Efficacy of Screen Bottom Board Tray with and without Soft Chemicals for Controlling Varroa destructor in Honeybee Colonies

Rashid Mahmood1*, Saima Asad2, Waqar Ahmad1, Ghulam Sarwar1, Muhamamd Khalid Rafique1, Noor Islam1, Ziyad Abdul Qadir1 and Zain Ul Abiden2

1Honey Bee Research Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan

2PMAS-Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out to determine the effects of screen bottom board trays on reducing ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Acari:Varroidae) populations in honeybee Apis mellifera linguistica (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies in the winter, spring and summer season (2013-14). Four honeybee colonies were exposed to oxalic acid (3.2%), thymol (0.5 g) and formic acid (65%) on screen bottom boards in winter, spring and summer seasons. The fourth group had screen bottom board trays but without any chemical. There was a trend of fallen mean number of mites 157±6.28, 97±3.81, 132.75±9.76 and 26±1.68 in winter, 160±20, 149±30, 161.75±18.5 and 27.5±1.04 in spring and 188.25±5.34, 196.25±5.48, 144.25±7.74 and 34.5±4.94 (Mean±SE) in summer, respectively. The average efficacy (%) of the four groups were 86±.58, 66.5±3.93, 75±7.04, 18.25± 10.25 in winter, 77±3.52, 76.75±30, 79±2, 18.25±0.75 in spring and 74.75±1.44, 65.75±1.11, 63±2.04, 18.25±1.11 in summer season, respectively. No queens were lost, and there was no adult honeybee mortality in any of the colonies during the experiment. It can be concluded that screen bottom board trays alone and with soft chemicals in all three seasons effectively control the Varroa mite and can be used without any side effect during all the three seasons.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.8.12

Article Information

Received 13 June 2016

Revised 04 July 2016

Accepted 16 July 2016

Available online 10 Septemebr 2016

Authors’ Contributions

RM was the main investigatator, he designed the study, collected data and wrote the manuscript. SA and ZA compiled and analyzed data; WA and GS collected data and conducted the research and MKR and NI were co-researcher and help in all activities. ZAQ provided guideline in collecting data.

Key words

Formic acid, Oxalic acid, Thymol, Screen bottom board tray, Varroa destructor, Apis mellifera

INTRODUCTION

An Italian strain of honeybee Apis mellifera Lngustica was imported from Australia in 1977-78 and established in Pakistan after several attempts (Muzaffar, 1982). In Pakistan, beekeeping is a profitable business. It is reported that more than 4,000 beekeepers are now rearing Apis mellifera. There are about 400,000 colonies of A. mellifera producing 10,000 metric tons honey annually and 27,000 families are benefiting from beekeeping (PARC, 2010-11).

Each year many honeybee colonies are damaged or destroyed by mites. This causes the economic loss of bees and honey production. Moreover, the infested colony may die or migrate (Needham, 1988). The ectoparasitic mite of honeybee Varroa destructor was first described by Oudemans (1904) from Java on Apis cerana. In 1962-63, the mite was found on A. mellifera in Hong Kong and the Philippines (Delfinado, 1963) and spread rapidly from there. The V. destructor mite has been associated with A. cerana in subcontinent Pak-India for last thousands of years. Varroa mite became a serious pest of A. mellifera and damage a large number of bee colonies (Ahmad, 1988). Anderson and Trueman (2000) reported that V. destructor is one of the most serious pests to hives, causing great economic loss to the bee keeping industry. In A. mellifera L. colonies, mortality from V. destructor infestation can reach 100% in two years if left untreated (D e Jong, 1990).

Non-chemical control measures such as modified bottom boards with screens that can catch mites when they drop from bees have been reported to reduce Varroa populations (Pettis and Shimanuki, 1999; Ellis et al., 2001; Sammataro et al., 2004) others have tested the effects of screened trays on overwintering (Horn, 1990) and brood production (Skubida and Skwronek, 1995; Pettis and Shimanuki, 1999; Ellis et al., 2003). The anti-varroa bottom board resulted in on the average 15-30% reduction in the population of Varroa mites (Pettis and Shimanuki, 1999; Ellis, 2001; Rice et al., 2004; Harbo and Harris, 2004). It is therefore, essential to find other nontoxic and effective methods to suppress mite populations (Pichai et al., 2008).

Beekeepers have started to include screen floors with other control measures to create an integrated procedure for controlling Varroa mites (Ellis et al., 2001; Ostiguy et al., 2000; Sammataro et al., 2004) and some beekeepers throughout the world have been using screen floors on their hives for decades (Spear, 2002). A screen bottom board has been used in conjunction with paper collecting sheets as a method for monitoring Varroa levels (Szabo, 1998, 1999). But the chief merit of the device is its presumed ability to hinder or prevent mites from re-mounting their hosts once the mites fall off the bees and through the screen. Even without miticides, it is not uncommon for mites to drop off their hosts and it is possible for up to 51 % of these individuals to be alive (Webster et al., 2000).

Keeping in mind the importance of safe and non-contaminated methods to suppress mite populations in beehives the present study was aimed to determine the efficacy of screen bottom board tray when used alone or in conjunction with three soft chemicals i.e. oxalic acid, formic acid and thymol against V. destructor mite.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was conducted at Honeybee Research Institute of National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad on Apis mellifera linguistica honey bee colonies naturally infested with Varroa destructor mites. Treatments were given randomly to all experimental colonies which were requeened with hygienic queens (Spivak and Reuter, 1998; Rashid et al., 2012a, b, c) prior to the start of the experiment. Modified bottom boards and hygienic queens were used in all colonies during the experiments. The mite collection trays (mite excluders) were kept under bottom board for assessing the population of mites. The rate of ectoparasitic mites infestation and treatment efficacy was estimated by counting falling mites on mite collection tray and by counting the dead mites in the sealed worker and drone brood before and after treatment. Treatments in all replication was applied by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) under two factor factorial. About 50 adult and sealed brood populations of Honeybee Research Institute apiaries were assessed for infestation before selecting the experimental colonies. To collect the sample (150 bees /colony) of mite infestations the alcohol wash technique was used (D e Jong et al., 1982; Rashid et al., 2012a, b, c). The mite infestation was evaluated by opening 100 cells of sealed brood before treatment (Burgett and Burikam, 1985) while for the assessment of mite population in debris, mite collection trays were placed at the bottom of the bee colony. The trays were left for 24h period and mites which fell on the trays were counted and used as measure for mite population (Devlin, 2001). Finally, sixteen queen right honeybee colonies in Langstroth hives were used that had been standardized for bee frame + brood + debris infestation levels. The colonies were placed in HBRI premises. Each honeybee colony was equipped with a modified bottom board and a mite collection tray (mite excluder) designed by Honeybee Research Institute woodwork shop team (Fig.1) which was placed through the back side of the hive, covered by a wire screen to prevent the bees from coming into contact with the debris without disturbing colony. The rate of ectoparasitic mite infestation and treatment efficacy was estimated by counting falling mites on mite collection tray. The honeybee colonies of each group were placed at appropriate distance of 5 meters. Colony strength (number of combs covered with bees, brood areas, and amount of food) were equal. Colonies were divided into 4 groups of 4 colonies each.

Screen bottom board trays were placed in the beehives throughout the treatment period alone and with 3.2 % oxalic acid, 0.5 g thymol, 65 % formic acid in winter (Nov., 2013 - Jan., 2014), spring (Feb., 2014 - April, 2014) and summer (May, 2014- July, 2014) seasons. Mite data was collected on fortnightly basis.

Thymol (0.5 gm) crystals finely grinded were placed in Petri dishes (80mm) on top of the brood frame under the top cover of hives. The 65% formic acid was applied by pouring on a cotton cloth placed in the deep bottom board of honeybee colonies (Rashid et al., 2011, 2013).

Oxalic acid was applied in sugar syrup. To obtain 3.2% OA solution, 75 g oxalic acid dehydrate was mixed with 1 liter of sugar water (1:1) (Prandin et al., 2001; Rashid et al., 2012a). Treatments were only delivered to frame spaces that contained bees; any empty frames were not treated. The 5 ml mixture was trickled directly on to the adult bees in between two frames using a syringe as recommended (Imdorf et al., 1997; Brodsgaard et al., 1999). The rate of ectoparasitic mites V. destructor infestation and treatment efficacy was calculated by counting falling mites on mite collection tray. At the end, all the experimental colonies were given Fluvalinate (Apistan) strip for knockdown. Apistan strips were removed from the colonies after four weeks and dropped dead mites were counted. Treatments efficacy was calculated for each colony as by Marinelli et al. (2004), Rashid et al. (2012a), (2012b) and (2012c).

Table I.- Mortality of mite (Varroa destructor) after different treatments during winter, spring and summer seasons.

Treatments | Winter | Spring | Summer | Overall Mean
3.2% Oxalic acid | 157.25 ± 6.28 BC | 160.00 ± 20.0 ABC | 188.25 ± 5.34 AB | 168.50 A
65% Formic acid | 97.00 ± 3.81 D | 149.00 ± 30.0 C | 196.25 ± 5.48 A | 147.42 B
0.5g Thymol | 132.75 ± 9.76 CD | 161.75 ± 18.5 ABC | 144.25 ± 7.74 C | 146.25 B
Screen bottom board tray | 26.00 ± 1.68 E | 27.50 ± 1.04 E | 34.50 ± 4.94 E | 29.33 C
Overall Mean | 103.25 B | 124.56 A | 140.81 A |

LSD (α = 0.01, 0.05).

For Treatment = 4.79.

For Season = 4.15.

For Treatment x Season (interaction) = 8.30.

Means that follow similar letters do not differ significantly.

Table II.- Average efficacy (%) of different treatments on Varroa destructor, a parasite on Apis mellifera, during different seasons.

Treatments | Winter | Spring | Summer | Overall Mean
3.2% Oxalic acid | 86.00 ± 0.58 A | 77.00 ± 3.52 AB | 74.75 ± 1.44 BC | 79.42 A
65% Formic acid | 66.5 ± 3.93 CD | 76.75 ± 30.0 B | 65.75 ± 1.11 D | 69.67 B
0.5g Thymol | 75.00 ± 7.04 B | 79.00 ± 2.00 AB | 63.00 ± 2.04 D | 72.33 B
Screen bottom board tray | 18.25 ±0.25 E | 18.25 ± 75 E | 18.25 ± 1.11 E | 18.08 C
Overall Mean | 61.44 A | 62.75 A | 55.44 B |

For statistical details, see Table I.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A range of organic compounds that occur naturally and are present in honey can be used to control parasitic mites. Few of them including formic acid, thymol and oxalic acid (OA) have shown potential effectiveness against these mites, which have no negative effect on the development of colonies. There was a trend of fallen mean number of mites 157±6.28, 97±3.81, 132.75±9.76 and 26±1.68 in winter, 160±20,149±30, 161.75±18.5 and 27.5±1.04 in spring and 188.25±5.34, 196.25±5.48, 144.25±7.74 and 34.5±4.94 (Mean±SE) in summer respectively (Table I). Our results are in agreement with Rashid et al. (2012a) who concluded that 3.2% OA concentration are very effectively control varroa mite and can be used without any side effect during broodless condition. Average efficacy (%) of oxalic acid, thymol, formic acid as against control (screen bottom tray without any chemical) was 86±.58, 66.5±3.93, 75±7.04, 18.25±10.25 in winter, 77±3.52, 76.75±30, 79±2, 18.25±0.75 in spring and 74.75±1.44,65.75±1.11,63±2.04,18.25±1.11 in summer season, respectively (Table II). No queens were lost, and there was no adult honeybee mortality in any of the colonies during the experiment. Rashid et al. (2012b) also confirmed 4g thymol + 3.2% OA combination is effective for the control of both types of ectoparasitic mites in broodless condition. Amrine and Noel (2007) concluded that 50% formic acid, seperamint, lemongrass, essential oils with use of screen bottom boards trays collectively effective for the control of Varroa mites. Harold et al. (1989) reported that 94% mites were killed by application of 4 treatments of formic acid and the most effective treatment (62% of mites killed) was with 40 ml of 65% formic acid (Greatti et al., 1993). Thymol was effective against mites but safe to honeybees (Bollhalder, 1998; Calderone, 1999). Chiesa (1991), Gal et al. (1992) and Lensky et al. (1996) reported that 30% thymol was harmful to bee colonies during summer. OA was found very effective for control of mites is in confirmation with the results showing that OA is very effective against V. destructor (Gregorc and Planinc, 2001, 2002; Gregorc and Poklular, 2003; Marinelli et al., 2004). Imdorf et al. (1997) claimed that OA did not effect brood area and Wachendorfer et al. (1985) observed no bee mortality, no loss of queen and no supersedure. The efficacy of screen bottom board tray was 18.25±10.25, 18.25±0.75 and 18.25±1.11 (Mean±SE) in winter, spring and summer season, respectively. No queens were lost, and there was no adult honeybee mortality in any of the colonies during the experiment. Our result with the anti-varroa bottom board resulted in an average reduction of 15-30% on the population levels of Varroa mites (Pettis and Shimanuki, 1999; Ellis, 2001; Rice et al., 2004; Harbo and Harris, 2004).

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that screen bottom board trays alone and with soft chemicals in all three season are very effectively control Varroa mite and can be used without any side effect during all three seasonal conditions.

acknowledgments

We acknowledge Mr. Qurban Ali, Senior Scientific Assistant and Mr. Zafar Iqbal, Aman Ullah Bee Attendants for collecting mite collection trays. Mr. Tahir Mahmood, Bee Attendant, is also highly acknowledge for preparation of mite collection trays.

Conflict of interest statement

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES

Ahmad, R., 1988. Honeybee parasitic mites and their control in Pakistan. Progr. Farm., 8:34-36.

Amrine Jr, J.W. and Noel, R., 2006. Formic acid fumigator for controlling Varroa mites in honey bee hives. Int. J. Acarol., 32:115-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01647950608684452

Anderson, D. and Trueman, J., 2000. Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species. Exp. appl. Acarol., 24:165-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006456720416

Bollhalder, F., 1998. Thymovar for Varroa control. Schweiz Bienen-Zeit., 121:148-151.

Brødsgaard, C., Jansen, S., Hansen, C. and Hansen, H., 1999. Spring treatment with oxalic acid in honeybee colonies as varroa control. Vol. 6. DIAS Report Horticulture.

Burgett, M. and Burikam, I., 1985. Number of adult honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) occupying a comb: a standard for estimating colony populations. J. econ. Ent., 78:1154-1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/78.5.1154

Calderone, N.W., 1999. Evaluating subsampling methods for estimating numbers of Varroa jacobsoni mites (Acari: Varroidae) collected on sticky-boards. J. econ. Ent., 92:1057-1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/92.5.1057

Chiesa, F., 1991. Effective control of Varroatosis using powdered thymol. Apidologie, 22:135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19910206

De Jong, D., 1990. Insects: Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees). Honey bee pests, predators, and diseases. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA, pp. 135-155.

De Jong, D., Roma, D.D.A. and Goncalves, L., 1982. A comparative analysis of shaking solutions for the detection of Varroa jacobsoni on adult honeybees. Apidologie, 13:297-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19820308

Delfinado, M.D., 1963. Mites of the honeybee in South-East Asia. J. Apicul. Res., 2:113-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1963.11100070

Delvin, S., 2001. Comparative analyses of sampling methods for Varroa mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). MPM thesis, Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby BC, Canada.

Ellis, J., Delaplane, K.S. And Hood, W.M., 2001. Efficacy of a bottom screen device, Apistan (TM), and Apilife VAR (TM), in controlling Varroa destructor. Am. Bee J., 141:813-816.

Ellis, J.D., Delaplane, K.S., Hepburn, R. and Elzen, P.J., 2003. Efficacy of modified hive entrances and a bottom screen device for controlling Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) infestations in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. J. econ. Ent., 96:1647-1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-96.6.1647

Gal, H., Slabezki, Y. and Lensky, Y., 1992. A preliminary report on the effect of origanum oil and thymol applications in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in a subtropical climate on population levels of Varroa jacobsoni. Bee Sci., 2:175-180.

Greattti, M., Bartbattimi, R.D. and Agaro, M., 1993. Treatment of Varroasis; Formic acid as a control method against Varroa jacobsoni. Obiettivi Docum. Vet., 14: 37-43.

Gregorc, A. and Planinc, I., 2001. Acaricidal effect of oxalic acid in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Apidologie, 32:333-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2001133

Gregorc, A. and Planinc, I., 2002. The control of Varroa destructor using oxalic acid. Vet. J., 163:306-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2001.0675

Gregorc, A. and Poklukar, J., 2003. Rotenone and oxalic acid as alternative acaricidal treatments for Varroa destructor in honeybee colonies. Vet. Parasitol., 111:351-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00408-9

Harbo, J.R. and Harris, J.W., 2004. Effect of screen floors on populations of honey bees and parasitic mites (Varroa destructor). J. Apicul. Res., 43:114-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2004.11101120

Harold, H., Wolfgang, R. and Elizabeth, S.W. 1989. The control of parasitic bee mites: Varroa jacobsoni, Acarapis woodi and Tropilaelaps clareae with formic acid. Am. Bee J., 129: 739-742.

Horn, H., 1990. Observations on the overwintering of honeybee colonies in hives with open and solid floorboards. Bee Craft, 72:201-210.

Imdorf, A., Charriere, J. and Bachofen, B., 1997. Efficiency checking of the Varroa jacobsoni control methods by means of oxalic acid. Apiacta, 32:89-91.

Lensky, Y., Slabezki, Y., Gal, H., Gerson, U., Dechmani, U. and Jirasavetakul, U., 1996. Integrated control of Varroa mite (Varroa jacobsoni Oud.) in Apis mellifera colonies in Thailand. German Israel Agricultural Research Agreement for Developing Countries, Rehovot, Israel: Final report, 96pp.

Marinelli, E., Pulcini, P., Morgia, C., DE Pace, F., Allegrini, F. and Persano Oddo, L., 2004. Oxalic acid by Varrox® to varroa control in central Italy. APIMONDIA Symposium 2004 “Prevention of Residues in Honey 2” Celle 27-28 April, 2004. Apiacta, 39:39-43.

Muzaffar, N., 1982. Honeybee- (Apis mellifera) - An efficient pollinator. Progr. Farm., 2:5-7.

Needham, G.R., 1988. Status report on Varroa jacobsoni. Am. Bee J., 128:106-110.

Ostiguy, N., Sammataro, D., Finley, J. and Frazier, M., 2000. An integrated approach to manage Varroa jacobsoni in honey bee colonies. Am. Bee J., 140:906-907.

Oudemans, A.C., 1904. On a new genus and species of parasitic acari (Varroa) notes. Leyd. Mus., 24: 216-222.

PARC, 2010-2011. Honeybee, Annual Report of PARC. pp. 98.

Pettis, J. and Shimanuki, H., 1999. A hive modification to reduce varroa populations. Am. Bee J., 139:471-473.

Pichai, K., Polgar, G. and Heine, J., 2008. The efficacy of bayvarol and check mites in the control of Tropilaelaps mercedease in the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in Thailand. Apicata, 43: 12-16.

Prandin, L., Dainese, N., Girardi, B., Damolin, O., Piro, R. and Mutinelli, F., 2001. A scientific note on long-term stability of a home-made oxalic acid water sugar solution for controlling varroosis. Apidologie, 32:451-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2001101

Rashid, M., Wagchoure, E., Raja, S., Sarwar, G. and Aslam, M., 2011. Effect of thymol and formic acid against ectoparasitic brood mite Tropilaelaps clareae in Apis mellifera colonies. Pakistan J. Zool., 43:91-95.

Rashid, M., Wagchoure, E., Mohsin, A., Raja, S. and Sarwar, G. 2012a. Control of ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies by using different concentrations of oxalic acid. J. Anim. Pl. Sci., 22:72-76.

Rashid, M., Wagchoure, E., Raja, S., Sarwar, G. and Aslam, M., 2012b. Control of ectoparasitic mites in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies by using thymol and oxalic acid. Pakistan J. Zool., 44:985-989.

Rashid, M., wagchoure, E., Raja, S., Sarwar, G. and Aslam, M., 2012c. Control of Varroa destructor using oxalic acid, formic acid and Bayvarol strip in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. Pakistan J. Zool., 44:1473-1477.

Rashid, M., Asad, S., Sarwar, G. and Ahmad, W., 2013. Control of Varroa destructor mite by using oxalic acid, formic acid in honey bee Apis mellifera L. colonies in Pakistan. World appl. Sci. J., 26:1574-1578.

Rice, N.D., Winston, M.L. and Higo, H.A., 2004. Integrated pest management for the parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) in colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Am. Bee. J., 144:791-795

Sammataro, D., Hoffman, G.D., Wardell, G., Finley, J. and Ostiguy, N., 2004. Testing a combination of control tactics to manage Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) population levels in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. Int. J. Acarol., 30:71-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01647950408684371

Skubida, P. and Skowronek, W., 1995. Wiosenny rozwoj i produkcyjnosc rodzin zimowanych w ulach ze zwiekszona wentylacja. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 39:27-37.

Spear, L., 2002. Screened bottom boards. Bee Cult., 130:36-38.

Spivak, M. and Reuter, G.S., 1998. Performance of hygienic honey bee colonies in a commercial apiary. Apidologie, 29:291-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19980308

Szabo, T.I., 1998. Progress report on selective breeding of honey bees for resistance to parasitic mites. Am. Bee. J., 137:515-518

Szabo, T.I., 1999. Selective breeding of honey bee colonies for resistance to Varroa jacobsoni and the effects of management techniques on Varroa infestation levels. Am. Bee J., 139:537-540.

Wachendörfer, G., Fijalkowski, J., Kaiser, E., Seinsche, D. and Siebentritt, J., 1985. Labor-und Feldversuche mit der Illertisser Milbenplatte als neue Anwendungsform der Ameisensäure im Rahmen der Varroatose-Bekämpfung. Apidologie, 16:291-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19850305

Webster, T.C., Thacker, E.M. and Vorisek, F.E., 2000. Live Varroa jacobsoni (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) fallen from honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. J. econ. Ent., 93:1596-1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1596