Distribution of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Citrus Orchards of Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan
Javed Ahmed Malik1, Imtiaz Ahmed Nizamani1, Muhammad Ali Khanzada1, Arfan Ahmed Gilal1*, Muhammad Ishaque Mastoi3
1Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan.
2Department of Plant Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan.
3Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Abstract | Asian citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a globally severe pest of citrus plants, mainly because it vectors threatening phloem-restricting bacterium Huanglongbing disease. Considering there is no cure for Huanglongbing disease, management of psylla is the only option to lower the losses in citrus orchards. Moreover, Naushahro Feroze district is the main citrus producing district in Sindh, Pakistan, but no basic study has been done in the entire Sindh on psylla where it has caused serious yield losses. Therefore, studies were conducted on the distribution and relative preference of psylla on various citrus plants (lemon, grapefruit, oranges, and musambi) in five talukas of Naushahro Feroze i.e., Naushahro Feroze, Moro, Bhria, Kandiaro, and Mehrabpur. Three locations per taluka were visited during March to July, the active psylla population period, as twenty-five plants of each citrus fruit were observed to count the number of adults and nymphs of psylla per young flush with five leaves. Weather parameters of the sampling talukas were also recorded for the correlation of psylla distribution. Results indicated wide distribution of psylla in all four citrus fruits in five talukas of the district with significant differences among them. The highest mean population of psylla was observed in lemons (8.68±0.45 psylla per flush), followed by grapefruits (6.81±0.35 psylla per flush), whereas the lowest population was recorded in musambi (1.12±0.06 psylla per flush). Kandiaro (6.44±0.39 psylla per flush) and Moro (3.52±0.20 psylla per flush) suffered the highest and lowest distribution of psylla in all four citrus fruits. Moreover, weather parameters, i.e., temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity, and wind velocity exhibited weak to moderate and a mixed (positive and negative) influence on the population of psylla in lemon, grapefruit, oranges, and musambi trees in the surveyed talukas. Therefore, it is suggested that further basic studies on psylla dispersion and biology should be conducted to devise proper management of psylla to restrict its distribution and damage.
Novelty Statement | This is first detailed study on the distribution of Diaphorina citri in Sindh focusing on main citrus growing areas of Naushahro Feroze district. Althought D. citri was found on lemon, grapefruit, oranges and musambi, but with significant difference, lemon being the most favourite host and Kandiaro being the most susceptible taluka. This information could help growers and policy makers to take appropriate measures for D. citri management.
Article History
Received: October 16, 2023
Revised: June 20, 2026
Accepted: June 29, 2026
Published: August 22, 2026
Authors’ Contributions
JAM conducted and supervised the study. IAN and MAK conceived the idea and supervised the study. AAG helped in data analysis and finalised the manuscript. MIM analysed the data and wrote the manuscript.
Keywords
Citrus, Distribution, Huanglongbing, Preference, Psylla, Sindh
Copyright 2026 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Corresponding author: Arfan Ahmed Gilal
To cite this article: Malik, J.A., Nizamani, I.A., Khanzada, M.A., Gilal, A.A. and Mastoi, M.I., 2026. Distribution of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus orchards of Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan. Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 41(2): 181-188. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pujz/2026/41.2.181.188
Introduction
Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease is a severe threat to global citrus production as it can result in complete loss of orchard orchards within few years of its first infestation (Silva et al., 2023). Asian citrus psyllid or psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is primarily responsible for the spread of HLB (Hall and McCollum, 2011). The citrus psylla is an oligophagous pests of citrus and closely associated fruit species whose development and growth is greatly dependent on the young developing shoots of the citrus (Halbert and Manjunath, 2004; Bov´e, 2006), hence they strongly affect the population fluctuation of psylla among citrus fruits (Sétamou et al., 2016; Cifuentes-Arenas et al., 2018). Moreover, presence of young flush on the citrus trees also have a profound influence on the rapid reproduction of citrus psylla and its ability to disperse from infested to un-infested orchards (Kobori et al., 2011; Pelz-Stelinski and Killiny, 2016; Zorzenon et al., 2021; Sétamou et al., 2022). The citrus psylla also have a great capability to colonize residential citrus trees, abandoned and poorly managed orchards along with wild citrus plants (Halbert and Manjunath, 2004; de C Felisberto et al., 2019; Sétamou et al., 2022).
HLB disease is responsible for huge losses to citrus production in the world and the situation has become worsen because so far, no adequate management tool is available for its control (Silva et al., 2023). The situation become worsen because of the inability of the laboratory rearing of causal organism of HLB i.e., Candidatus Liberibacter spp., and its interaction within its vector, D. citri (Jiang et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2024). Although, a lot of research have done to understand epidemiology of HLB disease and its effective management because there is a huge complexity involved in HLB disease evolving the pathogen, its vector (D. citri), the host plant, and environmental factors (Fan et al., 2025; Hussain et al., 2025; Primiano et al., 2023, 2025). Among such complex interactions, the age of trees and the role of endosymbiotic bacterial communities within the D. citri have been the key factors for the successful HLB management (Primiano et al., 2023, 2025).
Hence, the only option to minimize losses of HLB is to control its vector i.e., citrus psylla, that is mostly dependent on the use of synthetic insecticides (Yuan et al. et al., 2021; Leong et al., 2022; Hu et al., 2024; Amorós et al., 2025). However, effectiveness of these insecticides to manage citrus psylla is greatly challenged due to seasonal population variation of psylla (Zorzenon et al., 2021), high cost of insecticides (Tansey et al., 2017), and development of resistance in psylla (Tian et al., 2018; Naeem et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2021). Moreover, the use of synthetic insecticides also has determinant impact to natural enemies of the D. citri and other non-targeted organisms including humans beings, besides deteriorating the natural ecosystems (Wang et al., 2019; Avery et al., 2021; Shrestha et al., 2021). Moreover, in some regions of the world, due to higher costs of insecticides, small subsistence farmers cannot afford to spray on their citrus orchards, hence they become harbors of citrus psylla for its fresh infestation to large commercial citrus orchards (Singerman and Rogers, 2020). Therefore, growers are always looking for alternative tools to manage psylla populations below threshold levels (Antolínez et al., 2022, 2023).
In Pakistan, citrus are the main exporting fruits of the country as majority of the production is contributed by Punjab province, followed by Sindh. During 2020-21, total production of citrus in Pakistan was 2,599,689 tons showing an increase of 10% as compared to the production of 2019-20. Province-wise, Sindh produce 33,555 tons of citrus during 2020-21 which mainly includes lemon, grapefruit, and oranges as Naushahero Feroze district is considered as the hub of lemon production in Pakistan (GoP, 2022). Considering the major cultivation of citrus in Punjab, most of the studies on HLB and citrus psylla have been done in the province, which mostly focused on its management strategies (Fiaz et al., 2018; Khan et al., 2018; Naeem et al., 2020; Iqbal et al., 2020, 2022), however, no systematic research has been carried out on citrus psylla in Sindh province so far. Therefore, considering the major contribution of Sindh regarding lemon in the country, it become necessary to conduct basic research regarding the distribution and preference of citrus psylla on major citrus fruits at Naushahero Feroze district. The result obtained could help to minimize the spread and losses of psylla to citrus trees to restrict the spread of HLB disease and maximize their yield potential.
Materials and methods
The sampling for data collection was made from all five talukas of Naushahro Feroze district i.e., Bhria, Kandiaro, Mehrabpur, Moro, and Naushahro Feroze. The sampling for citrus psylla population was done from trees of lemon, oranges, grapefruit, and musambi orchards which were managed by the local growers with traditional management tools. The sampling procedure was adopted from Leong et al. (2022) with partial modifications. Three orchards of each citrus species were sampled from the individual taluka once during the active population period of psylla i.e., March-July. Each selected orchard was divided into 5 blocks and stratified sampling was used in the study. Young flush (about 10–15 mm in length) with five selected young leaves was selected as the sampling unit as 25 random samples of young flushes were observed to count the number of adults and nymphs in situ with the help of 10x hand-held lens and described as number of psylla per flush. Farmers were advised not to use any synthetic chemical treatments during the month of data collection so that actual population of psylla can be assessed. Average monthly data for various weather parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity was obtained from Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan to determine their effect on the appearance of citrus psylla.
The data collected was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the differences of psylla population in various citrus fruits among various talukas of Naushahro Feroze as the means with significant difference were separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). Pearson’s correlation was performed to determine the impact of various weather parameters on the appearance of citrus psylla on different host fruits at various talukas of Naushahro Feroze.
Results
The population of citrus psylla was observed on all the citrus orchards of lemon, grapefruit, oranges, and musambi at all the locations of five talukas i.e., Bhria, Kandiaro, Mehrabpur, Moro, and Naushahro Feroze. However, the level of psylla population on various citrus fruits showed a great variation among different survey locations of five talukas (Figure 1). According to results, the highest population of citrus psylla (14.20±0.54 psylla per flush) was recorded on lemon at Kandiaro, followed by 11.23±0.81 and 10.51±0.65 psylla per flush recorded on grapefruit at Bhria and lemon at Mehrabpur, respectively. Among orange and musambi orchards, the highest population was recorded at Kandiaro (5.46±0.40 psylla per flush) and Naushahro Feroze (1.75±0.15 psylla per flush), respectively. Statistically, a highly significant (F= 42.39, P < 0.0001) difference was recorded in the population of citrus psylla among various citrus fruits orchards at five talukas of Naushahro Feroze district.
Overall, among various citrus fruit orchards surveyed at all five talukas of Naushahro Feroze district, significantly (F= 280.11, P < 0.001) the highest mean population of citrus psylla was recorded in lemons (8.68±0.45 psylla per flush), followed by grapefruits (6.81±0.35 psylla per flush), and oranges (4.10±0.21 psylla per flush). The lowest overall population of citrus psylla in Naushahro Feroze district was observed on musambi fruit trees (1.12±0.06 psylla per flush) (Figure 2).
Figure 3 describes results for the taluka-wise overall citrus psylla population observed on various citrus fruit trees that confirmed a highly significant (F = 22.82, P < 0.001) difference in psylla population recorded at various talukas. According to results, Kandiaro taluka significantly suffered the highest population (6.44±0.39 psylla per flush) of citrus psylla on citrus, whereas the lowest population (3.52±0.20 psylla per flush) was observed at Moro taluka. Moreover, the citrus psylla population recorded on citrus at Naushahro Feroze (5.48±0.28 psylla per flush), Bhria (5.24±0.3 psylla per flush), and Mehrabpur (5.20±0.28 psylla per flush) talukas was not significantly different from each other.
The Pearson’s correlation regarding the population of citrus psylla on various citrus fruit trees with average prevailing weather parameters of the surveyed talukas of district Naushahro Feroze are given in Table 1. According to the results, psylla population on all the fruits showed a significant, positive, and weak to moderate relationship with the minimum temperature, whereas maximum temperature have a significant and negative but weak effect with only on grapefruits and musambi. Moreover, relative humidity also exhibited a weak to moderate and significant effect on the population of citrus psylla as its relationship was positive with lemons and orange, whereas negative association with grapefruits and musambi. The citrus psylla population also showed a weak, significant, and positive relationship with wind velocity on lemons and grapefruit only.
Table 1: Pearson’s correlation of citrus psylla populations of different citrus hosts at various talukas of Naushahro Feroze district.
|
Maximum temperature |
Minimum temperature |
Relative humidity |
Wind velocity |
|
|
Lemon |
r = 0.0073 P = 0.8883 |
r = 0.3300 P < 0.001 |
r = 0.3675 P < 0.001 |
r = -0.2370 P < 0.001 |
|
Grapefruit |
r = -0.2390 P < 0.001 |
r = -0.1956 P < 0.001 |
r = -0.3363 P < 0.001 |
r = -0.2182 P < 0.001 |
|
Orange |
r = -0.0272 P =0.5990 |
r = 0.1255 P < 0.05 |
r = 0.1322 P < 0.05 |
r = -0.0886 P = 0.0866 |
|
Musambi |
r = -0.2549 P < 0.001 |
r = -1889 P < 0.05 |
r = -0.1792 P < 0.05 |
r = -0.0905 P = 0.0806 |
Discussion
The citrus psylla was found greatly distributed in all citrus growing areas of district Naushahro Feroze on all the citrus fruits grown there. However, citrus psylla not only showed a significant variation in its preference towards various citrus fruits i.e., lemon, grapefruit, orange, and musambi grown in the district, but it also exhibited differences in its distribution at various talukas. Lemon and grapefruit were highly infested with citrus psylla in the study, whereas musambi suffered the lowest population of the psylla. Moreover taluk-wise, Kandiaro and Moro talukas showed great distribution of citrus psylla, with no significant difference in its distribution at Bhria, Naushahro Feroze, and Mehrabpur talukas. Thus, such variation in the population of psylla on different citrus trees of lemons, grapefruits, oranges, and musambi may be either the availability of more young leaves on them during the time of data collection or the management practices used by the growers in their orchards along with relative preference of psylla towards the particular host.
The studies of Fiaz et al. (2018) in central Punjab, Pakistan reported that orchards of kinnow mandarin, and musambi in Sargodha district were heavily effected with citrus psylla as compared to Faisalabad and Toba Tek Singh districts with comparatively more psylla population recorded on musambi than kinnow mandarin. The studies in other regions of the world also confirmed that the appearance of new shoots (flush) have a significant impact on the availability and damage of psylla on citrus plants (Sétamou et al., 2016; Cifuentes-Arenas et al., 2018). The citrus psylla is a highly polyphagous insect pest having a broad host range in Aurantiodea subfamily of citrus plants, whereas it can infest almost all members of Rutaceae family (Meng et al., 2018, 2019; Stelinski, 2019). However, D. citri have also shown exhibited strong preference towards some of the plants such as sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata), curry tree (Murraya koenigii) (Sétamou et al., 2016; Bragard et al., 2021; Meng et al., 2022). The studies also suggested that some of the rutaceous plants such as certain mandarins and trifoliate orange are unattractive for feeding and oviposition of the citrus psylla (Borgoni et al., 2014; George and Lapointe, 2019; Meng et al., 2022). Mostly, these plants produce certain volatiles that deter the egg-laying and development of the immature psylla (Hall et al., 2015). Similar to above-studies, the relative preference of citrus psylla in this study on the available fruit plants i.e., lemon, grapefruit, oranges, and musambi may be because of the availability of essential plant volatiles that have determined its preference towards lemon and grapefruit as compared to musambi and oranges.
Generally, in this study, a very weak to moderate effect of various weather parameters was recorded on the occurrence of citrus psylla in various citrus fruit plants. The temperature and relative humidity exhibited a negative impact on psylla attack in grapefruit and musambi plants, whereas a positive influence was observed in lemon and orange plants. However, wind velocity showed a negative impact on the prevalence of psylla in all citrus fruit plants. The studies of Iftikhar et al. (2017) observed a significant relationship of psylla population on citrus orchards of Sargodha, Pakistan with minimum temperature and rainfall in all the study talukas, whereas maximum temperature at only two of the talukas. Fiaz et al. (2018) also observed a significant effect of average temperature and relative humidity on the population fluctuation of citrus psyllid in sweet mandarin and musambi orchards at Sargodha, Faisalabad, and Toba Tek Singh districts of central Punjab, Pakistan. Tsai et al. (2002) also confirmed that along with development of fresh flush, weekly minimum temperature and rainfall exhibited a significant relationship with the population development of psylla in orange jasmine in Florida. Moreover, significant and positive role of solar radiation and wind direction have also been reported in the dispersion of citrus psylla, whereas relative humidity showed a negative impact on its dispersal (Johnston et al., 2019). The studies of Hernandez-Landa et al. (2018) also found a positive role of new flushes and temperature in the population development of citrus psylla population in commercial Murraya paniculata and Persian lime orchards in Veracruz, México as temperature and relative humidity regimes of 26 to 28°C and 75 to 85% were found optimum for its population growth. In comparison to most of the above-mentioned studies, Rakhshani and Saeedifar (2013) observed a negative effect of both high and low temperatures, high rainfall, and low relative humidity on the population of citrus psylla.
Although, studies confirmed variable role of weather parameters in the population growth of citrus psylla in various citrus orchards, but most of the studies confirmed that appearance of new fresh flush (shoots) is the single most important factor that not only determined its population development, but also its dispersion pattern (Sétamou et al., 2016; Cifuentes-Arenas et al., 2018; Hernandez-Landa et al., 2018; Leong et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2023).
Conclusion
The citrus psylla, D. citri was widely distributed among available fruit orchards plants of lemon, grapefruit, oranges, and musambi in all five talukas of district Naushahro Feroze, Sindh. However, citrus psylla showed comparatively more population on lemon and grapefruit plants, whereas musambi plants showed the least population. The highest and lowest distribution in all citrus fruit plants was recorded at Kandiaro and Moro talukas, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that further basic studies such as dispersion pattern, availability of natural enemies of citrus psylla in the district, comparative growth and development of citrus psylla may be conducted in the district that could help to reduce its distribution and population in citrus orchards.
Declarations
Funding
The study received no external funding.
IRB approval
Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
Ethical statement
All procedures performed in this study involving human/animal subjects were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Research Committee.
Generative AI and AI assisted technology statement
The authors declare that no generative AI and AI assisted technology was used in the creation of this manuscript.
Statement of conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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