Effect of Temperature on the Reproductive Potential of Indigenous and Exotic Species of Entomopathogenic Nematodes inside Galleria mellonella L. Larvae

Muhammad Raheel1,*, Nazir Javed2, Sajid Aleem Khan2, Hafiz Muhammad Aatif3 and Sohail Ahmed4

1University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

2Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

3College of Agriculture, BZU Bahadur Subcampus, Layyah, Pakistan

4Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

The influence of different temperature ranges on the reproductive potential of native and exotic species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) was checked on Galleria mellonella larvae. The native species included Steinernema asiaticum and Heterorhabditis indica whereas exotic species were S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora. G. mellonella larvae were exposed to 300 IJs of each species. After inoculation at different temperatures, the reproductive potential of EPNs increased with increasing temperature and was found to be the best at 25oC. No EPNs species could reproduce at 5oC. S. feltiae started reproduction at 10oC, while all remaining species reproduced at 15oC or higher temperatures. Maximum numbers of IJs were recovered from H. bacteriophora. Time taken for first emergence of IJs from the host was shortest at 25oC i.e. 7-8 days in case of S. asiaticum and S. feltiae, while 11-13 days for H. bacteriophora and H. indica. Maximum emergence time was taken by S. feltiae at 10oC.

Article Information

Received 25 january 2015

Revised 31 May 2016

Accepted 27 June 2016

Available online 11 January 2017

Authors’ Contributions

MR and NJ designed the project. MR performed experimental work. SAK, HMA and SA collected, statistically analyzed and interpreted the data. HMA helped in rearing and maintaining EPN culture, and wrote the article. NJ supervised the work.

Key words

Entomopathogenic nematodes, EPNs, Galleria mellonella, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. indica, Reproduction, Steinernema feltiae, S. asiaticum, Temperature.

* Corresponding author: raheel_15d@yahoo.com

0030-9923/2016/0004-1161 $ 8.00/0

Copyright 2016 Zoological Society of Pakistan

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.sc12

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) of both families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae have already been effectively utilized to manage the numerous insect pests of agricultural importance (Aatif et al., 2015, 2016; Kaya and Gaugler, 1993). These nematodes have shown best performances against soil inhabiting insect pests having cryptic behavior (Wright, 1992; Gaugler, 1988). Closely associated with reproduction of heterorhabditid and steinernematid nematodes are symbiotic bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus in the absence of which, the nematodes fail to kill insect or to reproduce (Ehlers, 1996). The bacteria live within the intestine of infective juvenile-stage (IJ) nematodes. When IJs of EPNs find host insect, they enter in the body of host through mouth, anus or spiracles (Poinar, 1979; Mason and Hominick, 1995). After getting inside the insect, EPNs penetrate into the haemolymph, and release bacteria. The bacteria proliferate and make favorable environment for nematode reproduction by providing nutrients and producing antimicrobial substances (Akhurst, 1982). Many abiotic factors affect EPNs but temperature is the most critical one. The infectivity, development and reproduction of EPNs are influenced by temperature (Grewal et al., 1994). Temperature was variable in both time and space. It was noted that the lower temperature caused the inactivity of the IJs (Rutherford et al., 1987). This is due to various enzymes and activity of various metabolic pathways (Fan and Hominick, 1991).

The range of temperature for the development and reproduction of heterorhabditis and steinernematids spp. and for their strains were different (Molyneux, 1983). The objective of the present study was to examine the reproductive potential of four species of EPNs at various temperatures. The study of S. asiaticum in this experiment would be novel.

Materials and methods

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. indica, Steinernema feltiae and S. asiaticum were used for experimentation. Two species of EPNs (H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae) were taken from University of Readings, Readings, UK. S. asiaticum was obtained from NNRC, Karachi and H. indica was obtained from Nematology Laboratory, Plant Pathology Department, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

The larvae of G. mellonella were reared on cereal diet in Nematology Laboratory, Plant Pathology Department, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Wiesner, 1993).

EPNs were cultured on G. mellonella larvae. The freshly born EPNs were kept in shallow clear plastic containers with lids with suspension being no more than 1 cm in depth to ensure sufficient oxygen availability at 10°C. All hatched juveniles were again cultured every 4 months. For EPNs, only those freshly produced in vitro (less than 2 weeks old) were used.

For the evaluation of reproductive potential of these four species of EPNs, larvae of G. mellonella were inoculated with EPNs species. Larvae were exposed to 300 IJs of each species in a 5cm petri dish. After inoculation petri plates containing inoculated larvae were incubated at various temperatures i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25oC using different incubators. Dead larvae were transferred to white traps (Woodering and Kaya, 1988; White, 1927) for the recovery of new progenies of IJs. After 7-10 days when new progenies of EPNs came out from dead insect cadaver, their counting was carried out under stereomicroscope (Olympus 5240). Data were recorded on the basis of EPNs reproductive potential inside host. The experiment was conducted under CRD design and there were three replications for each treatment.

All data collected was subjected to statistical analysis by analysis of variance and regression analysis using statistical package Genstat 6.0 for Windows (VSN International Ltd, UK). Graphs were prepared using the Excel for Windows 2007.

Results

ANOVA for establishment of EPNs at various temperature ranges showed that effect of treatments and species was significant (p> 0.05). Interaction of treatments and species was also significant (Table I). The ratio of IJs which were successfully established inside G. mellonella was temperature dependent and differed among species. Our results showed that IJs of any species of EPN could not establish itself inside G. mellonella larvae at 5oC, while at 10oC only S. feltiae showed its establishment. The highest percentage of establishment was achieved with S. feltiae at 15oC, H. indica at 25oC and with S. asiaticum at 25oC (Table I).

Table I.- Effect of different temperatures on the nematode establishment of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes.

Treatment | S. feltiae | H. bacteriophora | H. indica | S. asiaticum
5 o C | 0.00 H | 0.00 H | 0.00 H | 0.00 H
10 o C | 5.00 D | 0.00 H | 0.00 H | 0.00 H
15 o C | 11.8 A | 2.00 EF | 1.20 FG | 0.60 GH
20 o C | 4.20 D | 2.60 E | 6.00 C | 4.80 D
25 o C | 2.80 E | 4.80 D | 7.20 B | 6.00 C

Numbers followed by different letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05. Data is mean of three replications.

Table II.- First emergence of infective juveniles from larvae of Galleria mellonella at various temperatures.

EPN Species | Days to first emergence at different temperatures (°C)
5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25
S. feltiae | - | 70 | 20 | 12 | 8
H. bacteriophora | - | - | 38 | 11 | 13
H. indica | - | - | 41 | 13 | 11
S. asiaticum | - | - | 47 | 10 | 7

Time taken for the first emergence of IJs from host was shortest at 25oC i.e. 7-8 days in the case of S. asiaticum and S. feltiae, while 11-13 days were spent for H. bacteriophora and H. indica. Maximum time taken for emergence of IJs at 10oC in S. feltiae was 70 days (Table II). There was an inverse relationship between time and temperature for first emergence of IJs.

The reproduction rate of H. bacteriophora was significantly higher than all three EPNs species. It was followed by H. indica and S. feltiae while the reproduction rate of S. asiaticum was the lowest among all the species evaluated. There was no reproduction of any species at 5oC, while at 10oC only S. feltiae could reproduce. All other species like H. bacteriophora, H. indica and S. asiaticum started reproduction at 15oC. The rate of reproduction of S. feltiae was lower at higher temperature (25oC), while the reproductive potential of all other species showed increasing trends with increase of temperature (Fig. 1).

Discussion

On the basis of the recent work, it is suggested that the differences among four species regarding their establishment and reproductive rates are either due to their mutualistic bacteria or temperature or the combined effect of both of them, because in the absence of symbiotic bacteria, the nematodes fail to kill insect or to reproduce (Ehlers, 1996). The conserved nature of nematode thermal niche breadth would support the hypothesis that temperature activity ranges of different species represent the climatic conditions of their original locality. Tolerance to warm temperatures by H. indica and S. asiaticum suggest tropical origins. Our results collaborate the findings of Grewal et al. (1994) who reported S. scapterisci, S. riobravis and Steinernema sp. are warm adopted species whereas S. scapterisci was stored better at 10 and 25oC than at 5oC. In contrast, S. feltiae is a species of temperate origin and can infect insects between 8-30oC and reproduce between 10-25oC. Thermal adjustment of EPNs can be supported through effective survival strategies. S. carpocapsae is not active at lower temperature (Molyneux, 1986), cannot reproduce below 15oC, but still is found in cooler areas. Grewal et al. (1994) reported that S. carpocapsae can penetrate the insect at 10oC, rest within living host for prolonged times and when temperature increases it restarts its normal growth. Therefore, it may be capable of overwintering in the hosts. Variations among temperature adaptation may result in host specialization among EPNs. The species adjusted to lower temperature reproduction like S. feltiae would be effective insect parasites which are active in winter. Species adjusted to warmer temperature reproduction like H. indica and S. asiaticum would kill insects which are active during summer. The recent study revealing the optimum temperature for reproduction will be helpful in mass production of EPNs and their use in IPM programs in Pakistan.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support through funding for research received for Indigenous Fellowship Program Batch-IV by HEC, Pakistan.

Statement of conflict of interest

Authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Aatif, H.M., Javed, N, Ullah, M.I., Lali, S.P., Iqbal, Z., Ahmad, S., Mustafa, I., Ifitikhar, Y. and Afzal, M., 2016. Pakistan J. Zool., 48: 887-890.

Aatif, H.M., Javed, N., Khan, S.A., Ahmed, S. and Raheel, M., 2015. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 17: 995-1000. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/14.0028

Akhurst, R. J., 1982. J. Gen. Microbiol., 128: 3061-3065.

Ehlers, R.U., 1996. Biocontr. Sci. Tech., 6: 303-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159631280

Fan, X. and Hominick, W.M., 1991. Rev. Nématol., 14: 407–412.

Gaugler, R., 1988. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24: 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90078-3

Grewal, P.S., Selvan, S. and Gaugler, R., 1994. J. Therm. Biol., 19: 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)90047-7

Kaya, H.K. and Gaugler, R., 1993. Annu. Rev. Ent., 38: 181-206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001145

Poinar, G.O., 1979. Nematodes for biological control of insects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Pp. 227.

Mason, J.M. and Hominick, W.M., 1995. J. Helmithol., 69: 337-345. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00014929

Molyneux, A.S., 1983. The biology and ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis spp. (Heterorhabditidae) and Steinernema spp. (Steinernematidae). Thesis. Master of Agricultural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.

Molyneux, A.S., 1986. Exp. Parasitol., 62: 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(86)90021-4

Rutherford, T.A, Trotter, D. and Webster, J.M., 1987. Can. Entomol., 119: 67–73. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent11967-1

White, G.F., 1927. Science, 66: 302-303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.66.1709.302

Woodering, J.L. and Kaya, H.K., 1988. Steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes: A handbook of techniques, Southern Coop. Ser. Bull. 331, Arkansas Agri. Exp. St. Fayatteville, AZ, pp. 29.

Wiesner, A., 1993. Die Induktion der Immunabwehr eines Insekts (Galleria mellonella, Lepidoptera) durch synthetische Materialien und arteigene Haemolymphfaktoren. Berlin.

Wright, P.J., 1992. J. Inverteb. Pathol., 60: 148-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(92)90088-L