Dorcatherium (Mammalia: Tragulidae) from Lower Siwaliks of Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon, Punjab, Pakistan

Muhammad Akbar Khan1,*, Sayyed Ghyour Abbas1, Muhammad Adeeb Babar1, Sabah Kiran1, Ayesha Riaz2 and Muhammad Akhtar1

1Dr. Abu Bakr Fossil Display and Research Centre, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan

2Department of Zoology, GC Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Extinct tragulids Dorcatherium minus and Dorcatherium sp. were recorded from the Chinji Formation of Pakistan. Furthermore, Dorcatherium minus is relatively rare in Middle Miocene site of Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon, Chakwal district, Punjab province, Pakistan. The referred specimens comprise isolated dental elements and mandible fragments. The presence of tragulids in Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon during Middle Miocene Chinji Formation of Pakistan suggests a humid habitat with abundant cover.

Article Information

Received 28 march 2016

Revised 28 June 216

Accepted 14 January 2017

Available online 28 April 2017

Authors’ Contribution

MAK conceived and designed the study and analyzed and interpreted the data. SGA and MAB acquired the data. SK and AR drafted the manuscript.

Key words

Mouse deer, Tragulids, Chevrotains, Ruminantia, Miocene.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.3.883.888

* Corresponding author: akbaar111@yahoo.ca

0030-9923/2017/0003-0883 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2017 Zoological Society of Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

Tragulidae is the most primitive family among existing ruminants (Milne-Edwards, 1864; Carlsson, 1926; Duwe, 1969; Todd, 1975; Dubost, 1978; Webb and Taylor, 1980; Janis and Scott, 1987; Perez-Barberia and Gordon, 2000; Khan et al., 2012). The molecular data also showed evidence that these were the first offshoot of the extant ruminant radiation and the sister group of Pecora (Hassanin and Douzery, 2003). They are mostly present in South East Asia and Africa (Gentry et al., 1999). Previously, this family was only represented by two genera throughout Eurasia and Africa as Dorcatherium and Siamotragulus but recently Archaeotragulus from the late Eocene of Thailand has been added to this family (Pickford, 2001; Métais et al., 2001). Siamotragulus is known only from the Early Miocene of Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and Middle Miocene of the Pong Basin (Northern Thailand). Dorcatherium instead is known from several Early-Late Miocene localities and mainly from Africa, Europe (Austria, France and Germany) and Asia (Pakistan and India) (Gentry et al., 1999).

Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon is in Chakwal district, Punjab province, Pakistan (Fig. 1). It is located about 308 km far from Lahore, the capital of the province and 155 km far from Islamabad, the capital of the country. The locality is dominated by red coloured mud/ shale and sandstone that made up the basal part of the Chinji Formation, has a very abundant vertebrate fauna, including fishes, amphibians, reptiles (crocodile and alligator are dominant), birds and mammals (bovids are dominant in mammals). Based on the faunal elements, the locality can be divided into two parts: the first one is most familiar to many workers, locally known as Jallo Aala and dominated by fossils that represent bovids, tragulids and giraffids. The second one, at the opposite is not very familiar and locally known as Loharan Aala, dominated by fossils that represent suids. The tragulid fossils discussed in this paper were collected from both parts of Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon (Fig. 1).

Definitions: Dorcatherium fold refers to the fold occurring on the postmetacristid on the lower molars of some primitive ruminants and extant tragulids and the entoconidian groove refers to the two parallel folds (thus forming a groove) occurring on the mesial side of the entoconid (Métais et al., 2001). Tragulus fold refers to the fold situated on the postprotocristid and basally linked to the prehypocristid (Geraads et al., 1987; Sànchez et al., 2010).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The tragulid specimens have been collected in more than 20 visits occurred to this locality from April 2011 to February 2013. The surface collection was the basic methodology adopted. Measurements were taken through a digital Vernier caliper and provided in millimeters (mm).

Uppercase letter was used for upper dentition (e.g. M for upper molar) and lower case for lower dentition (e.g. m for lower molar). The catalogue number of the specimens is made up by three elements: the prefix PUPC (institutional abbreviation-Palaeontological Collection of University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan), the collection year (numerator) and serial number (denominator) of that year. So, for example PUPC 12/117 reference the sample with serial number 117 collected in the year 2012. Samples are housed in Dr. Abu Bakr Fossil Display and Research Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The terminology and measurements of teeth followed Gentry et al. (1999).

SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY

Family Tragulidae Milne Edwards, 1864

Genus Dorcatherium Kaup, 1833

Dorcatherium minus Lydekker, 1876

New material

PUPC 13/08, right P2; PUPC 13/15, left M2; PUPC 13/13, partial left M2; PUPC 13/11, left p3; PUPC 13/18, right mandible fragment with m1; PUPC 13/17, right mandible fragment with m1; PUPC 13/16, right m1; PUPC 13/19, right mandible fragment with m2; PUPC 14/110, right mandible fragment with partial m3.

Description

Upper dentition

The P2 represents simple cone without styles (Fig. 2A). The molars are broad crown, semiselenodont and rugose with shiny enamel (Fig. 2B, C). The antero-lingual cingulum extends up to the base of hypocone. The entostyle is absent. The major cones are unfused occlusally and inclined towards the median longitudinal line of the molars. The parastyle is broad and thick. The mesostyle is thick, broad and directed anteriorly. The paracone has a strong rib with a vertical groove. The metastyle is weak. The pre- and post-fossettes are somewhat broad posteriorly. The postparacrista and premetacrista are not directly attached to the mesostyle.

Lower dentition

The lower dental elements include premolars and molars (Fig. 2D, F). The p3 have prominent parastylid and entostylid. The premolar lingually shows three valleys: anterior, median and posterior. The paraconid, metaconid and entoconid can be clearly differentiated. There is no entoconid complex. The premolars are two rooted. The anterior stylid is missing; the anterior conid, the posterolingual conid and the posterior stylid are partially broken in the 3rd premolar (Fig. 2D). The mesolingual conid is well preserved. The antero and posterolingual cristids are thick. There is a small furrow with the posterolabial conid.

The mandible fragments are thin and shallow (Fig. 2F). In lower molars, Tragulus fold and Dorcatherium fold are present at the protoconid and metaconid, directed posteriorly and representing prominent Σ shape structure. The Tragulus fold is present in the protocristid and the postmetacristid show the Dorcatherium fold (Sànchez et al., 2014). The trigonid and talonid are not equal in size; the trigonid is narrower than the talonid. The protoconid and hypoconid are crescent whereas the metaconid and entoconid are transversally compressed. The hypoconid is projected forward, directed posteriorly and largest among the conids. The cingulid is present anterolabially. The postfossette is wider than the prefossette. There is a prominent ectostylid in the transverse valley.

Comparison

Teeth are characterized by having strong cingulum, styles and labial ribs. The lower molars represent the M structure (Dorcatherium fold and Tragulus fold) and this reflects the affinity with the family Tragulidae and the genus Dorcatherium. Teeth were assigned to Dorcatherium according the buno-seleno-brachydonty with the M structure. The Siwalik Dorcatherium species are mainly differentiated by their size (West, 1980; Farooq et al., 2007a, b, 2008; Iqbal et al., 2011; Khan and Akhtar, 2013; Khan et al., 2011, 2012; Batool et al., 2014). The specimens are smaller than the material assigned to D. majus, and larger than D. nagrii and D. minimus that are common at Chakwal during the Middle-Late Miocene (Colbert, 1935; West, 1980; Farooq et al., 2007a, b, 2008; Iqbal et al., 2011; Khan et al., 2010, 2011; Khan and Akhtar, 2013; Batool et al., 2014). The described teeth features coincide with the characters of the holotype of D. minus (Table I; Figs. 2, 3). Hence, the material is assigned to the Siwalik tragulid species D. minus.

Table I.- Comparative measurements of the cheek teeth of the Siwalik Dorcatherium (in mm).

Taxa | Number | Nature/ Position | Length | Width | W/L
D. minus | PUPC 13/08* | rP2 | 7.60 | 3.90 | 0.51
| PUPC 13/13* | lM2 | 10.20 | 7.75 | 0.75
| PUPC 13/15* | lM2 | 10.60 | 9.05 | 0.85
| PUPC 13/11* | lp3 | 10.50 | 4.87 | 0.45
| PUPC 14/109* | rp3 | 8.52 | 4.32 | 0.50
| PUPC 13/14* | rm1 | 9.77 | 5.74 | 0.58
| PUPC 13/16* | rm1 | 8.75 | 6.00 | 0.68
| PUPC 13/17* | lm1 | 8.15 | 5.10 | 0.61
| PUPC 13/19* | rm2 | 11.30 | 5.83 | 0.51
| PUPC 13/18* | rm1 | 11.10 | 5.88 | 0.52
| PUPC 14/110* | rm3 | 10.20 | 7.31 | 0.71
| PUPC 01/13 | lP4 | 8.00 | 9.50 | 0.84
| PC-GCUF 11/178 | lM1 | 9.70 | 10.50 | 1.08
| PC-GCUF 12/39 | M1 | 11.00 | 6.20 | 0.54
| PC-GCUF 11/184 | rM3 | 12.80 | 12.80 | 1.00
| PUPC 87/84 | M1 | 9.30 | 10.00 | 1.07
| PUPC 87/40 | M1 | 10.00 | 11.70 | 1.17
| GSI 09/01 | M1 | 8.20 | 10.20 | 1.25
| GSI 09/02 | M3 | 12.50 | 13.70 | 1.09
| PUPC 68/355 | M3 | 11.70 | 13.00 | 1.11
| PUPC 68/41 | M2 | 11.00 | 13.00 | 1.18
| PUPC 86/81 | M2 | 10.00 | 12.20 | 1.22
| PUPC 95/01 | M2 | 10.00 | 11.00 | 1.10
| PUPC 02/01 | M2 | 10.50 | 11.60 | 1.10
| AMNH 29856 | M1 | 9.80 | 10.00 | 1.02
|  | M2 | 11.30 | 12.00 | 1.06
|  | M3 | 11.50 | 13.00 | 1.13
| PUPC 02/158 | rm1 | 10.60 | 6.70 | 0.63
| GSI B594 | rm1 | 10.80 | 6.80 | 0.62
| PC-GCUF 12/40 | rm1 | 10.00 | 5.10 | 0.51
| PC-GCUF 12/41 | lm1 | 9.30 | 5.40 | 0.58
| PC-GCUF 12/12 | lm1 | - | - | -
|  | lm2 | 8.20 | 5.50 | 0.67
| PC-GCUF 12/01 | lm2 | 11.00 | 6.90 | 6.20
| PUPC 68/294 | m2 | 11.00 | 6.40 | 0.58
| PUPC 68/313 | m2 | 10.20 | 6.70 | 0.65
| PC-GCUF 09/18 | rm2 | 7.00 | 10.00 | 0.70
| PUPC 05/3 | rm2 | 6.10 | 9.60 | 0.63
| PUPC 04/2 | rm2 | 6.00 | 11.00 | 0.54
| PUPC 87/25 | rm2 | 8.50 | 13.00 | 0.65
| PUPC 68/294 | rm2 | 6.40 | 11.00 | 0.58
| PUPC 68/311 | rm2 | 6.60 | 10.00 | 0.60
| PUPC 68/312 | rm2 | 6.20 | 10.00 | 0.62
| PUPC 68/313 | rm2 | 6.70 | 10.20 | 0.65
| PUPC 85/59 | rm2 | 7.00 | 9.50 | 0.73
| PUPC 02/158 | rm2 | 8.20 | 12.70 | 0.64
| AMNH 19365 | rm2 | 7.50 | 13.00 | 0.57
| AMNH 19366 | rm2 | 7.50 | 12.00 | 0.62
| GSI B594 | rm2 | 7.50 | 12.50 | 0.60
| PUPC 68/294 | m2 | 11.00 | 6.40 | 0.58
| PUPC 68/311 | m2 | 10.00 | 6.60 | 0.66
| PUPC 85/59 | m2 | 9.50 | 7.00 | 0.74
| PC-GCUF 10/54 | rm2 | - | 7.00 | -
|  | rm3 | - | 7.00 | -
| PUPC 68/210 | lm3 | 18.00 | 8.00 | 0.44
D. sp. | PUPC 13/12* | rm3 | 7.66 | 4.00 | 0.52

*The studied specimens. Referred data are taken from Colbert (1935), Gaur et al. (1983) and Farooq et al. (2007a, b, 2008).

Dorcatherium sp.

New material

PUPC 13/12, partial right 3rd molar.

Description and comparison

PUPC 13/12 represents two unusual Dorcatherium folds and two Tragulus folds directed anteriorly (Fig. 2G). These folds are located on the prehypocristid and preentocristid. The anterior folds are more prominent than the posterior one. The Tragulus fold is thicker than the Dorcatherium fold. The tooth has thick shelf like cingulid. The antero-transverse cingulid is broken whereas the postero-transverse cingulid is complete. The pre- and postfossettes are narrow and deep.

The molar shows peculiar structure with ∑/M structures directing anteriorly. The specimen looks to be a primitive member of the genus Dorcatherium, showing affinity with a primitive tragulid Archaeotragulus (Métais et al., 2001), in having Dorcatherium fold, Tragulus fold and entoconidian groove. Anteriorly directed folds are present in genus Krabimeryx (Métais et al., 2001), which is also a primitive member of tragulids.

DISCUSSION

The majority areas where Dorcatherium has been found indicate wetlands, dominated by pockets of dense forests (Meijaard and Groves, 2004; Groves and Meijaard, 2005; Rössner, 2007; Khan et al., 2012; Khan and Akhtar, 2013; Sànchez et al., 2010, 2014; Batool et al., 2014). The presence of D. minus and D. sp. with D. nagrii, D. minimus and D. majus in the Chinji Formation suggests a strong connection to wet, forested habitats with dense understory, where the animals could hide from predators in vegetation or water (Colbert, 1935; West, 1980; Farooq et al., 2007a, b; Badgley et al., 1998; Khan et al., 2008). A significant representation of tragulids with adaptations to ecotonal wet and swampy habitats indicates humid conditions in Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon, Northern Pakistan.

The associated large mammals might suggest that a savanna-like environment could be present in the surroundings of Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon. Moreover the presence of large mammals (e.g. Chilotherium, Deinotherium) indicates that, open areas covered by grass, should also exist nearby the wetlands of Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon. This kind of environment was rather specific for the Chinji Formation of the Siwaliks (Khan and Akhter, 2013) and might be interpreted as a representation of a more open habitats upward and more closed habitats to the lower level (Khan et al., 2008).

Miotragocerus, Eotragus and Hypsodontus recorded from the lower level of the site (Khan et al., 2008, 2013), might have been semi-aquatic in habit (Köhler, 1993; Rössner, 2007), and the high abundance of Dorcatherium at the lower level of Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon might be indicative of wetlands. The lower level of the locality may have comprised relatively more humid and closed habitats, based on the ecomorphology of their dominant taxa, particularly Dorcatherium, which may have been an inhabitant of the wetlands (Rössner, 2007; Khan et al., 2012; Batool et al., 2014). The presence of Dorcatherium indicates more or less closed and humid habitats (Kohler, 1993; Gentry, 2005; Eronen and Rössner, 2007). The faunal association suggests a humid habitat pocket with abundant cover indicating the dominance of forested landscapes during the Middle Miocene time of the Chinji Formation in the Lower Siwalik Subgroup (Pakistan).

CONCLUSIONS

Dorcatherium were discovered in the Middle Miocene site of Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon (Pakistan), including two species D. minus and D. sp. In Middle Miocene, there is a variety of Dorcatherium in the Lower Siwalik Subgroup, having the basic pattern of Dorcatherium fold and Tragulus fold, but these species differ in size. Palaeoenvironmental conditions coincide with wet and swampy habitats under a humid climate.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are highly thankful to Mr. Iftikhar Hussain, Mr. Atif Mehmood, and Mr. Muhammad Khan, residents of DBAK for their guidance and help in the fieldwork.

Statement of conflict of interest

Authors have declared no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES

Badgley, C., Downs, W. and Flynn, L.J., 1998. Taphonomy of small mammal fossil assemblages from the Middle Miocene Chinji Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan. Nat. Sci. Mus. Monogr., 14: 145-166.

Batool, A., Khan, M.A., Akhtar, M. and Qureshi, N.A., 2014. New remains of tragulids (Mammalia, Tragulidae) from the Dhok Pathan Formation of Hasnot (Late Miocene), Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., 46: 1323-1336.

Carlsson, A., 1926. Über die Tragulidae und ihre beziehungen zu den übrigen Artiodactyla. Acta Zool., 7: 69–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1926.tb00924.x

Colbert, E.H., 1935. Siwalik mammals in the American Museum of Natural History. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., N.S., 26: 1-401.

Dubost, G., 1978. Un aperçu sur l’écologie du chevrotain africain Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby, Artiodactyle Tragulide. Mammalia, 42: 1-62. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1978.42.1.1

Duwe, A.E., 1969. The relationship of the chevrotain, Tragulus javanicus to other Artiodactyla based on skeletal muscle antigens. J. Mammal., 50: 137-140. https://doi.org/10.2307/1378646

Eronen, J.T. and Rössner, G.E., 2007. Wetland paradise lost: Miocene community dynamics in large herbivorous mammals from the German Molasse Basin. Evolut. Ecol. Res., 9: 471– 494.

Farooq, U., Khan, M.A., Akhtar, M. and Khan, A.M., 2007a. Dorcatherium minus from the Siwaliks, Pakistan. J. Anim. Pl. Sci., 17: 86-89.

Farooq, U., Khan, M.A., Akhtar, M. and Khan, A.M., 2007b. Dorcatherium majus, a study of upper dentition from the Lower and Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan. J. appl. Sci., 7: 1299-1303.

Farooq, U., Khan, M.A., Akhtar, M. and Khan, A.M., 2008. Lower dentition of Dorcatherium majus (Tragulidae, Mammalia) in the lower and middle Siwaliks (Miocene) of Pakistan. Turk. J. Zool., 32: 91-98.

Gaur, R., Vasishat, R.N., Suneja, I.J. and Chopra, S.R.K., 1983. Fossil mammals (tragulids, giraffids and bovids) from the Neogene Siwalik deposits exposed in Nurpur-Ranital terrains, Western Himmachal Pradesh, India. Public Contrib. Adv. Stud. Geol. Punjab Univ., 13: 180-187.

Gentry, A.W., 2005. Ruminants of Rudabanya. Palaeontograph. Ital., 90: 283-302.

Gentry, A.W., Rössner, G.E. and Heizmann, E.P.J., 1999. Suborder Ruminantia. In: The Miocene land mammals of Europe (eds. G.E. Rössner and K. Heissig). Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, pp. 225-258.

Geraads, D., Bouvrain, G. and Sudre, J., 1987. Relations phylétiques de Bachitherium filhol, ruminant de l’Oligocene d’Europe occidentale. Palaeovertebrata, 17: 43-73.

Groves, C. and Meijaard, E., 2005. Intraspecific variation in Moschiola, the Indian Chevrotain. Raffles Bull. Zool. Suppl., 12: 413-421.

Hassanin, A. and Douzery, E.J.P., 2003. Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae. System. Biol., 52: 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390192726

Iqbal, M., Khan, M.A., Atiq, M., Ikram, T. and Akhtar, M., 2011. Dorcatherium minus (Tragulidae:Artiodactyla: Mammalia) from the Nagri type area of the Nagri Formation, Middle Siwaliks, Northern Pakistan: new collection. Yerbilimleri (Earth Sciences), 32: 59-68.

Janis, C.M. and Scott, K.M., 1987. The origin of the higher ruminant families with special reference to the origin of Cervoidea and relationships within the Cervoidea. Novitates, 2893: 1-85.

Khan, M.A, Akhtar, M., Ghaffar, A., Iqbal, M., Khan, A.M. and Farooq, U., 2008. Early ruminants from Dhok Bin Mir Khatoon (Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan): Systematics, biostratigraphy and paleoecology. Pakistan J. Zool., 40: 457-463.

Khan, M.A. and Akhtar, M., 2013. Tragulidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) from the Middle Miocene Chinji Formation of Pakistan. Turk. J. Earth Sci., 22: 339-353.

Khan, M.A., Akhtar, M. and Iqbal, M., 2010. The Late Miocene artiodactyls in the Dhok Pathan type locality of the Dhok Pathan Formation, the Middle Siwaliks, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., Suppl. Ser., 10: 1-90.

Khan, M.A., Akhtar, M., Khan, A.M., Ghaffar, A., Iqbal, M. and Samiullah, K., 2011. New fossil locality in the Middle Miocene of Lava from the Chinji Formation of the Lower Siwaliks. Pakistan J. Zool., 43: 61-72.

Khan, M.A., Akhtar, M., Iliopoulos, G. and Hina, 2012. Tragulids (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Tragulidae) from the Middle Siwaliks of Hasnot (Late Miocene), Pakistan. Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr., 118: 325-341.

Köhler, M., 1993. Skeleton and habitat of recent and fossil ruminants. Munch. Geowiss. Abh. (A), 25: 1-88.

Meijaard, E. and Groves, C.P., 2004. A taxonomic revision of the Tragulus mouse-deer (Artiodactyla). Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 140: 63–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00091.x

Metais, G., Chaimanee, Y., Jaeger, J.J. and Ducrocq, S., 2001. New remains of primitive ruminants from Thailand: evidence of the early evolution of the Ruminantia in Asia. Zool. Scrip., 30: 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00071.x

Milne-Edwards, A., 1864. Recherches anatomiques, zoologiques et paleontologiques sur la famille des chevrotains. Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., Ser. 5: 48-167.

Perez-Barberia, F.J. and Gordon, I.J., 2000. Differences in body mass and oral morphology between the sexes in the Artiodactyla: evolutionary relationships with sexual segregation. Ecol. Evolut. Res., 2: 667-684.

Pickford, M., 2001. Africa’s smallest ruminant; a new tragulid from the Miocene of Kenya and the biostratigraphy of East African Tragulidae. Geobios, 34: 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(01)80007-3

Rössner, G.E., 2007. Family Tragulidae. In: The evolution of artiodactyls (eds. D.R. Prothero and S.E. Foss.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. pp. 213-220.

Sánchez, I.M., Quiralte, V., Morales, J. and Pickford, M., 2010. A new genus of tragulid ruminant from the Early Miocene of Kenya. Acta Palaeontol. Polon., 55: 177-187. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2009.0087

Sánchez, I.M., Quiralte, V., María Ríos, M., Morales, J. and Pickford, M., 2014. First African record of the Miocene Asian mouse-deer Siamotragulus (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Tragulidae): implications for the phylogeny and evolutionary history of the advanced selenodont tragulids, J. System. Palaeontol., 13: 543-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2014.930526

Todd, N.B., 1975. Chromosomal mechanisms in the evolution of artiodactyls. Paleobiology, 1: 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300002360

Webb, S.D. and Taylor, B.E., 1980. The phylogeny of hornless ruminants and a description of the cranium of Archaeomeryx. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist., 167: 121-157.

West, R.M., 1980. A minute new species of Dorcatherium (Tragulidae: Mammalia) from the Chinji Formation near Daud Khel, Mianwali district, Pakistan. Contrib. Biol. Geol. Mus. Publ., 3: 1-6.