculatus population, hence resulted in lower losses to pulses. However, further studies should be conducted on the evaluation of UV-light on large scale to determine its impact on various life stages of C. maculatus along with its cost effectiveness, both in small- and large-scale warehouses and godowns. It is also suggested to determine the effects of UV-lights on humans and other beneficial organisms to optimize its use against C. maculatus and other stored grains pests.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the cooperation from the Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam for providing the placement and equipments to conduct the experiments.
Funding
The study received no external funding.
IRB approval
Not applicable
Ethical statement
Not applicable as no live animals involved in this study.
Generative AI and AI-assisted technology statement
No AI and AI-assisted technology used in preparation of this manuscript.
Statement of conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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